Английская Википедия:Garmr
Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Short description
In Norse mythology, Garmr or Garm (Old Norse: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-non) is a wolf or dog associated with both Hel and Ragnarök, and described as a blood-stained guardian of Hel's gate.
Name
The etymology of the name Garmr remains uncertain. Bruce Lincoln brings together Garmr and the Greek mythological dog Cerberus, relating both names to a Proto-Indo-European root *ger- "to growl" (perhaps with the suffixes -*m/*b and -*r).Шаблон:Sfn However, Daniel Ogden notes that this analysis actually requires Cerberus and Garmr to be derived from two different Indo-European roots (*ger- and *gher- respectively), and in this opinion does not establish a relationship between the two names.Шаблон:Sfn
Attestations
Poetic Edda
The Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál mentions Garmr:
<poem>The best of trees | must Yggdrasil be,
Skíðblaðnir best of boats; Of all the gods | is Óðinn the greatest, And Sleipnir the best of steeds; Bifröst of bridges, | Bragi of skalds,
One of the refrains of Völuspá uses Garmr's howling to herald the coming of Ragnarök:
<poem>Now Garm howls loud | before Gnipahellir,
The fetters will burst, | and the wolf run free; Much do I know, | and more can see
Of the fate of the gods, | the mighty in fight.[2]</poem>
After the first occurrence of this refrain the Fimbulvetr is related; the second occurrence is succeeded by the invasion the world of gods by jötnar; after the last occurrence, the rise of a new and better world is described.
Baldrs draumar describes a journey which Odin makes to Hel. Along the way he meets a dog.
<poem>Then Óðinn rose, | the enchanter old,
And the saddle he laid | on Sleipnir's back; Thence rode he down | to Niflhel deep, And the hound he met | that came from hell.
Bloody he was | on his breast before, At the father of magic | he howled from afar; Forward rode Óðinn, | the earth resounded
Although unnamed, this dog is sometimes assumed to be Garmr.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Garmr is sometimes assumed to be identical to Fenrir. Garmr is sometimes seen as a hellhound, comparable to Cerberus.
Prose Edda
The Prose Edda book Gylfaginning assigns him a role in Ragnarök:
- Then shall the dog Garmr be loosed, which is bound before Gnipahellir: he shall do battle with Týr, and each become the other's slayer.[4]
In popular culture
Garm appears as a boss fight in both 2017's Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice and 2022's God of War Ragnarök.[5]
Garmr is the name of one of the two Death Hounds, undead canine companions that the player can obtain in the Dawnguard DLC for The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.[6]
See also
Notes
References
- Bellows, Henry Adams (trans.). 1923. The Poetic Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
- Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (trans.). 1916. Snorri Sturluson: The Prose Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Bellows (1923.)
- ↑ Bellows (1923).
- ↑ Bellows (1923).
- ↑ Brodeur (1916).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
External links
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