Английская Википедия:Gaman (term)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Infobox Buddhist term

Шаблон:Nihongo is a Japanese term of Zen Buddhist origin which means "enduring the seemingly unbearable with patience and dignity".[1][2] The term is generally translated as "perseverance", "patience", or "tolerance".[3] A related term, Шаблон:Nihongo, a compound with tsuyoi (strong), means "suffering the unbearable" or having a high capacity for a kind of stoic endurance.Шаблон:Sfn

Gaman is variously described as a "virtue",[4] an "ethos",[5] a "trait",[6] etc. It means to do one's best in distressed times and to maintain self-control and discipline.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[6][7]

Gaman is a teaching of Zen Buddhism.Шаблон:Sfn

Analysis

Gaman has been attributed to the Japanese-Americans and others held in the American internment camps during World War II[8][9] and to those affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in northern Japan.[10] In the internment camps, gaman was misperceived by the non-Japanese as introverted behavior or as a lack of assertiveness or initiative, rather than as a demonstration of strength in the face of difficulty or suffering.Шаблон:Sfn Gaman and the related term yase-gaman are, in Japanese society, closely related to complying with conformityШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and silent heroism, which seems to be hidden pride for compensation for sacrificeШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and being satisfied to pay reciprocal service in advanceШаблон:Sfn or to being seen themselves as victims by folks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Gaman toward authority, 'unquestioning obedience'Шаблон:Sfn or 'blind obedience'Шаблон:Sfn is supposed to be unfit to a healthy democracy.Шаблон:Sfn

The mentality of gaman seems to be derived from the strong conviction of Japanese way of fatalism,[11] which was reinforced by Buddhism mujo, impermanence,[12][13]nihilism,[14][15] tradition of self destruction,Шаблон:Sfn the collective nature of its society,[16] and the forced attitudes of resignation and submission under the Edo feudal period.[17] Those world-views were depicted in The Tale of the Heike, the works of Yoshida Kenkou, Kamo no Chomei. The sequence of events of Japanese fatalism seems to be explained as dormant, ceaseless accumulation of self-righteousness,[18] which is justified by accusing other's faults[19][20] rarely explicitly, mainly in their thought, and sudden manifestation of aggression if suppression (gaman) fails.

After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the resilience, civility, lack of looting and ability of the Japanese to help one another was widely attributed to the gaman spirit.[7] The 50 to 70 heroes who remained at the damaged and radiation-emitting Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant despite the severe danger demonstrated what was regarded as gaman as well.[21]

Gaman is also used in psychoanalytic studiesШаблон:Sfn and to describe the attitudes of the Japanese. It is often taught to youth and is largely used by older Japanese generations. Showing gaman is seen as a sign of maturity and strength. Keeping private affairs, problems and complaints silent demonstrates strength and politeness as others have seemingly larger problems as well. If a person with gaman received help from someone else, they would be compliant, not ask for any additional help, and voice no concerns.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Ian Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 2007, page334, 347
  12. ↑ Nakamura Hajime, Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples,1964/1985, p352
  13. ↑ Hiroshi Minami, Psychology of the Japanese People,1953/1971, translated by A.R.Ikoma, p39,44
  14. ↑ Keiji Nishitani
  15. ↑ Hiroshi Minami, Psychology of the Japanese People,1953/1971, translated by A.R.Ikoma, p39,43,44
  16. ↑ Saul Kassin et., Social Psychology,2017, page71,583
  17. ↑ Nakamura Hajime, Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples,1964/1985, p366
  18. ↑ Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword,1946, p315
  19. ↑ Ruth Benedict, The chrysanthemum and the sword,1946, page190
  20. ↑ G.B.Sansom, Japan: A short cultural history, Stanford University Press,1978, page53
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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