Английская Википедия:Gender neutrality in Portuguese
Gender-neutral language in Portuguese is a recent strand of demands for greater gender equality and social inclusion between men, women and non-binary individuals. It can be divided into inclusive or non-sexist language, and non-binary or neuter language or neolanguage. Inclusive language aims to use existing words to include all genders, while neuter language uses new or modified words to accomplish this.[1]
Context
Most words in Portuguese have one grammatical gender, the masculine or the feminine. The creation of gender-neutral terms and removal of gender markers aims to make non-binary people feel included.[2][3]
Proposals
Agreement
Шаблон:See also One of the proposal is using metonymy, periphrasis and circumlocution following agreement, sometimes including the usage of people-first language, whereas the word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-pt) has feminine grammatical gender with no natural gender markedness,[4][5][6] similar with the usage of no pronouns in English, a form of gender omission.[7] Many nouns and adjectives are referred as "uniforms", which are words that can be used to refer to people of any gender, they are not necessarily neutral but are useful for an inclusive language.[8] This proposal is known as gender-inclusive language or gender-neutral syntax.[9][10]
-x and @
Gendered suffixes, specially Шаблон:Angbr, are replaced with at sign Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr to neutralize words, such as in Шаблон:Lang (students) and Шаблон:Lang (everyone).[11][12][13] These forms are not pronounceable, they are meant to be graphical, being criticized for not being readable by screen readers and seen as potentially ableist.[14][15] The use of at signs are recorded since 1990s, such as in words "Unid@s" (United).[16][17]
Neopronouns
Portuguese neopronouns are a gender-neutral approach to pronominal reference to living things, especially humans. They are neopronouns, i.e. a newly developed, intentional innovation of language (as opposed to natural language change).[18]
Depending on the ungendered neopronoun one identifies with (e.g. Шаблон:Lang),[19][20][15] there are various suggestions. Elo, for example, is recorded since 1970s to describe travestis.[21] See the below table with suggestions for various inflections of some neopronouns:[22]
| ele(a) | ilu[23] | elu[23] | el[23] | elx[19] | ile[23] | ili[24] | éle[25] | el@[26] | elæ[27] | êla[28] | elo[21] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ele/a(s) | ilu(s) | elu(s) | el(s) | elx(s) | ile(s) | ili(s) | éle(s) | el@(s) | elæ(s) | êla(s) | elo(s) |
| dele/a(s) | dilu(s) | delu(s) | del(s) | delx(s) | dile(s) | dili(s) | déle(s) | del@(s) | delæ(s) | dêla(s) | delo(s) |
| nele/a(s) | nilu(s) | nelu(s) | nel(s) | nelx(s) | nile(s) | nili(s) | néle(s) | nel@(s) | nelæ(s) | nêla(s) | nelo(s) |
| este/a(s) | istu(s) | estu(s) | est(s) | estx(s) | iste(s) | isti(s) | éste(s) | est@(s) | estæ(s) | êsta(s) | esto(s) |
| deste/a(s) | distu(s) | destu(s) | dest(s) | destx(s) | diste(s) | disti(s) | déste(s) | dest@(s) | destæ(s) | dêsta(s) | desto(s) |
| neste/a(s) | nistu(s) | nestu(s) | nest(s) | nestx(s) | niste(s) | nisti(s) | néste(s) | nest@(s) | nestæ(s) | nêsta(s) | nesto(s) |
| esse/a(s) | issu(s) | essu(s) | ess(s) | essx(s) | isse(s) | issi(s) | ésse(s) | ess@(s) | essæ(s) | êssa(s) | esso(s) |
| desse/a(s) | dissu(s) | dessu(s) | dess(s) | dessx(s) | disse(s) | dissi(s) | désse(s) | dess@(s) | dessæ(s) | dêssa(s) | desso(s) |
| nesse/a(s) | nissu(s) | nessu(s) | ness(s) | nessx(s) | nisse(s) | nissi(s) | nésse(s) | ness@(s) | nessæ(s) | nêssa(s) | nesso(s) |
| aquele/a(s) | aquilu(s) | aquelu(s) | aquel(s) | aquelx(s) | aquile(s) | aquili(s) | aquéle(s) | aquel@(s) | aquelæ(s) | aquêla(s) | aquelo(s) |
| daquele/a(s) | daquilu(s) | daquelu(s) | daquel(s) | daquelx(s) | daquile(s) | daquili(s) | daquéle(s) | daquel@(s) | daquelæ(s) | daquêla(s) | daquelo(s) |
| naquele/a(s) | naquilu(s) | naquelu(s) | naquel(s) | naquelx(s) | naquile(s) | naquili(s) | naquéle(s) | naquel@(s) | naquelæ(s) | naquêla(s) | naquelo(s) |
| àquele/a(s) | àquilu(s) | àquelu(s) | àquel(s) | àquelx(s) | àquile(s) | àquili(s) | àquéle(s) | àquel@(s) | àquelæ(s) | àquêla(s) | àquelo(s) |
| praquele/a(s) | praquilu(s) | praquelu(s) | praquel(s) | praquelx(s) | praquile(s) | praquili(s) | praquéle(s) | praquel@(s) | praquelæ(s) | praquêla(s) | praquelo(s) |
Neolanguage
Neolanguage (Шаблон:Lang-pt) stands for neologistic desinences, articles, nouns and declensions along with pronouns.[29][30] A form of neolanguage can be expressed with the words Шаблон:Lang (friends), Шаблон:Lang (psychologist), and Шаблон:Lang (pretty) for example, using Шаблон:Angbr suffix. Usually, not using the article is recommended, however there are proposals for articles, such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.[3] Neolinguistic terms can be used for groups of multiple genders or non-binary individuals, for example.[31]
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite AV media
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite AV media
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
See also
- Neuter (grammar)
- Epicenity
- Gender-neutral language
- Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
- Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
- Gender neutrality in Spanish
- Elle (Spanish pronoun)
- Gender reform in Esperanto
- Ri (pronoun)
- Hen (pronoun)
- Iel (pronoun)
- Latinx
- Portuguese grammar
- Personal pronouns in Portuguese
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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