Английская Википедия:General Motors LS-based small-block engine

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox automobile engine

The General Motors LS-based small-block engines are a family of V8 and V6 engines designed and manufactured by American automotive company General Motors. First introduced in 1997, the family is a continuation of the earlier first- and second-generation Chevrolet small-block engine, of which over 100 million have been produced altogether,[1] and is also considered to be one of the most popular V8 engines ever.[2][3][4][5] Spanning three generations, a new, sixth generation is expected to enter production soon.[6][7] Various small-block V8s were and still are available as crate engines.[8][9]

The "LS" nomenclature originally came from the first engine of the Gen III engines, the LS1, which was fitted in the Chevrolet Corvette (C5).[10] The Regular Production Option (RPO) code of the engine, LS, has since been used to generally refer to all Gen III and Gen IV engines;[11] however, Gen V engines are generally referred to as "LT" small-blocks.[12][13] This can sometimes be misleading, as not all engine RPO codes in the three generations begin with LT or LS.[14] LS and LT engines have powered every single generation of the Corvette since the C5, with the exception of the Z06 variant of the eighth generation Corvette, which is powered by an unrelated small-block engine, the Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine.[15] Various other General Motors automobiles have been powered by LS- and LT-based engines, including trucks such as the Chevrolet Silverado, sports cars such as the Holden Commodore, and SUVs such as the Cadillac Escalade.[16]

A clean-sheet design, the only shared components between the Gen III engines and the first two generations of the Chevrolet small-block engine are the connecting rod bearings and valve lifters.[16] However, the Gen III and Gen IV engines were designed with modularity in mind, and several engines of the two generations share a large number of interchangeable parts.[17] Gen V engines do not share as much with the previous two, although the engine block is carried over, along with the connecting rods.[18] The serviceability and parts availability for various Gen III and Gen IV engines have made them a popular choice for engine swaps in the car enthusiast and hot rodding community, and sometimes is known colloquially as an LS swap.[19][20][21] These engines also enjoy a high degree of aftermarket support due to their popularity and affordability.[22]

Background

The brainchild of Chevrolet chief engineer Ed Cole, the first generation of the Chevrolet small-block engine was first unveiled in the 1955 Chevrolet Corvette and Chevrolet Bel Air, both powered by the Шаблон:Cvt "Turbo-Fire." The 265 Turbo-Fire distinguished itself from other engines of the era such as Cadillac's 331 series of the late 1940s and early 1950s by reducing the size and weight of various components within the engine; a compact engine block combined with a light valvetrain gave the Turbo-Fire a Шаблон:Cvt weight reduction compared to the inline-sixes that initially powered the first generation of the Corvette, alongside a significant horsepower increase of 25%. This contributed to lowering the Corvette's Шаблон:Cvt from 11 seconds to 8.7.[23][24][25]

Nicknamed the "Mighty Mouse," the Turbo-Fire soon became popular within the hot rodding community too, along with scoring wins in stock car racing.[25] A larger version of the Turbo-Fire arrived in 1957, now bored out to Шаблон:Cvt, gave the new engine a total displacement of Шаблон:Cvt; this engine was dubbed the "Super Turbo-Fire." The Super Turbo-Fire was also the first engine offered with mechanical fuel injection, with the top-of-the-line model producing Шаблон:Cvt, giving it a 1:1 cubic inch to horsepower ratio.[10] This further lowered the Corvette's Шаблон:Cvt to 7.2 seconds.[24]

General Motors would produce more powerful and larger displacement iterations of the small-block, until the advent of stringent emission regulations in the late 1960s severely limited performance. The Malaise era, as it was known (roughly 1973 to 1983), saw some of the lowest horsepower figures in several muscle/pony car engines, including the Corvette whose power output dropped below Шаблон:Cvt despite a displacement of Шаблон:Cvt.[26]

1992 saw the second generation of Chevrolet small-block hit the market in that year's Chevrolet Corvette in the form of the LT1 small-block. It featured reverse-flow cylinder heads, a new ignition system, and new engine block, but the valvetrain and engine mounts were carried over in order to maintain a degree of compatibility with the previous generation. Other modifications such as a better flowing intake manifold and cylinder heads gave the LT1 a power output of Шаблон:Cvt.[27][10] The second generation culminated in the LT4 small-block, which gained a minor power increase of Шаблон:Cvt, alongside other changes such as a lighter valvetrain and strengthened crankshaft.[27]

The decision to stick with pushrod technology was seen as archaic at the time; such engines were seen as outmoded compared to the smaller capacity (but more powerful and fuel efficient) overhead cam engines favored by European and Asian manufacturers. One of GM's domestic rivals, Ford, had announced plans to axe its small block engine from production in the early 1990s,[28] in favor of its Modular engines, while the other domestic rival, Chrysler Corporation, had stopped building passenger cars with V8 engines years prior, relegating them to its trucks and SUVs. Many car enthusiasts also wanted a dual overhead cam engine;[23] GM had developed the Northstar engines for Cadillac, but those engines were initially exclusive to that brand and not originally designed for rear-wheel-drive vehicles. Later on, Sam Winegarden, former General Motors chief engineer for small-blocks, stated that despite the stigma of the pushrod engine being "a symbol of the uncompetitiveness [sic] of the domestic industry," the decision to stick with pushrods was made on the basis that switching to overhead camshafts was unnecessary; the power requirements for the Corvette were satisfied by simply increasing engine displacement.[28] Current General Motors chief engineer for small-blocks Jake Lee also stated that switching to overhead camshafts would also increase the height of the engine by Шаблон:Cvt, rendering it too tall to fit under the hood of the Corvette.[29]

Approval for the Gen III was granted in May 1992, after a seat-of-the-pants decision made by General Motors executives who went for a drive in two Corvettes—one equipped with a traditional pushrod engine and one with an avant-garde dual overhead camshaft engine. Tom Stephens, then–executive director of General Motors Powertrains, was the man in charge of the project. Stephens had the task of designing an engine that was not only more powerful than the previous small-block iterations, but one that could also deliver better fuel economy and meet emissions standards. Work soon began in 1993, shortly after the release of the LT1 Gen II engine. A small team hand-picked from the Advanced Engineering department of General Motors was assembled to do much of the initial design work, with initial prototypes hitting test benches by the winter of 1993. Stephens also recruited Ed Koerner, a former NHRA record holder, to help with much of the hands-on work, while Stephens dealt with corporate.[30][31]

Design

All three generations are overhead valve engines, otherwise known as pushrod engines. Overhead valve engines have the valves mounted above the cylinder head, with a pushrod and rocker arm allowing the camshaft (which is mounted inside the block) to open and close the valves. The advantages of an engine configuration like this as opposed to an overhead camshaft engine is that since the camshaft is located within the engine valley, a pushrod engine will be shorter in height compared an overhead camshaft engine.[32] Another advantage is that there are fewer mechanical components such as timing chains and extra camshafts, which helped reliability by keeping the engine simple.[28]

All three generations were outfitted with either aluminum or cast iron engine blocks, with all passenger car engine blocks being aluminum, whereas truck engine blocks could be either material. Every single engine was also fitted with aluminum cylinder heads,[33] except for the 1999 and 2000 model year of the LQ4, which were cast iron.[34] Other modifications to the cylinder heads included a redesign to include significantly better airflow, with evenly spaced exhaust and intake valves.[23][10] A deeper engine skirt meant that the third and following generations were slightly larger than its predecessors, however, the deeper skirts allowed for a much stronger and rigid block. A deeper engine skirt refers to an engine block extending below the centerline position of the crankshaft within the engine.[35] Another continual feature across all generations was the Шаблон:Cvt bore spacing and pushrods, the former of which is also in use in the Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine.[36] Use of aluminum allowed for further weight reduction gains, with the 1997 LS1 being almost Шаблон:Cvt lighter than previous cast-iron small-block iterations.[23] GM also made extensive use of economies of scale for the LS: with the exception of the 4.8L and 7.0L engines, all variants used the same 3.622" stroke (with most of those variants using the same basic crankshaft casting), the 4.8L and 5.3L variants utilized the same block casting, and several variants used the same length connecting rod.[37]

Other modifications include long runner intake manifolds, powder-forged connecting rods and the introduction of six-bolt main bearings (as opposed to four on the previous generations). Long runner intake manifolds in the LS series increases the airflow into the cylinders at low revolutions, increasing the torque. Truck applications of the LS engine have even longer intake manifolds, being approximately Шаблон:Cvt taller than passenger car manifolds. Most engines were also fitted with hypereutectic pistons also replace the previous cast pistons and are stronger and more thermally stable.

Powder-forging involves sintering a specific mixture of metals and non-metals which have been compressed in a forming press. The mixture is then quickly transferred into a traditional die cavity in a forging press and is pressed once then cooled. Powder-forging is also more cost-effective compared to traditional die forging, reducing the amount of tooling required to trim inconsistencies in hot-forged connecting rods.[38] Stronger than the forged steel connecting rods of the previous two generations, powder-forged connecting rods have been fitted to every LS and LT engine except for the LS7.[39]

Шаблон:Anchor

Generation III (1997–2007)

Шаблон:Infobox automobile engine

The GM Generation I and Generation II (LT) engine families are both derived from the longstanding Chevrolet small block V8. The Generation III small-block V8 was a "clean sheet" design, which replaced the Gen I and Gen II engine families in 2002 and 1997 respectively.

Like the previous two generations, the Buick and Oldsmobile small blocks, the Gen III/IV can be found in many different brands. The engine blocks were cast in aluminum for car applications, and iron for most truck applications (notable exceptions include the Chevrolet TrailBlazer SS, Chevrolet SSR, and a limited run of Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra extended-cab standard-box 4WD trucks).

The architecture of the LS series makes for an extremely strong engine block with the aluminum engines being nearly as strong as the iron generation I and II engines. The LS engine also used coil-near-plug style ignition to replace the distributor setup of all previous small-block based engines.

The traditional five-bolt pentagonal cylinder head pattern was replaced with a square four-bolt design (much like the 1964–1990 Oldsmobile V8), and the pistons are of the flat-topped variety (in the LS1, LS2, LS3, LS6, LS7, LQ9, and L33), while all other variants, including the new LS9 and LQ4 truck engine, received a dished version of the GM hypereutectic piston.

The cylinder firing order was changed to 1-8-7-2-6-5-4-3[40] so that the LS series now corresponds to the firing pattern of other modern V8 engines (for example the Ford Modular V8).

3.898 in. bore blocks (1997–2005)

The first of the Generation IIIs, the LS1 was the progenitor of the new architecture design that would transform the entire V8 line and influence the last of the big-blocks.

5.7L

The Generation III 5.7L (LS1 and LS6) engines share little other than similar displacement, external dimensions, and rod bearings, with its predecessor (LT1). It is an all-aluminum Шаблон:Convert pushrod engine with a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert.[41]

Шаблон:Anchor

LS1

When introduced in the 1997 Corvette, the LS1 was rated at Шаблон:Convert at 5,600 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4,400 rpm. After improvements to the intake and exhaust manifolds in 2001, the rating improved to Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert for manual-transmission Corvettes.[42][43] The LS1 was used in the Corvette from 97 to 04. It was also used in 98-02 GM F-Body (Camaro & Firebird) cars with a rating of over Шаблон:Convert, which was rumored to be conservative. The extra horsepower was claimed to come from the intake ram-air effect available in the SS and WS6 models. In Australia, continuous modifications were made to the LS1 engine throughout its lifetime, reaching 362 hp/350 ft-lb in the HSV's YII series, and a Callaway modified version named "C4B" was fitted to HSV GTS models producing Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque.[44]

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
1997–2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm
1998–2002 Pontiac Firebird Formula, Trans Am Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm
1998–2002 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 Шаблон:Cvt @ 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm
1998–2002 Chevrolet Camaro SS Шаблон:Cvt @ 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm
2004 Pontiac GTO Шаблон:Cvt @ 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm
2001–2004 HSV GTO Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm, Шаблон:Cvt @ 4800 rpm
1999–2005 Holden Statesman Шаблон:Cvt @ 5000 rpm, Шаблон:Cvt @ 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm, Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm
2001–2005 Holden Monaro Шаблон:Cvt @ 5200 rpm, Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm, Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm
Файл:Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06 LS6 engine.jpg
GM LS6 engine in a Chevrolet Corvette Z06

Шаблон:Anchor

LS6

Шаблон:Distinguish

The LS6 is a higher-output version of GM's LS1 engine and retains the same capacity. The initial 2001 LS6 produced Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, but the engine was modified for 2002 through 2004 to produce Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque. The LS6 was originally only used in the high-performance C5 Corvette Z06 model, with the Cadillac CTS V-Series getting the Шаблон:Convert engine later. The V-Series used the LS6 for two years before being replaced by the LS2 in 2006. For 2006, the Z06 replaced the LS6 with the new LS7. The LS6 shares its basic block architecture with the GM LS1 engine, but other changes were made to the design such as windows cast into the block between cylinders, improved main web strength and bay to bay breathing, an intake manifold and MAF-sensor with higher flow capacity, a camshaft with higher lift and more duration, a higher compression ratio of 10.5:1, sodium-filled exhaust valves, and a revised oiling system better suited to high lateral acceleration.[45] LS6 intake manifolds were also used on all 2001+ LS1/6 engines. The casting number, located on the top rear edge of the block, is 12561168.

The SSC Ultimate Aero TT also utilized the LS6 block, albeit with an enlarged displacement of Шаблон:Cvt and the addition of two turbochargers.[46]

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2001–2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06 Шаблон:Cvt @ 6000 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4800 rpm
2004–2005 Cadillac CTS V-Series Шаблон:Cvt @ 6000 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4800 rpm
2007–2008 SSC Ultimate Aero TT (modified) Шаблон:Cvt @ 6950 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 6150 rpm

3.78 in. bore blocks (1999–2007)

The 4.8L and the 5.3L are smaller truck versions of the LS1 and were designed to replace the 305 and the 350 in trucks. The 4.8L and 5.3L engines share the same Gen III LS-series engine block and heads (upper end) and therefore, most parts interchange freely between these engines and other variants in the LS family.

Шаблон:Anchor 4.8L LR4

The Vortec 4800 LR4 (VIN code "V") is a Generation III small block V8 truck engine. Displacement is Шаблон:Convert with a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert. It is the smallest of the Generation III Vortec truck engines. The LR4 engines in 1999 produced Шаблон:Convert while the 2000 and above models made Шаблон:Convert and all have a torque rating between Шаблон:Convert, depending on the model year and application. The 2005–2006 models made Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. The LR4 was manufactured at St. Catharines, Ontario, and Romulus, Michigan. It uses flat-top pistons.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2000–2006 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
1999–2007 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500 Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2003–2007 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana 2500/3500 Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm

Шаблон:Anchor 5.3 L

The Vortec 5300, or LM7/L59/LM4, is a V8 truck engine. It is a longer-stroked by Шаблон:Convert version of the Vortec 4800 and replaced the L31. L59 denoted a flexible-fuel version of the standard-fuel LM7 engine. Displacement is Шаблон:Convert from a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert. Vortec 5300s were built in St. Catharines, Ontario, and Romulus, Michigan. Another engine variant, the L33, shares the same displacement, but has an aluminum block with cast-in cylinder liners, much like the LS1.

LM7

The Vortec 5300 LM7 (VIN code 8th digit "T") was introduced in 1999. The "garden variety" Generation III V8 has a cast-iron block and aluminum heads.

The 1999 LM7 engine produced Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque.

The 2000–2003 engines produced Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque.

The 2004–2007 engines produced Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque.

The stock cam specifications at .050 lift are: 190/191 duration, .466/.457 lift, 114 LSA, 112/116 timing.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2002–2005 Cadillac Escalade 2WD Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
2002–2006 Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
2003–2007 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana 1500/2500 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
1999–2007 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500 (and 1999–2000 2500) Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
2000–2006 Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL 1500 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
2000–2006 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
L59

The Vortec 5300 L59 (VIN code "Z") is a flexible-fuel version of the LM7. The 2002–2003 L59 made Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, while the 2004–2007 L59 made Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2002–2006 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt|- 2002–2006 Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL 1500 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
2005–2006 Chevrolet Avalanche 1500 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
2002–2007 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
LM4

The Vortec 5300 LM4 (VIN code "P") is an aluminum block version of the LM7, and had a short production life, as did the specific vehicles in which LM4s are found. LM4s made Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. It should not be confused with the L33 described below.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2003–2004 Isuzu Ascender Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2003–2004 GMC Envoy XL
2003–2004 Chevrolet SSR
2004 GMC Envoy XUV
2004 Buick Rainier
2003–2005 Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT
L33

The Vortec 5300 L33 (VIN code "B") is an aluminum block version of the LM7, marketed as the Vortec 5300 HO. Instead of the LM7's dished pistons, the L33 uses the 4.8L's flat top pistons. It also uses 799 cylinder heads, identical to 243 castings found on LS6s and LS2s, lacking only the LS6-spec valve springs and hollow stem exhaust valves. This combination raised the compression from 9.5:1 to 10.0:1. The L33 also used a unique camshaft not shared with any other engine, with the specifications at .050 duration being: 193 duration, .482 lift, 116 LSA. As a result, power increased by Шаблон:Convert, to Шаблон:Convert and 335 lb·ft (441 N·m). It was available in extended-cab standard-bed 4WD pickup trucks. The SSR also came with a L33. Only 25% of 2005 Chevrolet/GMC full-size pickup trucks had an L33 engine.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2005–2007 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4WD/GMC Sierra 1500 4WD Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm

4.00 in. bore blocks (1999–2007)

The 6.0 L is a larger version of the LS engine. 6.0 L blocks were cast of iron, designed to bridge the gap between the new small blocks and big blocks in truck applications. There were two versions of this engine: LQ4 and LQ9, the latter being more performance oriented.

Шаблон:Anchor6.0 L

The Vortec 6000 is a V8 truck engine. Displacement is Шаблон:Convert from a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert. It is an iron/aluminum (1999 and 2000 model year engines had cast iron heads) design and produces Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert.

LQ4

The Vortec 6000 LQ4 (VIN code "U") is a V8 truck engine. It produces Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. LQ4s were built in Romulus, Michigan, and Silao, Mexico.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
1999–2007 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500HD/2500/2500HD/3500 Шаблон:Cvt at 4400 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2001 GMC Sierra C3 Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2002–2007 GMC Sierra Denali
2000–2006 Chevrolet Suburban 2500/GMC Yukon XL 2500 Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2002–2007 Hummer H2 Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2002–2006 GMC Yukon/Yukon XL Denali and Chevrolet Suburban 1500 LTZ Шаблон:Cvt at 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2003–2007 Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana 2500/3500 Шаблон:Cvt at 4400 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
2003–2008 Chevrolet W-Series/GMC W-Series/Isuzu NPR Шаблон:Cvt at 4400 rpm Шаблон:Cvt at 4000 rpm
LQ9

The Vortec HO 6000 or VortecMAX (VIN code "N") is a special high-output version of the Vortec 6000 V8 truck engine originally designed for Cadillac in 2002. This engine was renamed as the VortecMAX for 2006. It features high-compression (10:1) flat-top pistons for an extra Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, bringing output to Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. Vehicles fitted with the LQ9 came exclusively with a 4.10:1 rear axle ratio. LQ9s were built only in Romulus, Michigan.

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Шаблон:Anchor

Generation IV (2005–2020)

Шаблон:Infobox automobile engine

In 2004, the Generation III was superseded by the Generation IV. This category of engines has provisions for high-displacement ranges up to Шаблон:Convert and power output to Шаблон:Convert. Based on the Generation III design, the Generation IV was designed with displacement on demand in mind, a technology that allows every other cylinder in the firing order to be deactivated. It can also accommodate variable valve timing.

A three-valve-per-cylinder design was originally slated for the LS7, which would have been a first for a GM pushrod engine, but the idea was shelved owing to design complexities and when the same two-valve configuration as the other Generation III and IV engines proved to be sufficient to meet the goals for the LS7.

4.00 in. bore blocks (2005–2020)

This family of blocks was the first of the generation IV small block with the LS2 being the progenitor of this family and generation. This family of blocks has seen a wide range of applications from performance vehicles to truck usage.

Шаблон:Anchor6.0 L

The Generation IV 6000 is a V8 engine that displaces Шаблон:Convert from a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert. It features either a cast iron or aluminum engine block with cast aluminum heads. Certain versions feature variable cam phasing, Active Fuel Management, and flex-fuel capability.

Шаблон:Anchor

LS2
LS2 can also refer to the 1973–1974 Super Duty Шаблон:Convert Pontiac V8 engine
LS2 can also refer to the 1985 Oldsmobile Diesel V6 engine.

The LS2 was introduced as the Corvette's new base engine for the 2005 model year. It also appeared as the standard powerplant for the 2005–2006 GTO. It produces Шаблон:Convert at 6000 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4400 rpm from a slightly larger displacement of Шаблон:Convert. It is similar to the high-performance LS6, but with improved torque throughout the rpm range. The LS2 uses the "243" casting heads used on the LS6 (although without the sodium-filled valves), a smaller camshaft, and an additional Шаблон:Convert. The compression of the LS2 was also raised to 10.9:1 compared to the LS1s' 10.25:1 and the LS6s' 10.5:1. The LS2 in the E-series HSVs are modified in Australia to produce Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque. The LS2 in the Chevrolet Trailblazer SS and the Saab 9-7X Aero are rated at Шаблон:Convert (2006–2007) or Шаблон:Convert (2008–2009) and Шаблон:Convert of torque due to a different (sometimes referred to as a "truck") intake manifold that produces more torque at lower RPMs.

The LS2 is also used as the basis of the NASCAR Specification Engine that is used as an optional engine in NASCAR's Camping World Series East and West divisions starting in 2006, and starting in 2010 may also be used on tracks shorter than two kilometers (1.25 miles) in the Camping World Truck Series.[47]

A version of the NASCAR V8 cylinder block cast in compacted graphite iron by Grainger & Worrall won the UK's Casting of the Year Award 2010.[48]

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Шаблон:Hidden end

Шаблон:Anchor

L76

The L76 is derived from the LS2, and like the LS2 it features an aluminum engine block. However, the L76 does feature Active fuel management (AFM). While the displacement on demand technology was disabled on Holdens, this feature is enabled on the 2008 Pontiac G8 GT and subsequently refitted in the 2009 model Holdens with AFM enabled, but only on models fitted with the 6L80 Automatic Transmission. The engine also meets Euro III emissions requirements. Output is Шаблон:Convert at 5600 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4400 rpm for the Holden variant, and Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert for the G8 GT.[50] The Vortec 6000 or new VortecMAX version is based on the Holden L76 engine, and features variable cam phasing, along with Active Fuel Management. It can be considered the replacement for the Generation III LQ9 engine. It produces Шаблон:Convert at 5400 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4400 rpm. Production of the truck-spec L76 started in late 2006, and it was only available with the new body style Silverado and Sierra, as well as the then-new Suburban. The final year for the truck-spec L76 was 2009 for all three applications; it was replaced by the 6.2L L9H engine for MY 2010 in the pickup trucks.

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Шаблон:Hidden end

Шаблон:Anchor

L98

Шаблон:For

The L98 is a slightly modified version of the L76. Since Holden did not use the displacement on demand technology of the L76, some redundant hardware was removed to form the L98. Power increased to Шаблон:Convert at 5700 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4400 rpm.

Шаблон:Hidden begin

Шаблон:Hidden end

Шаблон:Anchor

L77
L77 can also refer to the 455 Oldsmobile large crank journal engine.

L77 engines were released in the Holden Commodore Series II VE range in both manual and automatic transmissions, along with the Chevrolet Caprice PPV (police car). The L77 differs from the L76 with its inclusion of Flex-fuel capability, allowing it to run on E85 fuel. The L77 is rated at Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque in the manual Commodore SS and SS-V, in automatic Commodores it is rated at Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

LY6

The LY6 is a Generation IV small-block V8 truck engine with a cast-iron block. It shares the same bore and stroke as its LQ4 predecessor. Like other Gen IV engines, it features variable valve timing. It generated Шаблон:Convert at 5,600 rpm and Шаблон:Convert of torque at 4,400 rpm using "regular" gas, or ~87 octane. Redline is 6,000 rpm and the compression ratio is 9.6:1. This engine uses L92 / LS3 style rectangle port cylinder heads, though without the sodium-filled exhaust valves of the LS3.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

L96

The L96 is essentially identical to its predecessor, the LY6. The primary difference is that the L96 is flex-fuel capable, while the LY6 is not.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

LFA

The LFA (VIN code "5") is a Generation IV small-block V8 truck engine. The LFA variant is used in the GM's "two-mode" hybrid GMT900 trucks and SUVs, and is an all-aluminum design. It has a 10.8:1 compression ratio and produces Шаблон:Convert at 5100 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4100 rpm.

In 2008, this engine was selected by Wards as one of the 10 best engines in any regular production vehicle.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

LZ1

The LZ1 is almost entirely based on its predecessor, the LFA, but with some revisions, such as including up-integrated electronic throttle control, long-life spark plugs, GM's Oil Life System, Active Fuel Management, and variable valve timing.[51] It has the same compression ratio and power/torque ratings as its predecessor.

Applications:

3.78 in. bore blocks (2005–2017)

This family of blocks is just an updated version of its Generation III predecessor with Generation IV updates and capabilities. Applications of this family were mainly for trucks but did see some mild usage (with some modifications) in front-wheel-drive cars.

4.8 L

LY2

The Vortec 4800 LY2 (VIN code "C") is a Generation IV small-block V8 truck engine. Like its LR4 predecessor, it gets its displacement from a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert. The smallest member of the Generation IV engine family is unique in that it is the only member used in trucks that does not feature variable valve timing. It has a cast-iron block. Power output is Шаблон:Convert and torque is Шаблон:Convert.

Applications:

L20

The Vortec 4800 L20 makes more power and features variable valve timing. The system adjusts both intake and exhaust timing but does not come with Active Fuel Management. The L20 has a cast-iron block and power output is Шаблон:Convert while torque is Шаблон:Convert. The Vortec 4800 base engines were dropped from the Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon in favor of the 5300 with Active Fuel Management.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor 5.3 L

The Generation IV 5.3L engines share all the improvements and refinements found in other Generation IV engines. Eight versions of the Gen IV 5.3L engine were produced: three iron blocks (LY5, LMG, and LMF) and five aluminum blocks (LH6, LH8, LH9, LC9, and LS4). All versions featured Active Fuel Management except for the LH8, LH9, and LMF.

LH6

The Vortec 5300 LH6 (VIN code "M") with Active Fuel Management replaced the LM4 for 2005, and was the first of the Generation IV small-block V8 truck engines to go into production. The LH6 produced Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. It is the aluminum block counterpart to the LY5.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

LS4
LS4 can also refer to a Шаблон:Convert Chevrolet Big-Block engine of the 1970s
Файл:2006 Chevrolet Impala SS LS4 engine.jpg
5.3 L LS4 V8 in a 2006 Chevrolet Impala SS

The LS4 is a Шаблон:Convert version of the Generation IV block. Though it has the same displacement as the Vortec 5300 LY5, it features an aluminum block instead of iron, and uses the same cylinder head casting as the Generation III LS6 engine. The LS4 is adapted for transverse front-wheel drive applications, with a bellhousing bolt pattern that differs from the rear-wheel-drive blocks (so as to mate with the 4T65E).

According to GM, "the crankshaft is shortened Шаблон:Convert at the flywheel end and Шаблон:Convert at the accessory drive end – to reduce the length of the engine compared to the 6.0 L. All accessories are driven by a single serpentine belt to save space. The water pump is mounted remotely with an elongated pump manifold that connects it to the coolant passages. Revised oil pan baffles, or windage trays, are incorporated into the LS4 to ensure that the oil sump stays loaded during high-g cornering."[52] Active Fuel Management is also used. Output of this version is Шаблон:Convert (300 hp on LaCrosse Super) and Шаблон:Convert.

Applications:

LY5

Introduced in 2007, the Vortec 5300 LY5 (VIN code "J") is the replacement for the LM7 Generation III engine. For SUV applications, it is rated at Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque, while for pickup truck applications, it is rated at Шаблон:Convert at 5200 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4000 rpm.

Applications:

LC9

The Vortec 5300 LC9 (VIN code "3" or "7") is the aluminum block flex-fuel version of the LH6, and is found in 4WD models. SUV applications are rated at Шаблон:Convert at 5400 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4000 rpm.[53] Pickup truck applications are rated at Шаблон:Convert at 5300 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4000 rpm.[53] Variable valve timing was added for the 2010 model year.

Applications:

LMG

The Vortec 5300 LMG (VIN code "0") is the flexible-fuel version of the LY5. Power and torque ratings for SUV and pickup truck applications are the same as each application's LY5 rating. Variable valve timing was added for the 2010 model year. Active Fuel Management is standard on this model for fuel economy purposes.[54]

Applications:

LH8

The LH8 was introduced in 2008 as the V8 option for the Hummer H3. It was the simplest, most basic 5.3L V8 of its family, lacking any special technologies. Also known as the Vortec 5300, the LH8 was available in the H3 and GM mid-size pickups through 2009.

The LH8 is a variant of the 5.3L Gen IV small-block V8 modified to fit in the engine bay of the GMT345 SUV and GMT355 trucks. It produces Шаблон:Convert at 5200 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4000 rpm. It has a displacement of Шаблон:Convert[55] and a compression ratio of 9.9:1.[56]

Applications:

LH9

In 2010, the LH8 was replaced by the LH9. The LH9 was upgraded with Variable Valve Timing (VVT) and flex-fuel capability (but not Active Fuel Management). The Vortec 5300 LH9 produces Шаблон:Convert at 5200 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4000 rpm. It has a displacement of Шаблон:Convert.[55] The compression ratio was 9.9:1 for 2010, but was reduced to 9.7:1 for the remaining two years of production.[57][58][59]

Applications:

LMF

Introduced in 2008, the LMF is a low-tech LY5, used in the lower-volume half-ton vans that still used the 4L60-E 4-speed automatic, lacking Active Fuel Management. The LMF features variable valve timing.[60]

Applications:

4.125 in. bore blocks (2006–2017)

Inspired by the LS1.R in size and performance goals, this family of blocks was designed for race-oriented performance. The only engine with this bore size that was used in a production vehicle is the LS7 with the LSX being only for aftermarket use. One unique feature of this family is that the cylinders are siamesed, no water passages between neighboring cylinders.[61] This was done to increase both bore size and block strength.

7.0 L

Шаблон:Anchor

LS7
LS7 can also refer to a 454 over-the-counter 460+ hp high compression engine Chevrolet Big-Block engine of the 1970s
Файл:2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 LS7 engine.jpg
7.0L LS7 engine in a 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06

The LS7 is a Шаблон:Convert engine, based on the Gen IV architecture. The block is changed, with sleeved cylinders in an aluminum block with a larger bore of Шаблон:Cvt and longer stroke of Шаблон:Cvt than the LS2. The small-block's Шаблон:Convert bore spacing is retained, requiring pressed-in cylinder liners. The crankshaft and main bearing caps are forged steel for durability, the connecting rods are forged titanium, and the pistons are hypereutectic. The two-valve arrangement is retained, though the titanium intake valves by Del West have grown to Шаблон:Convert and sodium-filled exhaust valves are up to Шаблон:Convert.

Peak output is Шаблон:Convert at 6300 rpm (72.0 BHP/L) and Шаблон:Convert of torque at 4800 rpm with a 7000 rpm redline.[62] During GM's reliability testing of this engine in its prototype phase, the LS7 was remarked to have been repeatedly tested to be 8000 rpm capable, although power was not recorded at that rpm level, because of the constraints of the camshaft's hydraulic lifters and the intake manifold ability to flow required air at that engine speed.

The LS7 was hand-built by the General Motors Performance Build Center in Wixom, Michigan. Most of these engines are installed in the Z06, some are also sold to individuals by GM as a crate engine. The 2014 and 2015 Z28 were the only Camaros to receive the 427 LS7. As of early 2022, the LS7 is no longer being supplied as a crate engine, with Chevrolet intending to fulfill all current orders until inventory is depleted.[63]

After an extensive engineering process over several years, Holden Special Vehicles fitted the LS7 to a special edition model: the W427. The HSV-tuned engine produced Шаблон:Convert at 6500 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 5000 rpm of torque.[64] It was unveiled at the Melbourne International Motor Show on February 29, 2008,[65] and went on sale in August 2008. The first Australian car to be fitted with this engine, however, was the CSV GTS of 2007, which was claimed to have a power output of Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert.[66]

Applications:

LS427

The LS427 is a Шаблон:Convert engine. Based on the LS7 engine, the LS427 replaces the dry-sump oiling system with a wet-sump system and includes a higher-lift camshaft. This engine was only available as a crate option and did not appear in any production vehicles. It was introduced in June 2020 and discontinued in January 2022 along with the LS7.

Peak output is Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque with a 7000 rpm redline.[68]

4.06 in. bore blocks (2007–2017)

This family was designed as a replacement for the LS2 but enlarged to better accommodate variable valve timing and Active Fuel Management while still generating decent performance. This family of engines has mainly seen duty in performance cars and high-end SUVs.

6.2 L

Шаблон:Anchor

L92 / L9H / L94

The L92, also known as the Vortec 6200, displaces Шаблон:Convert, and first debuted in the 2007 Cadillac Escalade. It is an all-aluminum design which, while still a pushrod engine, boasts variable valve timing. The system adjusts both intake and exhaust timing between two settings. This engine produces Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert in the GMC Yukon Denali/XL Denali, GMC Sierra Denali, Hummer H2, and briefly in the Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ (MY 2008.5 – MY 2009) and rated at Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. Starting in 2009, it was also available in the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra, as the L9H, with power ratings of Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert.

Engines built prior to April 1, 2006, contained AFM hardware; however, the mode was not enabled in the PCM, and thus the system was not functional. Engines built after this date also lacked any AFM hardware, and instead used a valley cover plate similar to the L20, until the debut of the L94 variants mentioned below.

The 2009 L92 was modified with flex-fuel capability, becoming the L9H, but still had no AFM hardware. In 2010, the L9H was further modified with Active Fuel Management, becoming the L94 (in the Cadillac Escalade and GMC Yukon Denali).

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

LS3
LS3 can also refer to a Шаблон:Convert Chevrolet Big-Block engine of the 1970s.
Файл:GM LS3 Engine.jpg
GM LS3 engine in a 2008 Chevrolet Corvette

The LS3 was introduced as the Corvette's new base engine for the 2008 model year. It produces Шаблон:Convert at 5900 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 4600 rpm without the optional Corvette exhaust and is SAE certified. The block is an updated version of the LS2 casting featuring a larger bore of Шаблон:Convert creating a displacement of Шаблон:Convert. It also features higher flowing cylinder heads sourced from the L92, a more aggressive camshaft with Шаблон:Convert lift, a 10.7:1 compression ratio, a revised valvetrain with Шаблон:Convert offset intake rocker arms, a high-flow intake manifold, and Шаблон:Convert/hour fuel injectors from the LS7 engine.

The L76/L92/LS3 cylinder heads use Шаблон:Convert intake valves, and Шаблон:Convert exhaust valves. Improved manufacturing efficiency makes these heads cheaper to produce than the outgoing LS6 heads, significantly undercutting the price of aftermarket heads. The large valves, however, limit maximum rpm – 6000 in the L76 (with AFM), and 6600 in the LS3 (with hollow stem valves).

In addition to the above, a dual-mode exhaust package with a bypass on acceleration was available on C6 Corvettes. The dual-mode exhaust uses vacuum-actuated outlet valves, which control engine noise during low-load operation, but open for maximum performance during high-load operation. The system is similar to the C6 Z06, but uses a Шаблон:Convert diameter exhaust compared to the Z06's Шаблон:Convert. Power is boosted to Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert with this option. A similar system was optional on later-model fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaros and standard on the 2016–2017 Chevrolet SS, but no horsepower or torque increases were advertised on those vehicles.

LS3 engines found in manual transmission-equipped C6 Corvette Grand Sport models also received a dry sump oiling system similar to the one fitted to LS7-equipped Corvettes.

From April 2008, Australian performance car manufacturer HSV adopted the LS3 as its standard V8 throughout the range, replacing the 6.0-liter LS2. The LS3 received modifications for its application to HSV E Series models, producing Шаблон:Convert. The LS3 engine in the E Series II GTS (released September 2009) was upgraded to produce Шаблон:Convert. All HSV MY12.5 excluding the base Maloo and Clubsport variants have been upgraded to produce Шаблон:Convert.

From September 2015, Holden introduced the LS3 in all V8 models of the VF II Commodore and WN II Caprice-V, replacing the 6.0L L77.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

L99

Шаблон:For

The L99 is derived from the LS3 with reduced output but adds Active Fuel Management (formerly called Displacement on Demand) and variable valve timing, which allows it to run on only four cylinders during light load conditions.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

LS9

The Gen IV LS9 is a supercharged Шаблон:Convert engine, based on the LS3; the LS7 block was not used because of the higher cylinder pressures created by the supercharger requiring the thicker cylinder walls of the LS3. It has a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert. It is equipped with an Eaton four-lobe Roots type supercharger and has a compression ratio of 9.1:1. Power output is rated Шаблон:Convert at 6500 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 3800 rpm of torque.[69] Note: GM previously used the LS9 RPO code on 1969 and later Chevrolet trucks (both 2WD and 4WD) including Blazers, Jimmys, and Suburbans, as well as car carriers. The original LS9 was a Шаблон:Convert V8, developing Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert of torque. In 2017, Holden Special Vehicles used a modified version of the LS9 in their GTSR W1, the last-ever Holden Commodore based vehicle produced in Australia.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

LSA

The supercharged 6.2L LSA is similar to the LS9 and debuted in the 2009 CTS-V. The LSA has been SAE certified at Шаблон:Convert at 6100 rpm and Шаблон:Convert at 3800 rpm. GM labeled it "the most powerful ever offered in Cadillac's nearly 106-year history." The LSA features a smaller Шаблон:Convert supercharger rather than the Шаблон:Convert variant of the LS9. Other differences include a slightly lower 9.0:1 compression ratio, single-unit heat exchanger, and cast pistons.

A Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert version of the LSA engine is used in the 2012 Camaro ZL1. On May 15, 2013, Holden Special Vehicles announced that this version of the LSA engine would also be used in the GEN-F GTS.

Applications:

Шаблон:Anchor

Generation V (2013–present)

Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox automobile engine

In 2007, WardsAuto.com reported that the LS3 (used in the 2008 Chevrolet Corvette) and Vortec 6000 LFA (used in the 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid) engines would be the final two designs in the Generation IV small-block engine family, and the future designs would be part of the Generation V engine family. An experimental engine was built based on the L92 engine from the Cadillac Escalade, GMC Yukon Denali, and Hummer H2, and reported to generate Шаблон:Cvt on gasoline via direct fuel injection, increased compression ratio to 11.5:1, and a modified engine controller.[70] The first Gen V LT engine was the LT1, announced in 2012 as the initial powerplant for the redesigned Corvette C7, succeeding the LS engine family. The new logo formally adopts the Small Block name for the engines.

The fifth generation of the iconic GM small block engine family features the same cam-in-block architecture and Шаблон:Cvt bore centers (the distance between the centers of each cylinder) that were born with the original small block in 1954. Structurally, the Gen-V small-block is similar to the Gen III/IV engines, including a deep-skirt cylinder block. Refinements and new or revised components are used throughout, including a revised cooling system and all-new cylinder heads. Because the positions of the intake and exhaust valves are flipped from where they would be in an LS engine, as well as the need for an addition to the camshaft to drive the high-pressure fuel pump for the direct fuel injection, few parts are interchangeable with the Gen III/IV engines.

All Gen V engines use aluminum blocks (except for the L8T) with aluminum cylinder heads, and include direct injection, piston cooling jets, active fuel management, variable displacement oil pump, and continuously variable valve timing. However, they all retain their ancestors' two-valve pushrod valvetrain.

4.06 in. bore blocks (2014–present)

This family of blocks was the first of the Generation V small block with the LT1 being the progenitor of this family and generation. This family of blocks has seen a wide range of applications from performance vehicles to truck usage.

6.2 L

Шаблон:Anchor

LT1

Шаблон:For

Файл:Chevrolet-Camaro-LT1.jpg
The 6.2L LT1 engine in a 2022 Chevrolet Camaro LT1

The Шаблон:Cvt LT1 engine debuted in the 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray and is the first Generation V small block engine. Like its LS3 predecessor, it gets its displacement from a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Cvt with a compression ratio of 11.5 to 1.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2014–2019 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Шаблон:Cvt @ 6000 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4600 rpm
Шаблон:Cvt @ 6000 rpm (performance exhaust) Шаблон:Cvt @ 4600 rpm (performance exhaust)
2016–2024 Chevrolet Camaro SS Шаблон:Cvt @ 6000 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm
2020–2024 Chevrolet Camaro LT1 Шаблон:Cvt @ 6000 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4400 rpm

Шаблон:Anchor

LT2

The LT2 engine debuted in the 2020 Corvette Stingray as the successor to the LT1. It was designed specifically with mid-engine placement and dry-sump lubrication in mind.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2020–present Chevrolet Corvette C8 Шаблон:Cvt @ 6450 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 5150 rpm
Шаблон:Cvt @ 6450 rpm (performance exhaust) Шаблон:Cvt @ 5150 rpm (performance exhaust)

Шаблон:Anchor

L86/L87

The Шаблон:Cvt EcoTec3 is a Generation V small-block V8 truck engine (VIN code "J"). The L86 is an LT1 engine modified for truck use with a compression ratio of 11.5 to 1. In 2019, GM introduced the L87 as the successor to the L86. Power and torque remain the same, but whereas the L86's "Active Fuel Management" alternates between V4 and V8 modes, the L87's "Dynamic Fuel Management" can alternate between any of 17 different firing orders which vary both how many and which cylinders are actually firing based on demand calculated every 125 milliseconds.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2014–present Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm
2015–present Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon
Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL
Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV

Шаблон:Anchor

LT4

Шаблон:For

The Шаблон:Cvt LT4 engine builds on the design strengths of the previous LS9 supercharged engine used in the sixth-generation Corvette ZR1 and leverages the technologies introduced on the seventh-generation Corvette Stingray, including direct injection, cylinder deactivation, and continuously variable valve timing, to take Corvette performance to an all-new level. The LT4 engine is based on the same Gen 5 small block foundation as the Corvette Stingray's LT1 6.2 L naturally aspirated engine, incorporating several unique features designed to support its higher output and the greater cylinder pressures created by forced induction, including: Rotocast A356T6 aluminum cylinder heads that are stronger and handle heat better than conventional aluminum heads, lightweight titanium intake valves, forged powder metal steel connecting rods, 10.0:1 compression ratio, enhances performance and efficiency and is enabled by direct injection, forged aluminum pistons with unique, stronger structure to ensure strength under high cylinder pressures, stainless steel exhaust manifolds for structure at higher temperatures, aluminum balancer for reduced mass, and standard dry-sump oiling system with a dual-pressure-control oil pump.[71] The engine uses a Шаблон:Cvt Eaton TVS Supercharger. Although smaller than the previous Шаблон:Cvt supercharger used on the sixth-generzation ZR1, it spins to 5000 rpm faster thus generating boost quicker while making only slightly less total boost than the LS9 engine.[72] The Escalade-V variant uses a Шаблон:Cvt Eaton TVS supercharger. This engine is also used by Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus for their SCG 004S.[73]

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2015–2019 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Шаблон:Cvt @ 6400 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 3600 rpm
2016–2019 Cadillac CTS-V Шаблон:Cvt @ 6400 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 3600 rpm
2017–2024 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 Шаблон:Cvt @ 6400 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 3600 rpm
2022–present Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt
2023–present Cadillac Escalade-V Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Cvt

Шаблон:Anchor

LT5

The Шаблон:Cvt LT5 engine debuted in the seventh-generation Corvette ZR1 at the 2017 Dubai Motor Show. It draws its name from the 5.7 L LT5 from the C4, and was manufactured from 1989–1993. The original LT5 is rarely known as a Chevy small block V8, as it was designed by Lotus, built by Mercury Marine, and implements a DOHC 32-valve multi-port injection system, instead of the 16-valve push-rod design. The new (and unrelated) LT5, however, has increased its displacement from Шаблон:Cvt, retains the Gen V OHV valvetrain, and is topped with a Шаблон:Cvt Eaton TVS supercharger and an improved intercooler. It simultaneously couples the standard direct injection system found on Gen 5 engines with port fuel injection. Power output is Шаблон:Cvt at 6400 rpm and Шаблон:Cvt of torque at 3600 rpm.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2019 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Шаблон:Cvt @ 6400 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 3600 rpm

6.6 L

Шаблон:Anchor

L8T

The L8T is the first iron block member of the Gen V family, and is the successor to the 6.0L Gen IV L96. It shares its Шаблон:Cvt bore with the L86, but with a longer stroke of Шаблон:Cvt to displace Шаблон:Cvt. It is rated for Шаблон:Cvt at 5,200 rpm and Шаблон:Cvt of torque at 4,000 rpm. The compression ratio is 10.8:1. The longer stroke yields little additional peak torque output compared to the L86, but only requires 87 Octane. The stroke is also shorter than the LS7's Шаблон:Cvt, to optimize rod ratio for reliability.

Rather than allow a "high-strung" small-block to fail the heavy-duty truck market, the iron block, lack of both stop-start and cylinder deactivation, longer stroke and rod ratio, lower compression, lesser 87 Octane requirement, and greater displacement all suggest that the L8T was designed specifically to assuage the heavy-duty truck market's concerns.[74][75]

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2020–present Chevrolet Silverado HD/GMC Sierra HD Шаблон:Cvt @ 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm
2021–present Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana 2500/3500/4500

3.78 in. bore blocks (2014–present)

Unlike the previous Generation III/IV Шаблон:Cvt bore block families, there is no Шаблон:Cvt displacement variant (having been 'replaced' by GM's 5th Generation LT V8-based V6, the Шаблон:Cvt LV3).

5.3 L

Шаблон:Anchor

L83

Dubbed EcoTec3, the Шаблон:Cvt is a Generation V small block V8 truck engine (VIN code "C"). Like its Vortec 5300 Generation IV predecessor, it gets its displacement from a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Cvt with a compression ratio of 11.0 to 1.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2014–2019 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500 Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm
Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm E85 Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm E85
2015–2020 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm
Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm E85 Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm E85
2015–2020 Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm
Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm E85 Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm E85

Шаблон:Anchor

L8B

The L8B is an eAssist mild hybrid version of the L83 featuring a 0.45-kWh lithium ion battery pack. This setup can improve fuel efficiency by about 13%. This adds about Шаблон:Cvt to the total weight of the truck but provides an additional Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt.[76][77]

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2016–2018 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500 Hybrid Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm

Шаблон:Anchor

L82

The L82 is one of two 5.3L V8s available in the fourth-generation Chevrolet Silverado and fifth-generation GMC Sierra. The L82 uses Active Fuel Management instead of the L84's Dynamic Fuel Management system and is only available on lower-trim trucks.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2019–2021 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm

Шаблон:Anchor

L84

The L84 is one of two 5.3L V8s available in the 4th generation Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra. The L84 is distinguished from the L82 by the presence of the Dynamic Fuel Management System and is either available or standard on mid-to-high-level trims. The L84 is also the base engine on the 2021–present Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Chevrolet Suburban, and GMC Yukon XL.

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2019–present Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm
2021–present Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm
Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL Шаблон:Cvt @ 5600 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4100 rpm

3.921 in. bore blocks (2014–present)

These V6 engines are based on the V8 version of the Gen V family, but with two fewer cylinders – a design lineage that dates back to the previous 4.3L V6, which was itself a Gen I small block with a pair of cylinders removed.

Of special note, there were no V6 engines based on Generation II, III, or IV small-block V8s.

4.3 L

Dubbed EcoTec3, the Шаблон:Cvt is a Generation V small block V6 truck engine. It gets its displacement from bore and stroke of Шаблон:Cvt with a compression ratio of 11.0 to 1. Firing order is 1-6-5-4-3-2.[78]

This engine replaces the unrelated 4.3L V6 whose lineage dates back to 1978.

Шаблон:Anchor

LV3

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2014–2021 Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500 Шаблон:Cvt @ 5300 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 3900 rpm
Шаблон:Cvt @ 5300 rpm E85 Шаблон:Cvt @ 3900 rpm E85

Шаблон:Anchor

LV1

The engine is essentially the same as the LV3, but without Active Fuel Management technology. The LV1 made its debut in the 2018 model year GM full-size vans—the 2018 Chevrolet Express and 2018 GMC Savana—as the successor to the Gen IV 4.8L L20.[79]

Applications:

Year(s) Model Power Torque
2018–present Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana 2500/3500 Шаблон:Cvt @ 5200 rpm Шаблон:Cvt @ 4000 rpm

Generation VI

General Motors announced in January 2023 that plans for a sixth generation of small-block were in place, with General Motors investing $854 million into its various manufacturing plants. The exact timeline for the release of the new generation is not yet known.[80][81][82]

Engine table

The eighth character in the VIN or the RPO code from the glove box sticker can be used to identify which type of LS engine a vehicle has.

Gen III/IV/V Years offered Engine code (VIN code) Power (hp) Torque (lb.-ft.) Size (L) Fuel type Bore (in) Stroke (in) Compression ratio Block and heads Block features
III 1997–2005 LS1 (G) 305–350 @ 5600 350-365 @ 4400 5.7 91[83] 3.90 3.622 10.25:1 Aluminum
III 2001–2005 LS6 (S) 385–405 @ 6000 385–400 @ 4800 5.7 3.90 3.622 10.5:1 Aluminum
III 1999–2007 LR4 (V) 255–285 285–295 4.8 3.78 3.3 9.45:1 Iron/Alum. heads
III 1999–2007 LM7 (T) 270–295 315–335 5.3 3.78 3.622 9.49:1 Iron/Alum. heads
III 2002–2007 L59 (Z) 285–295 320–335 5.3 E85-capable 3.78 3.622 9.9:1 Iron/Alum. heads
III 2003–2004 LM4 (P) 290 325 5.3 3.78 3.622 10.0:1 Aluminum
III 2005–2007 L33 (B) 310 @ 5200 335 @ 4400 5.3 3.78 3.622 10.0:1 Aluminum Only available on 4WD extended-cab standard-bed trucks
III 1999–2008 LQ4 (U) 300–325 @ 5200 360–370 @ 4400 6.0 87 4.00 3.622 9.4:1 Iron/Iron-Alum. heads 1999–2000 engines have iron heads
III 2002–2007 LQ9 (N) 345 @ 5200 380 @ 4000 6.0 4.00 3.622 10.0:1 Iron/Alum. heads
IV 2008–2017 LS3 (W) 426–436 @ 5900 420–428 @ 4600 6.2 93 recommended 4.065 3.622 10.7:1 Aluminum Sodium exhaust valves
IV 2010–2015 L99 (J) 400 @ 5900 410 @ 4300 6.2 E85-capable 4.065 3.622 10.4:1 Aluminum AFM, VVT,
IV 2009–2015 LSA (P) 556–580 @ 6100 551–556 @ 3800 6.2 93 required 4.065 3.622 9.1:1 Aluminum 1.9L Supercharger
IV 2010–2014 L94 (F) 403 @ 5700 417 @ 4300 6.2 E85-capable 4.065 3.622 10.4:1 Aluminum AFM, VVT
IV 2007–2009 L76 (Y) 361–367 @ 5600 375–385 @ 4400 6.0 4.00 3.622 10.4:1 Aluminum AFM, VVT (truck applications only)
IV 2011–2016 L77 (2) 362 @ 5700 391 @ 4400 6.0 E85-capable 4.00 3.622 10.4:1 Aluminum AFM
IV 2010–2020 L96 (G) 322–360 @ 4400–5400 373–382 @ 4200–4400 6.0 E85-capable 4.00 3.622 9.7:1 Iron/Alum. heads VVT
IV 2009–2010 L98 (H) 362 @ 5700 391 @ 4400 6.0 4.00 3.622 10.4:1 Aluminum L76 with AFM hardware removed
IV 2007–2009 LY2 (C) 260–295 295–305 4.8 3.78 3.3 9.08:1 Iron/Alum. heads No VVT
IV 2010–2012 L20 (A) 260–302 @ 5400 295–305 @ 4600 4.8 E85-capable 3.78 3.3 8.8:1 Iron/Alum. heads No AFM, VVT
IV 2005–2009 LH6 (M) 300–315 330–338 5.3 3.78 3.622 9.95:1 Aluminum AFM, VVT*
IV 2007–2009 LY5 (J) 315–320 @ 5200 335–340 @ 4000 5.3 3.78 3.622 9.95:1 Iron/Alum. heads AFM, VVT*
IV 2007–2013 LMG (0) 315–320 @ 5200 335–340 @ 4000 5.3 E85-capable 3.78 3.622 9.6:1 Iron/Alum. heads AFM, VVT*
IV 2007–2012 LC9 (3) or (7) 315–320 @ 5400 335 @ 4000 5.3 E85-capable 3.78 3.622 9.95:1 Aluminum AFM, VVT*
IV 2005–2009 LS4 (C) 303 @ 5600 323 @ 4400 5.3 3.78 3.622 10.0:1 Aluminum AFM, FWD
IV 2008–2009 LH8 (L) 300 @ 5200 320 @ 4000 5.3 3.78 3.622 Aluminum
IV 2010–2012 LH9 (P) 300 @ 5200 320 @ 4000 5.3 E85-capable 3.78 3.622 Aluminum VVT
IV 2007–2008 L92 (8) 403 415 6.2 4.065 3.622 10.5:1 Aluminum VVT
IV 2009–2013 L9H (2) 403 415 6.2 E85-capable* 4.065 3.622 10.5:1 Aluminum VVT
IV 2005–2007, 2009 LS2 (U) 390–400 @ 6000 400 @ 4400 6.0 93 4.00 3.622 10.9:1 Aluminum
IV 2007–2010 LY6 (K) 361 @ 5600 385 @ 4400 6.0 4.00 3.622 9.67:1 Iron/Alum. heads VVT
IV 2008–2009 LFA (5) 332 @ 5100 367 @ 4100 6.0 Hybrid 4.00 3.622 10.8:1 Aluminum AFM
IV 2010–2012 LZ1 (J) 332 @ 5100 367 @ 4100 6.0 Hybrid 4.00 3.622 10.8:1 Aluminum AFM | VVT
IV 2009–2013 LS9 (R/T)[84] 638 @ 6500 604 @ 3800 6.2 92 4.065 3.622 9.1:1 Aluminum 2.3L Supercharger | Ti connecting rods | forged pistons | dry sump
IV 2006–2015 LS7 (E) 505 @ 6300 470 @ 4800 7.0 91 4.125 4.00 11.0:1[85] Aluminum Ti connecting rods | dry sump
IV/V Aftermarket LSX376 473 @ 6000 444 @ 5000 6.2 87 4.065 3.622 9:1 Iron/Alum. heads
IV/V OEM LSX454 505 @ 5400 515 @ 4400 7.4 93 4.185 4.125 10.0:1 Iron/Alum. heads
IV/V Aftermarket LSX454 627 @ 6300 586 @ 5100 7.4 92 4.185 4.125 11.0:1 Iron/Alum. heads
IV/V Aftermarket LSX454R 776 @ 7000 680 @ 4500 7.4 110 4.185 4.125 13.1:1 Iron/Alum. heads[86]
V 2014–present LT1 455–460 @ 6000 460–465 @ 4600 6.2 93rec 4.065 3.622 11.5:1 Aluminum VVT | DI | dry sump (Corvette) | AFM
V 2020–present LT2 490–495 @ 6450 465–470 @ 5150 6.2 4.065 3.622 11.5:1 Aluminum VVT | DI | dry sump | AFM
V 2015–present LT4 640–650 @ 6400 630–650 @ 3600 6.2 4.065 3.622 10:1 Aluminum VVT | DI | 1.7L supercharger | dry sump(Corvette) | AFM
V 2018–2020 LT5 755 @ 6400 715 @ 3600 6.2 4.065 3.622 10:1 Aluminum VVT | Hybrid port/direct injection | 2.6L supercharger | dry sump
V 2014–present L83 (C) 355–376 @ 5600 383–416 @ 4100 5.3 E85-capable 3.78 3.622 11.0:1 Aluminum VVT | DI | AFM
V 2014–present L86 (J) 420 @ 5600 460 @ 4100 6.2 93 4.065 3.622 11.5:1 Aluminum VVT | DI | AFM
V 2020–present L8T[87] 401 @ 5200 464 @ 4000 6.6 87 4.065 3.86 10.5:1 Iron/Alum. heads VVT | DI
Note 1: Depending upon vehicle application (truck, SUV, car); horsepower, torque, and fuel requirements will vary. VIN code indicating engine RPO is usually not consistent between vehicle types (cars or trucks) or years. With few exceptions, RPM redline is generally 6000 or higher.Note 2: Block features are generally dependent upon the generation but are not always built-in. Typical features are AFM (Active Fuel Management), VVT (Variable Valve Train), and Front Wheel Drive (FWD). Features marked with an * indicate that only certain model years had that feature.

Known issues

In the early production run of the LS-series engine, some engines encountered 'piston slap' during the first few minutes after a cold engine start; this sound is caused by the pistons rocking slightly in the cylinder until they reach operating temperature/size. "Piston slap" sometimes sounds more like a knock or the sound of a diesel engine running. It is typically only present when the engine is cold and disappears as the engine reaches operating temperature.[88]

Another common problem with the 2001–2006 5.3L engines was cracking cylinder heads. This is commonly called the "Castech Head" failure. GM issued a Technical Service Bulletin on this failure to help service technicians identify the problem. The head casting number (which can be viewed from the passenger side of the vehicle just in front of the valve cover) was 706. Some heads with this casting number would fail (but not all of them) as GM had different suppliers for the same head. The failure was due to undetected porosity around the oil drains in the head.[89]

Yet another common problem with the 2005–2016 fourth generation V8 LS engines was a failure of the specialized lifters in engines equipped with the AFM system. While in AFM operation, the lifters would sometimes fail to come out of AFM mode and cause the engine to go into 'limp home' mode. In this mode damage could occur to the pistons, camshaft, or the lifters themselves. The resulting solution was a package of components that would replace the lifters, lifter guides, camshaft, Valve Lifter Oil Manifold (VLOM) plate. Cylinder heads were required to be removed from the engine in order to replace all the components. The engine computer also required reprogramming to permanently Disable AFM. [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98]

Build-your-own program

In 2011, Chevrolet Performance began to offer the build your own engine program for LS7 (part number 19259944) or LS9 (part number 19259945) crate engines. It also provides customers the experience of visiting GM's unique Performance Build Center in Wixom, Michigan, where they will join a specially trained engine builder to assist in the start-to-finish assembly of the engine they purchased – from installing the crankshaft in the cylinder block to topping off the engine with its intake system. In the case of the LS9, it also means installing the supercharger assembly. Upon completion, a personalized nameplate is added to the engine.[99]

The build-your-own engine program associated with the V8 engines, available for buyers of Chevrolet Corvette, Cadillac XLR, and certain top-spec Chevrolet Camaro models, were temporarily halted after the closure of GM Performance Build Center in Wixom, Michigan. The program's venue was reported to be relocated to the Corvette assembly plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky.[100]

Шаблон:Anchor

Aftermarket

LS7.R

The LS7.R engine is a variation of the LS7 used in the highly successful C6.R American Le Mans Series racecar. It was crowned as Global Motorsport engine of the year by a jury of 50 race engine engineers on the Professional Motorsport World Expo 2006 in Cologne, Germany.[101]Шаблон:Anchor

LSX

LSx is also used to denote any LS engine.

Файл:Chassis (4689544258).jpg
Chassis with LSX engine

At the 2006 SEMA show, GM Performance Parts introduced the LSX engine, an all-new cast-iron racing block based on the LS7 engine. It was designed with help from drag racing legend Warren Johnson. It offers displacements ranging from Шаблон:Convert with a bore and stroke of Шаблон:Convert and is capable of withstanding Шаблон:Convert. This block incorporates two extra rows of head-bolt holes per bank for increased clamping capacity. The six bolt steel main caps are the same ones used on the LS7 engine. The engine debuted at the auto show in a customized 1969 Camaro owned by Reggie Jackson. The LSX was available starting the second quarter of 2007, set to be available in authorized dealerships and retailers on March 31, 2007. The Hennessey Venom GT also uses the LSX engine based on LS7.[102]

Chevrolet Performance LSX Bowtie block includes LSX specific six-bolts-per-cylinder head bolt pattern, billet-steel six-bolt dowel-located main bearing caps, extra-thick deck for maximum clamping force, extra-thick cylinder walls allow increased bore capacity (maximum Шаблон:Convert bore still allows Шаблон:Convert minimum wall thickness), true priority main oiling system, main web bay-to-bay breathing holes reduce crank windage, orange powder coat finish, machined bore at Шаблон:Convert is ready for final boring/honing.

A Шаблон:Convert version engineered by Ilmor is used in NASCAR for the Craftsman Truck Series and the ARCA Racing Series as an option engine. Most teams in both series (known as "NT1" in the Truck Series and the "ARCA 396" in ARCA) have switched to the engine because of cost savings, as engines must last 1,500 miles and rebuilds are about one-thirds the cost of a new engine.[103][104] Шаблон:Anchor

0LSX376

Chevrolet Performance LSX376 crate engines are updated versions of LSX crate engine family designed to support up to Шаблон:Convert. All models use the Chevrolet Performance LSX Bowtie block.

LSX376-B15 (part number 19299306) includes forged steel crankshaft, forged powdered metal I-beam rods (both the crankshaft and rods from the LSA engine), forged aluminum pistons (9.0:1 compression), and high-flow rectangular-port six-bolt LSX-LS3 heads for supercharged and turbocharged combinations producing up to Шаблон:Convert of boost and up to about Шаблон:Convert.

LSX376-B8 (part number 19171049) is a more economical version that is capable of approximately Шаблон:Convert, for an engine producing approximately Шаблон:Convert. It is designed for production-style supercharger and turbo systems used without enhancements or modifications.[105] Шаблон:Anchor

LSX454 and LSX454R

Chevrolet Performance created the 454 big-block Chevy race engine in 1970 and continued production of the crate engine through 2001. The addition of EFI and picking up the Vortec 7400 name took place in 1996 which was replaced with the Vortec 8100 platform once the 7400 was retired. Chevrolet Performance released the 454 again in 2011 as a small-block crate engine dubbed the LSX454R officially rated at 776 horsepower at 7,000 rpm and 649 lb-ft of torque at 5,100 rpm. The LSX454R was discontinued in July 2018 and was recorded as one of the more powerful LS crate engines to be assembled from Chevy Performance.[106][107]Шаблон:Self-published inline

Noonan Race Engineering

Noonan Race Engineering developed two billet aluminum blocks based on the LS engine. Bore sizes are up to 4.185 in and stroke up to 4.5 in are available, making a 495 cu in displacement possible. The billet construction provides added block integrity suited to high horsepower applications. The block design incorporates turbocharger pressure feed lines in the front of the valley and oil dump ports in the side of the block to return oil to the sump. In addition to the solid block, a waterjacketed version was designed to provide better cooling options for street or endurance purposes. Noonan also developed intake manifolds for the LS, specifically for turbocharging or twin turbo charging or supercharging.[108]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Commons cat Шаблон:GM late engine timeline

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ 2022 Chevrolet Performance catalog: The LS/LT Engine Family Tree
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Corvette LS6 - Ruthless Pursuit of Power Шаблон:Webarchive
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ 53,0 53,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  73. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  75. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  76. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  79. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  80. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  81. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  84. ↑ LS9 Crate Engine Specifications Шаблон:Webarchive; Chevrolet.com
  85. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  86. ↑ LSX454R Шаблон:Webarchive; GM Performance Parts online
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  88. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  89. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  90. ↑ https://help.summitracing.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/4901/~/ls-engine-tech-%E2%80%93-active-fuel-management-%28afm%29 Шаблон:Bare URL inline
  91. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  92. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  93. ↑ https://gmauthority.com/blog/2023/02/17-plaintiffs-sent-to-arbitration-in-gm-v8-engine-valve-lifter-lawsuit/ Шаблон:Bare URL inline
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  95. ↑ https://www.melling.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Melling-tech-bulletin-on-GM-LS-Deactivation-Lifter-Issues-3.1.18-1.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  96. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  99. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  100. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  101. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  102. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  103. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  104. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  106. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  107. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  108. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:General_Motors_LS-based_small-block_engine&oldid=14877318