Английская Википедия:Gamilaraay language

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Australian English Шаблон:Infobox language

The Gamilaraay or Kamilaroi language is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup found mostly in south-eastern Australia. It is the traditional language of the Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi), an Aboriginal Australian people. It has been noted as endangered, but the number of speakers grew from 87 in the 2011 Australian Census to 105 in the 2016 Australian Census. Thousands of Australians identify as Gamilaraay, and the language is taught in some schools.

Wirray Wirray, Guyinbaraay, Yuwaalayaay, Waalaraay and Gawambaraay are dialects; Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi is a closely related language.

Name

The name Gamilaraay means 'Шаблон:Lang-having', with Шаблон:Lang being the word for 'no'. Other dialects and languages are similarly named after their respective words for 'no'. (Compare the division between langues d'oïl and langues d'oc in France, distinguished by their respective words for 'yes'.)

Spellings of the name, pronounced Шаблон:IPA-aus in the language itself, include Goomeroi; Kamilaroi; Gamilaraay and Gamilaroi.

Dialects

Файл:Dharag-Neighbors1.png
Traditional lands of Australian Aboriginal tribes around Sydney, New South Wales[Note 1]

While AUSTLANG cites Euahlayi, Ualarai, Euhahlayi, and Juwalarai as synonyms for Gamilaraay in earlier sources,[1] it has updated its codes to reflect more recent sources suggest different distinctions. AIATSIS groups the Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi/Yuwaaliyaay language and people in its resource collection,[2][3] and gives it a separate code (D23).[4] AUSTLANG assigns separate codes to the following dialects, all related and part of the Gamilaraay group:[4]

According to Robert Fuller of the Department of Indigenous Studies at Macquarie University and his colleagues, the Gamilaraay and Euahlayi peoples are a cultural grouping of north and northwest New South Wales (NSW), and the Gamilaraay dialect groups are known as Gamilaraay and Yuwaalaraay, while the Euahlayi (Euayelai[11]) have a similar but distinct language.[12]

History

Southern Aboriginal guides led the surveyor John Howe to the upper Hunter River above present-day Singleton in 1819. They told him that the country there was "Coomery Roy [=Gamilaraay] and more further a great way", meaning to the north-west, over the Liverpool Ranges.[13] This is probably the first record of the name.

A basic wordlist collected by Thomas Mitchell in February, 1832, is the earliest written record of Gamilaraay.

Presbyterian missionary William Ridley studied the language from 1852 to 1856.

Status

In 2013 Gamilaraay was noted as endangered by Ethnologue, with only 35 speakers left in 2006 (AUSTLANG says 37 at that date), all mixing Gamilaraay and English.[14] At the 2011 Census there were 87 speakers recorded and in 2016, 105.[1] There are no known fluent speakers of the language.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
High Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr
Low Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr

Шаблон:IPA is realised as Шаблон:IPA.

Consonants

Peripheral Laminal Apical
Bilabial Velar Palatal Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Stop Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr
Nasal Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr
Lateral Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr
Rhotic Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr
Semivowel Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr

Initially, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may be simplified to Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink.

Stress

All long vowels in a word get equal stress. If no long vowels are present, stress falls on the first syllable. Secondary stress falls on short vowels, which are two syllables to the right or to the left of a stressed syllable.

Grammar

Pronouns

Gawambaraay Dialect

Subject pronouns:[15]
Singular Dual Plural
1st person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
2nd person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
3rd person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang

Gamilaraay words in English

Several loanwords have entered Australian English from Gamilaraay, including:

Common nouns
Anglicised form Gamilaraay Meaning
bindi-eye, bindii, bindies Шаблон:Lang The burrs of several plant species (Emex australis, Tribulus terrestris, and Soliva sessilis) that stick in one's feet
brolga Шаблон:Lang A bird species, Grus rubicunda
possibly budgerigar Шаблон:Lang A bird species, Melopsittacus undulatus
galah Шаблон:Lang A bird species, Eolophus roseicapilla
yarran Шаблон:Lang A species of acacia tree, Acacia homalophylla[16]
Proper nouns
Anglicised form Gamilaraay Meaning
Kamilaroi Шаблон:Lang The Gamilaraay people or language
Place names
Anglicised form Gamilaraay Meaning
Boggabri Шаблон:Lang having creeks
Boggabilla Шаблон:Lang full of creeks
Collarenebri Шаблон:Lang having acacia blossoms
Шаблон:Expand list

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionarycat


Шаблон:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales Шаблон:Pama–Nyungan languages


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  1. 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. Шаблон:Cite web
  3. Шаблон:Cite web
  4. 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. Шаблон:Cite web
  7. Шаблон:Cite web
  8. Шаблон:Cite web
  9. Шаблон:Cite web
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. Шаблон:Cite book
  14. Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок e18 не указан текст
  15. Austin, P. (1993) A Reference Grammar of Gamilaraay, Northern New South Wales.
  16. Oxford Dictionary of English, p 2,056