Английская Википедия:Gefreiter

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Шаблон:Short descriptionШаблон:Italic title

Gefreiter (Шаблон:IPA-de, abbr. Gefr.; plural Gefreite, English: private, in the military context) is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank that has existed since the 16th century. It is usually the second rank or grade to which an enlisted soldier, airman or sailor could be promoted.[1][2]

The word has also been lent into the Russian language Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-ru) and is in use in several Russian and post-Soviet militaries.

History

Файл:Hannoversches Jaegar Bataillon Nr.10.png
Illustration - Шаблон:Lang uniform tunic rank insignia description of the Шаблон:Ill (Шаблон:Lang), Light Infantry, Royal Prussian Army.

Historically the military rank of Шаблон:Lang (female and plural form: Шаблон:Lang)[3] emerged in 16th-century Europe for the German Шаблон:Lang foot soldiers,[4] predominantly made up of German and Swiss mercenary pikemen and supporting infantry foot soldiers.[5][6][7][8] Those soldiers who proved especially reliable and experienced were appointed to Шаблон:Lang (exempted/freed servants/soldiers; a cognate to 'knight') and were installed in critical battlefield positions; along with their extra rank privileges they were exempted in general from sentry duties.[1][5][6][9][10][11][12]

From the 18th century, Шаблон:Lang were the first line members of a military company, and every Шаблон:Lang led and commanded a section or squad of Шаблон:Lang[13] (ordinary-rank soldiers). The rank existed in the cavalry, infantry, pioneers, and artillery where Шаблон:Lang rank received a greater rank-class status.[5][6] Шаблон:Lang was the only enlisted rank until 1918 within the Royal Prussian Army and respectively the imperial army of the German Empire to which an exceptional enlisted soldier could be promoted on the recommendation of the Шаблон:Lang (Captain) or Шаблон:Lang (Cavalry-Master otherwise Captain) and ultimately endorsed by the Шаблон:Lang (Regimental Colonel), with exception of the rank Шаблон:Lang (since 1859) in the foot artillery which later replaced the artillery [[Bombardier (rank)|Шаблон:Lang]] (Corporal) rank.[5] The Шаблон:Lang rank was also considered a transition rank for promotion to and wherefrom replacements were selected to the Шаблон:Lang (Corporal)[14] rank.[5] Within the Royal Prussian Army and respectively the imperial army of the German Empire, the rank Шаблон:Lang was a deputy to the Шаблон:Lang (Corporal), and were distinguished by the wearing of an Шаблон:Lang (award button) known as the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang button) on each side of their uniform collar, similar to the slightly larger rank collar side-buttons worn by both the Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang ranks.[5]

In the Royal Prussian Army until its reorganization after 1806, there existed along with Шаблон:Lang the rank of Шаблон:Lang[5] who wore a silver Шаблон:Lang (sword lanyard). These were officer cadets specifically selected for higher advancement, they stood equal with their officer cadet counterpart the Шаблон:Lang.[5] The Шаблон:Lang was a rank that also existed along with Шаблон:Lang in the Austrian Army during the Thirty Years' War.[5]

From the 1920s the German rank of Шаблон:Lang has expanded into several additional ranks and duties, those being Шаблон:Lang (Senior Lance Corporal otherwise Second Corporal in the Prussian Army since 1859); Шаблон:Lang (Leading Lance Corporal in the Шаблон:Lang during 1935–1944, the Шаблон:Lang during 1938–1945, and the Шаблон:Lang from 1955); Шаблон:Lang (Staff Lance Corporal in the Шаблон:Lang since 1927, the Шаблон:Lang until 1945, the Шаблон:Lang from 1944 temporarily replacing Шаблон:Lang rank); and Шаблон:Lang (Senior Staff Lance Corporal in the Kriegsmarine since 1940, not in the Heer or Luftwaffe until 1996). All Шаблон:Lang ranks are now in use with the German army, air force, and navy.

The female form, Шаблон:Lang, is not used by the military; the formal address is Шаблон:Lang.[15]

Austria

Шаблон:Infobox military rank

Gefreiter (abbr. Gfr) is a military rank of the Austrian Bundesheer. It is officially translated as Lance corporal.Шаблон:Sfn

Austro-Hungarian Army

Шаблон:See also In the Austro-Hungarian Army (1867–1918), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-hu) corresponded to Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. It was used by the Шаблон:Lang as well as the Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang troops, cavalry, medical corps, and infantry.

Then rank insignia was a single white celluloid-star on the stand-up collar of the so-called Шаблон:Lang (tunic) on gorget patch (Шаблон:Lang-de). Stand-up collar and background of the gorget patch showed a particular egalisation colour.

Junior rank
Soldat (Honvéd) 		Файл:War flag of Austria-Hungary (1918).svg
Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces
Gefreiter
Patrouilleführer
Vormeister 		Senior rank
Korporal
Rank insignia
Desigahntion Austrian k.u.k. Army enlisted men
Файл:Patrouilleführer der k.k. Gebirgstruppe 1907-18.png Файл:Patrouilleführer k.u.k.Jäger & k.k. Landwehr.png Файл:Patrouilleführer der k.u.k. Husaren mit lichtblauer Attila.png Файл:Gefreiter der k.u.k. Maschinengewehrtruppe.png Файл:Gefreiter der k.u.k. Infanterie.png Файл:Gefreiter der k.u.k.Truppenpioniere.png Файл:Vormeister der k.u.k. Artillerie.png
insignia
description Patrouilleführer Gefreiter Vormeister
k.u.k. Mountain
troops 		k.u.k.
Rifles 		Machine-gun
units 		Infantry
IR 7
branch Rifles Cavalry Infantry Military
engineering 		Artillery
(equivalent) (Rifle 1st class) (Private 1st class) (Gunner 1st class)

Gefreiter in adjustation of the infantryШаблон:Clarify

Germany

Bundeswehr

Шаблон:Infobox military rank Шаблон:Lang (abbr. Gefr. or G.) is the second enlisted rank grade within the modern-day Army (Шаблон:Lang), Air Force (Шаблон:Lang) and Navy (Шаблон:Lang) of the Bundeswehr.[16] Following the NATO ranking system, Шаблон:Lang equates to OR-2 on the NATO-standard rank scale, the rank is thus equivalent to either private, private first class, vice corporal or corporal rank depending on the chosen NATO-allied force used for the comparison.[2] It is grade A4 in the pay scale of the Federal Ministry of Defence.

The sequence of ranks (top-down approach) in this particular group is as follows:

In line with Bundeswehr rank advancement conditions, enlisted personnel OR-1 may be promoted to OR-2 level after passing primary recruit training (usually after three months) to the rank of Шаблон:Lang.

Junior rank
Шаблон:Lang 		Файл:Bundeswehr Logo Heer with lettering.svg Файл:Bundeswehr Logo Luftwaffe with lettering.svg Файл:Bundeswehr Logo Marine with lettering.svg

(German enlisted rank)
Шаблон:Lang

Senior rank
Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang

Throughout the periods of the Royal Prussian Army, Imperial Army of the German Empire, the Шаблон:Lang and the FRG Шаблон:Lang, the rank of Шаблон:Lang was considered the equivalent to a junior lance corporal rank, with Шаблон:Lang as senior lance corporal or rather second corporal in the artillery, and a full corporal rank known as Шаблон:Lang[14] (subordinate non-commissioned officer) which replaced the Шаблон:Lang rank from 1856. Within the army branch of the FRG Шаблон:Lang, a rank of Шаблон:Lang (senior rifleman) once existed between the ranks of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang ("[enlisted] ordinary-rank rifleman/soldier"). A Шаблон:Lang was considered an "exempted man", who was not normally assigned more menial duties, such as guard detail. A soldier promoted to Шаблон:Lang was seen as showing some promise of leadership capability, while those who did not were promoted to Шаблон:Lang.

"Bohemian corporal"

The best-known holder of the rank of Шаблон:Lang was Adolf Hitler, who held the rank in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 of the Royal Bavarian Army during World War I.

"Bohemian corporal" was a derogatory term used (privately) in World War II for Adolf Hitler by German generals (many of whom were Prussian aristocrats) dissatisfied with Hitler's military leadership and detailed control such as Gerd von Rundstedt, Erich von Manstein and Friedrich Paulus. Rundstedt said often during and after the war, "Without Hitler's consent, I can't even move my own sentry from my front door around to the back!" Wilhelm Keitel once asked Hitler, "Do you realise that Rundstedt called you a Bohemian corporal?" Hitler replied, "Yes, but he is the best field marshal I have". Von Rundstedt used the term Шаблон:Lang, which he had gotten in the 1930s from a World War I hero, German President Paul von Hindenburg. Hindenburg, who took an instant mutual dislike to Hitler on their first meeting, mistook Hitler's home town of Braunau in Austria (Braunau am Inn) for another town of the same name (Broumov, German: Шаблон:Lang) in Bohemia and initially said "Austrian corporal" but later used "Bohemian corporal", which was a pejorative term, as he regarded Bohemians as "essentially gypsies", unlike the more cultured Prussians or even Austrians.[17]

Шаблон:WWII German enlisted ranks

Russia

Шаблон:Infobox military rank

Yefreytor (Шаблон:Lang-ru) is a German loanword in Russian and denotes a similar rank in the Russian army.

In Russia, the rank of yefreytor was introduced by Peter I in 1716 to the infantry, cavalry and engineer forces. The rank was not used after 1722. During the reign of Paul I it was made an equivalent rank to private, which after the reign of Alexander I was used only for the Imperial Guard. Yefreytor was re-introduced in the course of the military reforms of 1826.

In the armed forces of the Soviet Union (and later the Russian Federation) yefreytor is the highest rank of enlisted personnel. According to NATO-rank system the rank might be comparable to OR-4 in Anglophone armed forces.[18]

Sequence of ranks
junior rank:
Ryadovoy
Файл:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg
Yefreytor 		senior rank:
Junior sergeant

Rank insignia

Imperial Russian Army

Red Army (RA) and Soviet Armed Forces (SA)

Russian Armed Forces

Other uses of Yefreytor

Switzerland

Шаблон:Main

See also

References

Шаблон:ReflistШаблон:German military ranks Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Duden; Definition of Gefreiter, in German. [1]
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Official Website (Bundeswehr): Dienstgrade und Uniformen der Bundeswehr (Service Ranks and Uniforms of the German Federal Defence Forces), in German. [2]
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,8 Шаблон:Citation
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Brockhaus, The encyclopedia in 24 volumes (1796–2001), Volume 8: 3-7653-3668-8, page 231; definition "Gefreiter".
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Gefreiter&oldid=14871324