Английская Википедия:General Court (European Union)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox court Шаблон:Politics of the European Union
The General Court, informally known as the European General Court (EGC), is a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It hears actions taken against the institutions of the European Union by individuals and member states, although certain matters are reserved for the European Court of Justice. Decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law. Prior to the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, it was known as the Court of First Instance.
Competence
The General Court hears disputes (such as those by persons who have been refused a trade mark by EUIPO, the EU Trade Mark and designs registry).
The creation of the General Court instituted a judicial system based on two levels of jurisdiction: all cases heard at first instance by the General Court may be subject to a right of appeal to the Court of Justice on points of law only.
In view of the increasing number of cases brought before the General Court in the last five years, to relieve it of some of the caseload, the Treaty of Nice, which entered into force on 1 February 2003, provides for the creation of 'judicial panels' in certain specific areas.
On 2 November 2004 the Council adopted a decision establishing the European Union Civil Service Tribunal. This new specialised tribunal, composed of seven judges, heard and determined at first instance disputes involving the European Civil Service. Its decisions were subject to a right of appeal before the General Court on points of law only. Decisions given by the General Court in this area might exceptionally be subject to review by the Court of Justice. The European Union Civil Service Tribunal was duly constituted into law on 2 December 2005. Despite the success in its mandate,[1] it was dissolved on 1 September 2016,[2] leading to the doubling of the number of judges at the General Court.[2]
Composition
Since February 2020 the General Court is composed of 54 Judges; this follows a 2016 reform which increased the number of judges to two per member state by 2019, and the departure of the UK from the EU at the end of January 2020. The Judges are appointed for a renewable term of six years by common accord of the governments of the Member States. Шаблон:As of, there are 49 Judges in post: 23 member states have nominated both their judges, whilst Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia have nominated just one, and Slovenia has nominated neither.
The members of the General Court elect their president and the presidents of the Chambers of five Judges from among their number for a renewable period of three years.
There are no permanent Advocates General attached to the General Court (unlike the European Court of Justice, which has eleven Advocates General). However, the task of an Advocate General may be performed in a limited number of cases by a Judge nominated to do so. In practice this has been done occasionally.
List of presidents
| Elected | Term ended | Judge |
|---|---|---|
| 25 September 1989 | 18 September 1995 | Шаблон:Flagicon José Luís da Cruz Vilaça |
| 18 September 1995 | 4 March 1998 | Шаблон:Flagicon Antonio Saggio |
| 4 March 1998 | 17 September 2007 | Шаблон:Flagicon Bo Vesterdorf |
| 17 September 2007 | 26 September 2019 | Шаблон:Flagicon Marc Jaeger |
| 27 September 2019 | Incumbent | Шаблон:Flagicon Marc van der Woude |
List of vice-presidents
| Elected | Term ended | Judge |
|---|---|---|
| 17 September 2013 | 19 September 2016 | Шаблон:Flagicon Heikki Kanninen |
| 20 September 2016 | 26 September 2019 | Шаблон:Flagicon Marc van der Woude |
| 27 September 2019 | Incumbent | Шаблон:Flagicon Savvas Papasavvas |
List of judges
* Judge continues to hold the office until their successor takes up the duties according to the Article 5(3) of the Protocol No. 3 on the Statute of the Court of Justice of the EU
List of former judges
| Name | Country | Elected | Term ended | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Josef Azizi | Шаблон:Flagicon Austria | 19 January 1995 | 16 September 2013 | [7] |
| Koen Lenaerts | Шаблон:Flagicon Belgium | 25 September 1989 | 6 October 2003 | [8] |
| Franklin Dehousse | Шаблон:Flagicon Belgium | 6 October 2003 | 19 September 2016 | [8] |
| Teodor Tchipev | Шаблон:Flagicon Bulgaria | 12 January 2007 | 29 June 2010 | [9] |
| Irena Pelikánová | Шаблон:Flagicon Czech Republic | 12 May 2004 | 26 September 2019 | [8] |
| Jan M. Passer | Шаблон:Flagicon Czech Republic | 19 September 2016 | 6 October 2020 | [10] |
| Bo Versterdorf | Шаблон:Flagicon Denmark | 25 September 1989 | 17 September 2007 | [8] |
| Küllike Jürimäe | Шаблон:Flagicon Estonia | 12 May 2004 | 23 October 2013 | [8] |
| Virpi Tiili | Шаблон:Flagicon Finland | 8 January 1995 | 6 October 2009 | [8] |
| Jacques Biancarelli | Шаблон:Flagicon France | 25 September 1989 | 18 September 1995 | [8] |
| André Potocki | Шаблон:Flagicon France | 18 September 1995 | 19 September 2001 | [8] |
| Hubert Legal | Шаблон:Flagicon France | 19 September 2001 | 17 September 2007 | [8] |
| Heinrich Kirschner | Шаблон:Flagicon Germany | 25 September 1989 | 6 February 1997 | [8] |
| Jörg Pirrung | Шаблон:Flagicon Germany | 11 June 1997 | 17 September 2007 | [8] |
| Alfred Dittrich | Шаблон:Flagicon Germany | 17 September 2007 | 26 September 2019 | [8] |
| Christos G. Yeraris | Шаблон:Flagicon Greece | 25 September 1989 | 18 September 1992 | [8] |
| Andreas Kalogerpoulos | Шаблон:Flagicon Greece | 18 September 1992 | 17 September 1998 | [8] |
| Michail Vilaras | Шаблон:Flagicon Greece | 17 September 1998 | 25 October 2010 | [8] |
| Ottó Czúcz | Шаблон:Flagicon Hungary | 12 May 2004 | 19 September 2016 | [8] |
| Barna Berke | Шаблон:Flagicon Hungary | 19 September 2016 | 2 August 2021 | [11] |
| Donal Barrington | Шаблон:Flagicon Ireland | 25 September 1989 | 10 January 1996 | [8] |
| John Cooke | Шаблон:Flagicon Ireland | 10 January 1996 | 15 September 2008 | [8] |
| Kevin O'Higgins | Шаблон:Flagicon Ireland | 15 September 2008 | 16 September 2013 | [8] |
| Anthony M. Collins | Шаблон:Flagicon Ireland | 16 September 2013[12] | 7 October 2021[13] | |
| Antonio Saggio | Шаблон:Flagicon Italy | 25 September 1989 | 4 March 1998 | [8] |
| Paolo Mengozzi | Шаблон:Flagicon Italy | 4 March 1998 | 3 May 2006 | [8] |
| Enzo Moavero Milanesi | Шаблон:Flagicon Italy | 3 May 2006 | 15 November 2011 | [8] |
| Guido Berardis | Шаблон:Flagicon Italy | 17 September 2012 | 31 August 2019 | [8] |
| Ezio Perillo | Шаблон:Flagicon Italy | 19 September 2016 | 26 September 2019 | [8] |
| Ingrida Labucka | Шаблон:Flagicon Latvia | 12 May 2004 | 25 February 2020 | |
| Vilenas Vadapalas | Шаблон:Flagicon Lithuania | 12 May 2004 | 16 September 2013 | [8] |
| Egidijus Bieliūnas | Шаблон:Flagicon Lithuania | 16 September 2013 | 26 September 2019 | [8] |
| Romain Schintgen | Шаблон:Flagicon Luxembourg | 25 September 1989 | 11 July 1996 | [8] |
| Ena Cremona | Шаблон:Flagicon Malta | 12 May 2004 | 22 March 2012 | [9] |
| Peter George Xuereb | Шаблон:Flagicon Malta | 6 June 2016 | 8 October 2018 | [8] |
| Cornelis Paulus Briët | Шаблон:Flagicon Netherlands | 25 September 1989 | 17 September 1998 | [8] |
| Arjen Meij | Шаблон:Flagicon Netherlands | 17 September 1998 | 13 September 2010 | [9] |
| Irena Wiszniewska-Bialecka | Шаблон:Flagicon Poland | 15 May 2004 | 19 September 2016 | [7] |
| Nina Półtorak | Шаблон:Flagicon Poland | 13 April 2016 | 31 August 2016 | [7] |
| José Luis Da Cruz Vilaça | Шаблон:Flagicon Portugal | 25 September 1989 | 18 September 1995 | [7] |
| Rui Manuel Gens De Moura Ramos | Шаблон:Flagicon Portugal | 19 September 1995 | 31 March 2003 | [7] |
| Maria Eguénia Martins De Nazaré Ribeiro | Шаблон:Flagicon Portugal | 31 March 2003 | 19 September 2016 | [7] |
| Valeriu M. Ciuca | Шаблон:Flagicon Romania | 12 January 2007 | 26 November 2010 | [9] |
| Andrei Popescu | Шаблон:Flagicon Romania | 26 November 2010 | 19 September 2016 | [7] |
| Octavia Spineanu-Matei | Шаблон:Flagicon Romania | 19 September 2016 | 7 October 2021 | [9] |
| Daniel Šváby | Шаблон:Flagicon Slovakia | 21 May 2004 | 6 October 2010 | [9] |
| Verica Trstenjak | Шаблон:Flagicon Slovenia | 7 July 2004 | 6 October 2006 | [7] |
| Miro Prek | Шаблон:Flagicon Slovenia | 6 October 2006 | 26 September 2019 | [7] |
| Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas Y Fernández | Шаблон:Flagicon Spain | 25 September 1989 | 17 September 2007 | [8] |
| Santiago Soldevila Fragoso | Шаблон:Flagicon Spain | 17 September 2007 | 16 September 2013 | [8] |
| Ignacio Ulloa Rubio | Шаблон:Flagicon Spain | 16 September 2013 | 26 September 2019 | [8] |
| Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Ibáñez-Martín | Шаблон:Flagicon Spain | 13 April 2016 | 26 September 2019 | [8] |
| Pernilla Lindh | Шаблон:Flagicon Sweden | 18 January 1995 | 6 October 2006 | [7] |
| Nils Wahl | Шаблон:Flagicon Sweden | 6 October 2006 | 28 November 2012 | [7] |
| Carl Wetter | Шаблон:Flagicon Sweden | 18 March 2013 | 19 September 2016 | [7] |
| Former Member State | ||||
| David A. O. Edward | Шаблон:Flagicon United Kingdom | 25 September 1989 | 10 March 1992 | [7] |
| Christopher William Bellamy | Шаблон:Flagicon United Kingdom | 10 March 1992 | 15 December 1999 | [7] |
| Nicholas James Forwood | Шаблон:Flagicon United Kingdom | 15 December 1999 | 7 October 2015 | [7] |
| Ian Stewart Forrester | Шаблон:Flagicon United Kingdom | 1 October 2015 | 31 January 2020 | |
List of registrars
| Elected | Term ended | Judge |
|---|---|---|
| 27 September 1989 | 6 October 2005 | Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Hans Jung |
| 6 October 2005 | 30 April 2023 | Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Emmanuel Coulon |
| 5 June 2023 | Incumbent | Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Vittorio Di Bucci |
Jurisdiction
The General Court, like the Court of Justice, has the task of ensuring that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the Treaties of the European Union and the provisions adopted by the competent Union institutions.
To fulfil its main task, the General Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine at first instance all direct actions brought by individuals and the Member States, with the exception of those to be assigned to a 'judicial panel' and those reserved for the Court of Justice.
Categories of direct actions
- Actions for annulment
(against acts of the Union institutions)
- Actions for failure to act
(against inaction by the Union institutions)
- Actions for damages
(for the reparation of damage caused by unlawful conduct on the part of a Union institution)
- Actions based on an arbitration clause
(disputes concerning contracts in public or private law entered into by the Union, containing such a clause)
- Actions concerning the civil service (disputes between the Union and its officials and other servants) – from 2005 to 2016 these cases were transferred to the European Union Civil Service Tribunal, but returned to the General Court when its size was doubled
Subject-matter of direct actions: all matters, including:
- agriculture
- State aid
- competition
- commercial policy
- regional policy
- social policy
- institutional law
- trade mark and design right law
- transport
Procedure
The General Court has its own Rules of Procedure. The 1991 rules were replaced by revised Rules of Procedure which came into effect on 1 July 2015.[14] In the main, the Court's procedure includes a written phase and an oral phase. The proceedings are conducted in a language at the petitioner's choosing. As in the European Court of Justice, the working language of the Court is nevertheless French, and this includes the language the judges deliberate in and the drafting language of preliminary reports and judgments.[15]
The Court is separated into 9 divisions (called ‘chambers’) sat by 3-judge benches, except for the 7th division whose bench is sat by 4 judges. Each chamber has an extended composition of 5 judges. Cases are assigned by the President of the Court to a relevant divisional presiding judge. The presiding judge assigned to the case then chooses a judge-reporter (judge-rapporteur) from the judges of the division, whose clerks write a preliminary report (rapport préalable) based on the parties' pleadings and applicable law.
At the close of the written phase and, as the case may be, on adoption of measures of inquiry, the case is argued orally in open court. The proceedings are interpreted simultaneously, if necessary, into various official languages of the European Union. The judges then deliberate based on a draft judgment prepared by the judge-reporter. The Court's final judgment is handed down in open court.
Notes
References
Шаблон:More footnotes Шаблон:Reflist
External links
Шаблон:Court of Justice of the European Union Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,9 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2021-07/cp210119en.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ 7,00 7,01 7,02 7,03 7,04 7,05 7,06 7,07 7,08 7,09 7,10 7,11 7,12 7,13 7,14 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 8,16 8,17 8,18 8,19 8,20 8,21 8,22 8,23 8,24 8,25 8,26 8,27 8,28 8,29 8,30 8,31 8,32 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ General Court of the European Union, New procedural rules adopted by the General Court, Press Release 73/15, published 19 June 2015, accessed 15 November 2022
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
