Английская Википедия:Gallery grave
A gallery grave is a form of megalithic tomb built primarily during the Neolithic AgeШаблон:Sfn in Europe in which the main gallery of the tomb is entered without first passing through an antechamber or hallway.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There are at least four major types of gallery grave (complex, transepted, segmented, and wedge-shaped), and they may be covered with an earthen mound (or "tumulus") or rock mound (or "cairn").
Background
Archeologist T. Douglas Price argues that the gallery grave was a form of community burial site. Those placed in a gallery grave were most likely members of the same family or hamlet, and probably were intended to reinforce the sense of community.Шаблон:Sfn
Gallery graves may be straight, or they may form an ell.Шаблон:Sfn In some cases, a burial chamber exists at the end of the gallery.Шаблон:Sfn The walls of gallery graves were built of orthostats, slab-like stones set upright in the earth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They were roofed with multiple flat stones, although the burial chamber (if one existed) was usually roofed with a single large stone.Шаблон:Sfn Multiple burials could occur all at one time, the grave could be reopened several times to accept new burials, or the grave could remain open over an extended period of time to accept multiple burials.Шаблон:Sfn
Burials in gallery graves were made in the gallery itself, or in small burial chambers opening off the gallery.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is known as a "complex gallery grave".Шаблон:Sfn When the adjacent burial chambers are paired, the structure is known as a "transepted gallery grave".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Gallery graves may also have their galleries subdivided by interior stone slabs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These are known as "segmented gallery graves".Шаблон:Sfn When two parallel galleries lead to a single terminal burial chamber, this is known as a "parallel gallery grave".Шаблон:Sfn
Some gallery graves were not rectangular in shape, but rather narrowed toward the rear.Шаблон:Sfn These are known as wedge-shaped gallery graves.Шаблон:Sfn The ceilings of wedge-shaped gallery graves often sloped toward the rear,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and a sill of stone set some distance inside the away from the entranceШаблон:Sfn or one or two slabs set upright in the earthШаблон:Sfn defined a sort of antechamber. The wedge-shaped gallery grave was usually topped by a cairn (covering of stones) rather than an earthen mound (or "tumulus"),Шаблон:Sfn although an earthen mound was sometimes used.Шаблон:Sfn The cross-sectional shape of the cairn could be round, oval, or D-shaped, and often a kerb (ring of stone) was used to help revet the cairn and keep it in place.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some wedge-shaped gallery graves had curved rear walls, while others were linear.Шаблон:Sfn A few had the terminal burial chamber at the rear of the gallery, although this was usually blocked off.Шаблон:Sfn Wedge-shaped gallery graves sometimes had a set of outer walls. These could be parallel to the inner walls, or they could be set at an even stronger angle (emphasizing the wedge-like nature of the tomb).Шаблон:Sfn Wedge-shaped gallery graves usually faced west, and often had a pair of upright stone slabs linking the inner and outer walls at the entrance.Шаблон:Sfn
The tumulus (or "barrow") covering a gallery grave may be ovate or long.Шаблон:Sfn The sides of the tumulus may be parallel or not.Шаблон:Sfn The tumulus was designed so that the end of the gallery (or the terminal burial chamber, if one existed) was at the center of the tumulus.Шаблон:Sfn A tumulus may contain several gallery graves radiating outward from the center.Шаблон:Sfn Since the earth atop the gallery grave was only loosely piled up, it often washed away due to erosion. Many gallery graves today lie exposed to the air, when originally they would have lain deep within a tumulus.Шаблон:Sfn
Gallery vs. passage grave
The difference between a complex gallery grave and a passage grave (which also has smaller burial chambers opening off the main passage) is two-fold. First, the gallery grave gallery will be as high and wide as the side burial chambers, while in a passage grave the passage is not as high or wide as the burial chambers. Second, gallery graves are usually topped by a V-shaped tumulus, while passage graves are almost always covered by a round tumulus.Шаблон:Sfn
Types
Transepted
Transepted gallery graves have burial monuments with side rooms extending laterally from a central chamber. They are found at sites in the Loire valley of France, south west Great Britain and in Ireland and it is thought the builders had cultural links with one another.
Wedge-shaped
A wedge-shaped gallery grave or wedge tomb is a type of Irish chamber tomb. They are so named because the burial chamber narrows at one end (usually decreasing both in height and width from west to east), producing a wedge shape in elevation. An antechamber is separated from the burial area by a simple jamb or sill, and the doorway generally faces west.[1]
A distinguishing characteristic of wedge tombs is the double-walling of the gallery. They were often covered by cairns, which could be round, oval or D-shaped, often with a kerb to revet it. More are low sized, usually about 1.5 metres high, and are generally found on mountainsides, about three-quarters the way up.
Wedge tombs were built between the Irish late Neolithic and middle Bronze Ages (about 2500 to 2000BC). Today, between 500 and 550 known wedge tombs survive in Ireland,[2] and are found predominantly in the west and north west of the island.
Dating
Along with the dolmen and passage grave, the gallery grave is the most common megalithic tomb in western Europe.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Gallery graves were usually constructed during the Neolithic Age, which began about 10,200 BC and ended in Europe about 3,200 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Some, however, were constructed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, about 2,300 BC to 600 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Dating of some gallery graves is difficult, as the tombs may have been constructed in the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age, but reopened and used for burials until the Late Bronze Age.Шаблон:Sfn
Examples
Archeologists Ian Shaw and Robert Jameson argued in 1999 that the best-researched gallery graves are the Severn-Cotswold tombs in Wales and South West England in the United Kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn Other important gallery graves include:
- Court cairn, found in western and northern Ireland and southwest Scotland
- Giants' grave in Sardinia
- Glantane East wedge-shaped tomb in Ireland
- Naveta grave in Menorca
- Seine-Oise-Marne culture allées couverte in northern France and southern Belgium
- Severn-Cotswold tombs in Wales and South West England in the United KingdomШаблон:Sfn
- Wartberg culture stone cist group tombs in northern Hesse, southern Lower Saxony, and western Thuringia in Germany
See also
References
Works cited
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Megalithic monuments
- Archaeology of death
- Burial monuments and structures
- Tumuli
- Stone Age Europe
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- Страницы с телепортом
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