Английская Википедия:Gauge (firearms)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox firearm cartridge The gauge (in American English or more commonly referred to as bore in British English) of a firearm is a unit of measurement used to express the inner diameter (bore diameter) of the barrel.

Gauge is determined from the weight of a solid sphere of lead that will fit the bore of the firearm and is expressed as the multiplicative inverse of the sphere's weight as a fraction of a pound, e.g., a one-twelfth pound lead ball fits a 12-gauge bore. Therefore with a 12-gauge, it would take 12 balls of lead of the same size as the 12 gauge shotgun's inner bore diameter to weigh 1 pound (454 grams).[1] The term is related to the measurement of cannons, which were also measured by the weight of their iron round shot; an eight-pounder would fire an 8 lb (3.6 kg) ball.

Gauge is commonly used today in reference to shotguns, though historically it was also used in large double rifles, which were made in sizes up to 2 bore during their heyday in the 1880s, being originally loaded with black powder cartridges. These very large rifles, called "elephant guns", were intended for use primarily in Africa and Asia for hunting large dangerous game.

Gauge is commonly abbreviated as "ga.", "ga", or "G".

Calculating gauge

An n-gauge diameter means that a ball of lead (density 11.34 g/cm3 or 0.4097 lb/in3) with that diameter has a mass equal to Шаблон:Sfrac part of the mass of the international avoirdupois pound (approx. 454 grams), that is, that n such lead balls could be cast from a pound weight of lead. Therefore, an n-gauge shotgun or n-bore rifle has a bore diameter (in inches) of approximately

<math>d_n = 2 \sqrt[3]{\frac{3}{4\pi} \frac{1\mathrm{~lb} / n}{ 0.4097\mathrm{~lb/in^3}}}</math>

Explanation:

  • Divide 1 pound by n to find the mass of each one of the balls
  • Divide it by 0.4097 lb/in3 (density of lead) to find the volume of each ball
  • Multiply it by Шаблон:Sfrac and divide it by pi, then find its cube root (rearranged from the volume of a sphere equation) to find the radius of each ball
  • Multiply it by 2 to change from radius to diameter

This simplifies to the following formula for the internal diameter of the barrel of an n-gauge shotgun:

<math>d_n=1.67/\sqrt[3]n</math> (in inches), or <math>d_n=42.4/\sqrt[3]n</math> (in millimeters).

Likewise, given the diameter in inches, the gauge is

<math>n=4.66/d_n^3</math>

The gauge of firearms is determined by: 1 pound/gauge = weight of lead sphere. Caliber of the bore is then measured.[2]

1 Pound / gauge = weight of lead sphere Diameter of bore is then measured
gauge pounds mm inches
0.25 4 67.34 2.651
0.5 2 53.45 2.103
0.75 Шаблон:Sfrac 46.70 1.838
1 1 42.42 1.669
1.5 Шаблон:Sfrac 37.05 1.459
2 Шаблон:Sfrac 33.67 1.326
3 Шаблон:Sfrac 29.41 1.158
4 Шаблон:Sfrac 26.72 1.052
5 Шаблон:Sfrac 24.80 0.976
6 Шаблон:Sfrac 23.35 0.919
6.278 Шаблон:Sfrac 23.00 0.906
7 Шаблон:Sfrac 22.18 0.873
8 Шаблон:Sfrac 21.21 0.835
9 Шаблон:Sfrac 20.39 0.803
10 Шаблон:Sfrac 19.69 0.775
11 Шаблон:Sfrac 19.07 0.751
12 Шаблон:Sfrac 18.53 0.729
13 Шаблон:Sfrac 18.04 0.710
14 Шаблон:Sfrac 17.60 0.693
15 Шаблон:Sfrac 17.21 0.677
16 Шаблон:Sfrac 16.83 0.663
17 Шаблон:Sfrac 16.50 0.650
18 Шаблон:Sfrac 16.19 0.637
19 Шаблон:Sfrac 15.90 0.626
20 Шаблон:Sfrac 15.63 0.615
21 Шаблон:Sfrac 15.37 0.605
22 Шаблон:Sfrac 15.13 0.596
23 Шаблон:Sfrac 14.91 0.587
24 Шаблон:Sfrac 14.70 0.579
25 Шаблон:Sfrac 14.50 0.571
26 Шаблон:Sfrac 14.31 0.564
27 Шаблон:Sfrac 14.12 0.556
28 Шаблон:Sfrac 13.97 0.550
29 Шаблон:Sfrac 13.79 0.543
30 Шаблон:Sfrac 13.64 0.537
31 Шаблон:Sfrac 13.49 0.531
32 Шаблон:Sfrac 13.36 0.526
33 Шаблон:Sfrac 13.20 0.520
34 Шаблон:Sfrac 13.08 0.515
35 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.95 0.510
36 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.85 0.506
37 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.73 0.501
38 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.62 0.497
39 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.50 0.492
40 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.40 0.488
41 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.30 0.484
42 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.19 0.480
43 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.16 0.477
44 Шаблон:Sfrac 12.01 0.473
45 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.91 0.469
46 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.84 0.466
47 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.80 0.463
48 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.66 0.459
49 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.58 0.456
50 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.51 0.453
51 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.43 0.450
52 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.35 0.447
53 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.30 0.445
54 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.23 0.442
55 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.15 0.439
56 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.07 0.436
57 Шаблон:Sfrac 11.02 0.434
58 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.95 0.431
59 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.90 0.429
60 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.85 0.427
61 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.77 0.424
62 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.72 0.422
63 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.67 0.420
64 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.59 0.417
65 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.54 0.415
66 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.49 0.413
67 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.44 0.411
67.62 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.41 0.410
68 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.40 0.409
69 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.34 0.407
70 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.29 0.405
71 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.24 0.403
72 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.20 0.401
73 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.16 0.400
74 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.10 0.3978
75 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.05 0.3960
76 Шаблон:Sfrac 10.01 0.3942
77 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.97 0.3925
78 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.93 0.3908
79 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.86 0.3892
80 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.84 0.3876
81 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.80 0.3860
82 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.76 0.3844
83 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.72 0.3828
84 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.67 0.3813
85 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.65 0.3798
86 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.61 0.3783
87 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.57 0.3769
88 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.54 0.3754
89 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.50 0.3740
90 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.46 0.3726
91 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.43 0.3713
92 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.40 0.3699
93 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.36 0.3686
94 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.33 0.3673
95 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.30 0.3660
96 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.26 0.3647
97 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.23 0.3634
98 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.20 0.3622
99 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.17 0.3610
100 Шаблон:Sfrac 9.14 0.3598

Bore sizing

Since shotguns were not originally intended to fire solid projectiles, but rather a compressible mass of shot, the actual diameter of the bore can vary. The fact that most shotgun bores are not cylindrical also causes deviations from the ideal bore diameter.

The chamber of the gun is larger, to accommodate the thickness of the shotshell walls, and a "forcing cone" in front of the chamber reduces the diameter down to the bore diameter. The forcing cone can be as short as a fraction of an inch, or as long as a few inches on some guns. At the muzzle end of the barrel, the choke can constrict the bore even further, so measuring the bore diameter of a shotgun is not a simple process, as it must be done away from either end.

Shotgun bores are commonly "overbored" or "backbored", meaning that most of the bore (from the forcing cone to the choke) is slightly larger than the value given by the formula. This is claimed to reduce felt recoil and improve patterning. The recoil reduction is due to the larger bore producing a slower acceleration of the shot, and the patterning improvements are due to the larger muzzle diameter for the same choke constriction, which results in less shot deformation. A 12-gauge shotgun, nominally Шаблон:Convert, can range from a tight Шаблон:Convert to an extreme overbore of Шаблон:Convert. Some also claim an increased velocity with the overbored barrels, up to Шаблон:Convert, which is due to the larger swept volume of the overbored barrel. Once only found in expensive custom shotguns, overbored barrels are now becoming common in mass-marketed guns. Aftermarket backboring is also commonly done to reduce the weight of the barrel and move the center of mass backward for a better balance. Factory overbored barrels generally are made with a larger outside diameter, and will not have this reduction in weight—though the factory barrels will be tougher, since they have a normal barrel wall thickness.

Firing slugs from overbored barrels can result in very inconsistent accuracy, as the slug may be incapable of obturating to fill the oversized bore.

Gauges in use

Файл:Shotgun shell comparison.jpg
left-to-right: .410 bore, 28 gauge, 20 gauge, and 12 gauge shotgun shells

Шаблон:See alsoШаблон:For The six most common shotgun gauges, in descending order of size, are the 10 gauge, 12 gauge, 16 gauge, 20 gauge, 28 gauge, and .410 bore.[3] By far the most popular is the 12 gauge,[3] particularly in the United States.[4] The 20-gauge shotgun is the next most popular size, being favored by shooters uncomfortable with the weight and recoil of a 12-gauge gun, and is popular for upland game hunting. The next most popular sizes are the .410 bore and the 28 gauge. The least popular sizes are the 10 gauge and the 16 gauge, while far less common than the other four gauges, they are still commercially available.Шаблон:Citation needed

Shotguns and shells exceeding 10 gauge, such as the 8 gauge, 6 gauge, 4 gauge, and 2 gauge are historically important in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in mainland Europe. Today, they are rarely manufactured. Shells are usually black powder paper or brass cartridges, as opposed to modern smokeless powder plastic or wax cartridges.

The 18, 15, 11, 6, 3, and 2 gauge shells are the rarest of all;[5] owners of these types of rare shotguns will usually have their ammunition custom loaded by a specialist in rare and custom bores. The 14 gauge has not been loaded in the United States since the early 20th century, although the Шаблон:Convert hull is still made in France.[5] The very small 24 and 32 gauges are still produced and used in some European and South American countries. Punt guns are rarely encountered.

Файл:Munit05.jpg
Garden gun calibers: 9mm Flobert shot, 9mm Flobert shot, .22 Long Rifle shot, .22 Long Rifle, .22 Long Rifle shot, .22 CB Short, and 9mm Flobert BB cap

Also seen in limited numbers are smoothbore firearms in calibers smaller than .360 such as .22 Long Rifle (UK No. 1 bore) and 9mm Flobert rimfire (UK No. 3 bore), designed for short-range pest control and garden guns. The No. 2 bore (7 mm) has long been obsolete. All three of these rimfires are available in shot and BB-cap.[6][7]

Gauge and shot type

Файл:10 Gauge Shell.jpg
A 10-gauge (Шаблон:Convert) shotgun shell shown next to a United States quarter

The 10 gauge narrowly escaped obsolescence when steel and other nontoxic shot became required for waterfowl hunting, since the larger shell could hold the much larger sizes of low-density steel shot needed to reach the ranges necessary for waterfowl hunting. The move to steel shot reduced the use of 16 and 20 gauges for waterfowl hunting, and the shorter, Шаблон:Convert, 12-gauge shells as well. However, the Шаблон:Convert 12-gauge shell, with its higher SAAMI pressure rating of Шаблон:Convert compared to standard Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert 12-gauge shells with their lower pressure rating of Шаблон:Convert, began to approach the performance of the Шаблон:Convert 10-gauge shells with a pressure rating of Шаблон:Convert.[8] Newer nontoxic shots, such as bismuth or tungsten-nickel-iron alloys, and even tungsten-polymer blends, regain much or all of the performance loss, but are much more expensive than steel or lead shot.[9] However, laboratory research indicates that tungsten alloys can actually be quite toxic internally.[10]

Bore sizes used in the United Kingdom

Legend: left side is the bore size, right side is the case length

Conversion guide

Файл:YoungFCSelous.jpg
Portrait of Frederick Courteney Selous with his 4 bore single-shot Boer rifle and African hunting regalia, 1876

The table below lists various gauge sizes with weights. The bores marked * are found in punt guns, obsolete, or rare weapons only. However, 4 gauge was sometimes found used in blunderbuss guns made for coach defense and protection against piracy. The .410 and 23 mm are exceptions; they are actual bore sizes, not gauges. If the .410 bore and 23 mm diameters were measured using more traditionally means, they would be equivalent to 67.62 gauge (.410 bore) and 6.278 gauge (23 mm), respectively.

Gauge
(bore)		 Diameter Weight of unalloyed (pure) lead ball
(mm) (in) grams ounces grains
AA* 101.60 4.000 6,225.52 219.6 96,080
A½* 76.20 3.000 2,626.39 92.64 40,530
0.25* 67.34 2.651 1,814.36 64.000 28,000
0.5* 53.45 2.103 907.18 32.000 14,000
A* 50.80 2.000 778.19 27.45 12,010
0.75* 46.70 1.838 604.80 21.336 9,328
1* 42.42 1.669 453.59 16.000 7,000
B½* 38.10 1.500 328.3 11.58 5,066
1.5* 37.05 1.459 302.39 10.667 4,667
2* 33.67 1.326 226.80 8.000 3,500
3* 29.41 1.158 151.20 5.333 2,333
4* 26.72 1.052 113.40 4.000 1,750
B* 25.40 1.000 97.27 3.43 1,501
5* 24.80 0.976 90.72 3.200 1,400
6* 23.35 0.919 75.60 2.667 1,166
6.278* 23.00 0.906 72.26 2.549 1,114
7* 22.18 0.873 64.80 2.286 1,000
8* 21.21 0.835 56.70 2.000 875
9* 20.39 0.803 50.40 1.778 778
10 19.69 0.775 45.36 1.600 700
11* 19.07 0.751 41.24 1.454 636
12 18.53 0.729 37.80 1.333 583
13* 18.04 0.710 34.89 1.231 538
14* 17.60 0.693 32.40 1.143 500
15* 17.21 0.677 30.24 1.067 467
16 16.83 0.663 28.35 1.000 438
17* 16.50 0.650 26.68 0.941 412
18* 16.19 0.637 25.20 0.889 389
20 15.63 0.615 22.68 0.800 350
22* 15.13 0.596 20.62 0.728 319
24 14.70 0.579 18.90 0.667 292
26* 14.31 0.564 17.44 0.615 269
28 13.97 0.550 16.20 0.571 250
32 13.36 0.526 14.17 0.500 219
36* 12.85 0.506 12.59 0.444 194
40* 12.40 0.488 11.34 0.400 175
67.62 10.41 0.410 6.71 0.237 104

Note: Use of this table for estimating bullet masses for historical large-bore rifles is limited, as this table assumes the use of round ball, rather than conical bullets; for example, a typical 4-bore rifle from circa 1880 used a Шаблон:Convert bullet, or sometimes slightly heavier, rather than using a Шаблон:Convert round lead ball. (Round balls lose velocity faster than conical bullets and have much steeper ballistic trajectories beyond about Шаблон:Convert) In contrast, a 4-bore express rifle often used a Шаблон:Convert bullet wrapped in paper to keep lead buildup to a minimum in the barrel. In either case, assuming a Шаблон:Convert mass for a 4-bore rifle bullet from this table would be inaccurate, although indicative.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Firearms

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Fourten Shotgun Resources. (n.d.). http://www.fourten.org.uk/shotgunbores.html
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Tom Roster is an independent ballistics consultant and author specializing in the design and testing of shotshell loads for U.S. shotshell and reloading components manufacturers. He is a court-recognized shotshell/shotgun expert witness. Tom was formerly, T. R. (2014, January 1). Important information about shotshell pressures. Shotgun Life. https://www.shotgunlife.com/shotguns/tom-roster/important-information-about-shotshell-pressures.html
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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