Английская Википедия:Gekokujō
Шаблон:Short descriptionШаблон:Italic title
Шаблон:Nihongo is a Japanese word which refers to someone of a lower position overthrowing someone of a higher position using military or political might, seizing power.[1] It is variously translated as "the lower rules the higher" or "the low overcomes the high".[2]
History
The term originated from Sui dynasty China. In Japan, it came into use during the Kamakura period.Шаблон:Citation needed
Instances of gekokujō date back to the Sengoku period. Through the chaotic political climate of the era, Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were able to create fervour and acquire political and military power. In 1588, Hideyoshi ordered the sword hunt, a nationwide confiscation of weapons, to try to prevent further insurrection.[3] After the shogunate was established, social mobility and the freedom of soldiers and farmers was restricted to try to prevent further gekokujō.[4] The Tokugawa shogunate adopted a Confucian system of social stratification, which put all members of society into distinct groups, making it unlikely for anyone to leave their given social class.[5]
During the early Showa period, repeated acts of gekokujō occurred. The Imperial Way Faction were responsible for attempting to assassinate many public figures in the 1920s and 1930s, including the visiting Charlie Chaplin, but were given light prison sentences because they received public support.[6] Inspired by the Imperial Way Faction, the Kwantung Army orchestrated the Mukden Incident in 1931, leading to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.[6] British correspondent Hugh Byas described the phenomenon as "government by assassination".[7] Masanobu Tsuji (辻 政信) was a well known supporter of extreme gekokujō during World War II.[8]
In art
- The February 26 Incident is prominently portrayed as an example of gekokujō in Yukio Mishima's short story "Patriotism", and serves as the backdrop for the events of the narrative.[9]
See also
References
Further reading
- Sources of Japanese Tradition Volume 2 compiled by William T. de Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann
- ↑ 『大辞林』第3版 下克上
- ↑ Ferejohn, John and Frances Rosenbluth (2010). War and State Building in Medieval Japan, p. 149.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Budge, Kent G. (2006)."Tsuji Masanobu (1901–1961?)." In: The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
