Английская Википедия:Gazbaba
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox deity Gazbaba, also known as KazbabaШаблон:Sfn or Kazba,Шаблон:Sfn was a Mesopotamian goddess closely associated with Inanna, Nanaya and Kanisurra. Like them, she was connected with love and eroticism.
Name and character
Gazbaba's name is most likely derived from the Akkadian word kazbu, which can be translated as "sexual attraction."Шаблон:Sfn A form ending in the hypocoristic suffix -īya/-āya/-ūya, dKa-az-ba-a-a,Шаблон:Sfn is also attested, possibly representing an attempt at making the name more similar to Nanaya's, or resulting from confusion with a similar personal name.Шаблон:Sfn
Little is known about Gazbaba's character, but she was associated with love and sex.Шаблон:Sfn Šurpu describes her as ṣayyaḫatu, "the smiling one," which is likely a reference to the frequent mention of smiles in Akkadian erotic literature.Шаблон:Sfn She belonged to a group of deities invoked in love incantations, which also included Inanna/Ishtar, Nanaya, Kanisurra and Ishara.Шаблон:Sfn For example, one such text contains the formula "Ishtar, Nanaya, Gazbaba help it!"Шаблон:Sfn
Associations with other deities
Two late texts, a theological explanatory tablet and a cultic calendar, address Gazbaba and Kanisurra as "Daughters of Ezida," the temple of Nabu in Borsippa, and additionally identify them as Nanaya's hairdressers.Шаблон:Sfn Most pairs of deities referred to this way are known from northern Mesopotamia.Шаблон:Sfn In addition to Daughters of Ezida, known pairs include the daughters of Esagil in Babylon (Katunna and Sillush-tab),Шаблон:Sfn the daughters of Emeslam in Kutha (Tadmushtum, a daughter of Nergal in the god list An = Anum,Шаблон:Sfn and Belet-ili),Шаблон:Sfn daughters of Edubba in Kish (Iqbi-damiq, "she said 'it is fine!'," and Hussinni, "Remember me!"),Шаблон:Sfn daughters of Ebabbar in Sippar (Mami and Ninegina), daughters of E-ibbi-Anum in Dilbat (Ipte-bita and Belet-eanni), and a further similar dyad associated with a temple of Ningublaga in an unknown location, possibly Larsa (Mannu-shanishu and Larsam-iti).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nameless pairs of such "Divine Daughters" are also known from Uruk, Nippur and Eridu in Babylonia and Arbela in Assyria.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, some researchers, like Julia M. Asher-Greve and Joan Goodnick Westenholz, place the Ningublaga temple in the south, in Larsa,Шаблон:Sfn though according to Andrew R. George its location should be considered unknown.Шаблон:Sfn It has been suggested that these pairs of goddesses were imagined as maidservants in the household of the major deity or deities venerated in the corresponding temple.Шаблон:Sfn In the case of Gazbaba and Kanisurra, as well as the daughters of Esagil, there is direct evidence that they were viewed as the hairdressers of, respectively, Nanaya and Sarpanit.Шаблон:Sfn
It is commonly presumed in modern scholarship that Gazbaba might have additionally been regarded as a daughter of Nanaya, but as pointed out by Gioele Zisa in a recent study, direct evidence in favor of this view is lacking.Шаблон:Sfn While both Gazbaba and Kanisurra were connected with Nanaya, Gazbaba's link with this goddess appears to be stronger in known texts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Most notably, she never appears alone in love incantations, but rather always alongside Nanaya.Шаблон:Sfn
Worship
Gazbaba was most likely worshiped in Uruk, and appears among other deities associated with this city, such as Kanisurra, Nanaya and Mes-sanga-Unug, in an exercise text from Babylon.Шаблон:Sfn She is also present in the Old Babylonian god lists from Nippur and Isin.Шаблон:Sfn A further attestation is known from Mari, though the text appears to simply list deities belonging to the southern Mesopotamian pantheon.Шаблон:Sfn
It is possible that a temple of Gazbaba was mentioned in a destroyed passage of the so-called Canonical Temple List, but this assumption is presently purely speculative and relies entirely on the assumption that as a deity closely linked with Nanaya she would likely be mentioned shortly after her.Шаблон:Sfn
In Hittite sources
In Hittite texts, the logogram GAZ.BA.BA or GAZ.BA.YA represented Ḫuwaššanna, the tutelary goddess of Ḫupišna.Шаблон:Sfn Little is known about her character, but rites dedicated to her seemingly involved a bed.Шаблон:Sfn It has been proposed that she belonged to the sphere of household worship of the royal family.Шаблон:Sfn There is however no direct indication in known texts that she was a love goddess like Gazbaba.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Bibliography
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