Английская Википедия:Gaddang language

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language

The Gaddang language (also Cagayan) is spoken by up to 30,000 speakers (the Gaddang people) in the Philippines, particularly along the Magat and upper Cagayan rivers in the Region II [1] provinces of Nueva Vizcaya[2] and Isabela and by overseas migrants to countries in Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, in the Middle East, United Kingdom and the United States. Most Gaddang speakers also speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of Northern Luzon, as well as Tagalog and English. Gaddang is associated with the "Christianized Gaddang" people,[3] and is closely related to the highland (non-Christian in local literature) tongues of Ga'dang with 6,000 speakers, Yogad, Cagayan Agta with less than 1,000 and Atta with 2,000 (although the Negrito Aeta and Atta are genetically unrelated to the Austronesian Gaddang), and more distantly to Ibanag, Itawis, Isneg and Malaweg.

The Gaddang tongue has been vanishing from daily and public life over the past half-century. Public and church-sponsored education was historically conducted in Spanish (or later in English), and now in Filipino/Tagalog. The Dominicans tried to replace the multitude of Cagayan-valley languages with Ibanag, and later the plantations imported Ilocanos workers in such numbers that they outnumbered the valley natives. Once significantly-Gaddang communities grew exponentially after WWII due to in-migration of Tagalog, Igorot, and other ethnicities; Gaddang is now a minority language. In the 2000 Census, Gaddang was not even an identity option for residents of Nueva Vizcaya.[4] Vocabulary and structural features of Gaddang among native Gaddang speakers have suffered as well, as usages from Ilokano and other languages affect their parole. Finally, many ethnic Gaddang have migrated to other countries, and their children are not learning the ancestral tongue.

Geographic Distribution

The Gaddang people were identified as I-gaddang (likely meaning 'brown-colored people') by the Spanish in the early 1600s, and differentiated from the Igorots of the highlands by physique, skin color, homelands, and lifestyle. Mary Christine Abriza wrote "The Gaddang are found in northern Nueva Vizcaya, especially Bayombong, Solano, and Bagabag on the western bank of the Magat River, and Santiago, Angadanan, Cauayan, and Reina Mercedes on the Cagayan River for Christianed groups; and western Isabela, along the edges of Kalinga and Bontoc, in the towns of Antatet, Dalig, and the barrios of Gamu and Tumauini for the non-Christian communities. The 1960 census reports that there were 25,000 Gaddang, and that 10% or about 2,500 of these were non-Christian."[5]

Distinct versions of Gaddang may be heard down the valleys of the Magat and Cagayan on the Asian Highway 26 (the Pan-Philippine Highway) through Nueva Vizcaya into Isabela after leaving Santa Fe, where its use is infrequent, and successively through Aritao, Bambang, Bayombong, Solano,(including Quezon & Bintawan), and Bagabag. By the time you arrive in Santiago City, in-migration due to the economic development of the lower Cagayan Valley over the last century means you now must search diligently to hear Gaddang spoken at all.

  • Santa Fe, near Dalton Pass, and San Roque (now Mabasa barangay of Dupax del Norte) are reputed originally to have been settled by immigrants from Ilocos and Pangasinan in the latter part of the 19th century. Neither has a large community of Gaddang-speakers.
  • Aritao was originally Isinai (with Ibaloi and Aeta minorities), Kayapa is inhabited by Ibaloi farmers and Kankanaey-speaking merchants, while Bambang and Dupax were Ilongot (also locally called Bugkalot); the Gaddang as spoken in these areas incorporates vocabulary and grammar borrowed from these unrelated languages.
  • The provincial capital and university town of Bayombong also has an Ilokano-speaking majority (as well as a significant Ifugao minority), however Bayombong has a long history of recognizing the municipality's Gaddang-speaking roots. Despite growing disuse of Gaddang as a language of public and general daily life, Gaddang is often heard at social gatherings in traditional Шаблон:Transl, such as "Ope Manke Wayi". Many participants are not, in fact, native speakers; they are often ethnic Ilokanos, Tagalogs, and even non-Filipinos.
  • In urban Solano, Gaddang is now rarely used outside the households of native speakers, and the many regional variants are unreconciled. Nueva Vizcaya's largest commercial center in 2013, Solano is effectively an Ilokano-speaking municipality.
  • The Bagabag variant of Gaddang is frequently described by residents of the province as the "deepest" version. Some related families in Diadi and the adjoining Ifugao Province municipality of Lamut also continue to speak Gaddang.
  • Gaddang-speakers and the linguistically-related Ibanag-speaking peoples were historically the original occupants of what is now the Cagayan Valley province of Isabela, most of which was carved-out from Nueva Vizcaya in 1856. Rapid agricultural development of the new province spurred a wave of Ilokano immigration, and after 1945 the cities of Santiago City, Cauayan and Ilagan City (originally the Gaddang town of Bolo) became major commercial and population centers. Presently, nearly 70% of the 1.5 million residents of Isabela identify themselves as Ilokano, and another 10% as Tagalog. 15% call themselves Ibanag, while the remaining 5% are Gaddang- or Yogad-speakers.

Sounds

The Gaddang language is related to Ibanag, Itawis, Malaueg and others. It is distinct in that it features phonemes not present in many neighboring Philippine languages. As an example, the "f", "v", "z" and "j" sounds appear in Gaddang. There are notable differences from other languages in the distinction between "r" and "l" (and between "r" and "d"), and the "f" sound is a voiceless bilabial fricative somewhat distinct from the fortified "p" sound common in many Philippine languages (but not much closer to the English voiceless labiodental fricative). Finally, the (Spanish) minimally-voiced "J" sound has evolved to a plosive (so the name Joseph sounds to the American ear as Kosip).

Vowels

Most Gaddang speakers use six vowel sounds: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA

Consonants

Gaddang features doubled consonants, so the language may sound guttural to Tagalog, Ilokano, and even Pangasinan speakers. The uniqueness of this circumstance is often expressed by saying Gaddang speakers have "a hard tongue".

For example: Шаблон:Transl (tood-duh). which means rice.

Phonology

Gaddang is also one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from Шаблон:IPA-Шаблон:IPA allophony.Шаблон:Citation needed

Grammar

Nouns

English Gaddang Tagalog
house Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
girl Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
boy Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
snake Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
water Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
plate Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang
light Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
name Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
bird Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
dog Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
cat Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
pig Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
carabao Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
key Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
road Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
stomach Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
slipper Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
food Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
rice cake Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
mother Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
father Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
brother Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (pollito) Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (pollito)
sister Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (pollito) Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (pollito)
sibling Шаблон:Lang kapatid

Personal pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns

Enclitic particles

Existential

Interrogative words

Numbers

Structure

Like most languages of the Philippines, Gaddang is declensionally, conjugationally and morphologically agglutinative.

Also like them, it is characterized by a dearth of positional/directional adpositional adjunct words. Temporal references are usually accomplished using agglutinated nouns or verbs.

The following describes similar adpositional structure in Tagalog: "The (locative) marker Шаблон:Lang, which leads indirect objects in Filipino, corresponds to English prepositions...we can make other prepositional phrases with Шаблон:Lang + other particular conjugations."[6] Gaddang uses Шаблон:Lang in the same manner as the Tagalog Шаблон:Lang, as an all-purpose indication that a spatial or temporal relationship exists.

Examples

Simple greetings/questions/phrases

Sentences

Gaddang Tagalog English
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang What did you eat a while ago?
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang What did you (all) eat?
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang What did you eat?
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang What is the word "rainbow" in Gaddang?
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang We were eating when he came.
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang I (We) hope that by the time he would have arrived, we would have eaten.
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang Don't eat.
Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang Eat!
Шаблон:Transl / Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang That's mine!
Шаблон:Transl / Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang I love you.

Below are examples of Gaddang proverbs and riddles. Note the Ilokano and even Spanish loan-words.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Philippine languages Шаблон:Austronesian languages Шаблон:Languages of the Philippines

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Gaddang_language&oldid=14837388