Английская Википедия:Gardenia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Gardenia is a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Madagascar, Pacific Islands,[1] and Australia.[2]
The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus and John Ellis after Alexander Garden (1730–1791), a Scottish naturalist.[3]
Description
Шаблон:Unreferenced section Gardenias are evergreen shrubs or small trees growing to Шаблон:Convert tall. The leaves are arranged opposite each other or in whorls of three or four, Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert broad. The leaves are dark green and glossy with a leathery texture.
The arrangement of the flowers are solitary or in small clusters. The colors range from white, or pale yellow, with a tubular-based corolla (botany) with 5–12 lobes (petals) from Шаблон:Convert diameter. Gardenias flower from about mid-spring to mid-summer, and many species have a very strong scent.
Phytochemistry
Crocetin is a chemical compound usually obtained from Crocus sativus, which can also be obtained from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides.Шаблон:R Gordonin is a novel methoxylated flavonol secreted in golden-colored resinous droplets of Gardenia gordonii,Шаблон:Cn which is one of several critically endangered species of the Fiji Islands.
Many of the native gardenias of the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the paleotropics contribute towards the production of a diverse array of natural products. Methoxylated and oxygenated flavonols, flavones, and triterpenes accumulate on the vegetative and floral buds as yellow to brown droplets of secreted resins. Many focused phytochemical studies of these bud exudates have been published, including a population-level study of two rare, sympatric species of Fiji, G. candida and G. grievei.Шаблон:R The evolutionary significance of the gums and resins of gardenias in attracting or repelling invertebrate herbivores, has yet to be explored by ecologists.Шаблон:Cn
Species
Шаблон:As of Plants of the World Online recognises 128 species in this genus, as follows:Шаблон:R Шаблон:Div col
- Gardenia actinocarpa Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia anapetes Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia angkorensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia annamensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia aqualla Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia archboldiana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia aubryi Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia barnesii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia beamanii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia boninensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia brachythamnus Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia brevicalyx Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia brighamii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia buffalina Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia cambodiana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia candida Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia carinata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia carstensensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia chanii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia chevalieri Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia clemensiae Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia collinsiae Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia cornuta Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia coronaria Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia costulata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia crameri Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia cuneata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia dacryoides Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia elata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia epiphytica Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia erubescens Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia esculenta Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia ewartii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia faucicola Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia fiorii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia flava Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia fosbergii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia fucata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia fusca Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia gardneri Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia gjellerupii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia gordonii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia grievei Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia griffithii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia gummifera Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia hageniana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia hainanensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia hansemannii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia hillii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia hutchinsoniana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia imperialis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia invaginata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia ixorifolia Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia jabiluka Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia jasminoides Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia kabaenensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia kakaduensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia kamialiensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia lacciflua Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia lamingtonii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia lanutoo Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia latifolia Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia leopoldiana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia leschenaultii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia longistipula Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia magnifica Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia mannii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia manongarivensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia maugaloae Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia megasperma Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia moszkowskii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia mutabilis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia nitida Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia obtusifolia Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia ornata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia oudiepe Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia ovularis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia pallens Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia panduriformis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia papuana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia philastrei Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia posoquerioides Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia propinqua Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia psidioides Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia pterocalyx Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia pyriformis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia racemulosa Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia reflexisepala Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia reinwardtiana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia remyi Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia resinifera Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia resiniflua Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia resinosa Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia rupicola Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia rutenbergiana Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia sambiranensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia saxatilis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia scabrella Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia schlechteri Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia schwarzii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia sericea Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia similis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia siphonocalyx Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia sokotensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia sootepensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia stenophylla Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia storckii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia subacaulis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia subcarinata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia taitensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia tannaensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia ternifolia Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia tessellaris Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia thailandica Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia thunbergia Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia tinneae Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia transvenulosa Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia trochainii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia tropidocarpa Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia truncata Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia tubifera Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia urvillei Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia vernicosa Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia vilhelmii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia vitiensis Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia vogelii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia volkensii Шаблон:Small
- Gardenia vulcanica Шаблон:Small
Cultivation and uses
Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in size in some species.[4]
Gardenia jasminoides (syn. G. grandiflora, G. florida) is cultivated as a house plant. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high humidity to thrive, and bright (but not direct) light. It flourishes in acidic soils with good drainage and thrives on temperatures of Шаблон:Convert[5] during the day and Шаблон:Convert in the evening. Potting soils developed especially for gardenias are available. G. jasminoides grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can attain a height of 6 feet. If water touches the flowers, they will turn brown.[6]Шаблон:Volume neededШаблон:Unreliable source?
In Eastern Asia, Gardenia jasminoides is called Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) in China, Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) in Korea, and Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) in Japan. Its fruit is used as a yellow dye,[7] used on fabric and food (including the Korean mung bean jelly called hwangpomuk). Its fruits are also used in traditional Chinese medicine for their clearing, calming, and cooling properties.[8]
In France, gardenias are the flower traditionally worn by men as boutonnière when in evening dress. In The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton suggests it was customary for upper-class men from New York City to wear a gardenia in their buttonhole during the Gilded Age.[9],
Sigmund Freud remarked to the poet H.D. that gardenias were his favorite flower.[10]
In Tiki culture, "Donn Beach", aka Don the Beachcomber, frequently wore a fresh lei of gardenias almost every day at his tiki bars, allegedly spending $7,800 for flowers over the course of four years in 1938.[11] He named one of his drinks the Mystery Gardenia cocktail. Trader Vic frequently used the gardenia as a flower garnish in his Tiki drinks, such as in the Scorpion and Outrigger Tiara cocktails.[12]
Several species occur in Hawaii, where gardenias are known as naШаблон:Okinau or nānū.
Hattie McDaniel famously wore gardenias in her hair when she accepted an Academy Award, the first for an African American, for Gone with the Wind. Mo'Nique Hicks later wore gardenias in her hair when she won her Oscar, as a tribute to McDaniel.
Gallery
-
Gardenia brighamii
-
Gardenia jasminoides 'Plena'
-
Gardenia jasminoidesl 'Radicans'
-
Gardenia psidioides
-
Gardenia taitensis
-
Gardenia volkensii flower
-
Gardenia volkensii flowers, foliage, fruit
-
Blooming stages of gardenia flower (1 of 6)
-
Blooming stages of gardenia flower (2 of 6)
-
Blooming stages of gardenia flower (3 of 6)
-
Blooming stages of gardenia flower (4 of 6)
-
Blooming stages of gardenia flower (5 of 6)
-
Blooming stages of gardenia flower (6 of 6)
References
External links
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Reader's Digest. Success with House Plants. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. New York/Montreal. 217
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence, Wordsworth Classic, 1999, p. 4
- ↑ H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). "Tribute to Freud." New Directions, Boston 1974 p11
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book