Английская Википедия:General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1924 until the country's dissolution in 1991, the officeholder was the recognized leader of the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn^[1] Prior to Stalin’s accession, the position was not viewed as an important role in Lenin’s government^[2]^[3] and previous occupants had been responsible for technical rather than political decisions.Шаблон:Sfn

Officially, the General Secretary solely controlled the Communist Party directly. However, since the party had a monopoly on political power, the General Secretary de facto had executive control of the Soviet government. Because of the office's ability to direct both the foreign and domestic policies of the state and preeminence over the Soviet Communist Party, it was the de facto highest office of the Soviet Union.

History

Before the October Revolution, the job of the party secretary was largely that of a bureaucrat. Following the Bolshevik seizure of power, the Office of the Responsible Secretary was established in 1919 to perform administrative work.Шаблон:Sfn After the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, the Office of General Secretary was created by Vladimir Lenin in 1922 with the intention that it serve a purely administrative and disciplinary purpose. Its primary task would be to determine the composition of party membership and to assign positions within the party. The General Secretary also oversaw the recording of party events, and was entrusted with keeping party leaders and members informed about party activities.

When assembling his cabinet, Lenin appointed Joseph Stalin to be General Secretary. Over the next few years, Stalin was able to use the principles of democratic centralism to transform his office into that of party leader, and eventually leader of the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn Trotsky attributed his appointment to the initial recommendation of Grigory Zinoviev.^[4] This view has been supported by several historians.^[5]^[6] According to Russian historian, Vadim Rogovin, Stalin’s election to the position occurred after the Eleventh Party Congress (March–April 1922), in which Lenin, due to his poor health, participated only sporadically, and only attended four of the twelve sessions of the Congress.^[7]

Some historians have regarded the premature death of prominent Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov to have been a key factor in facilitating the elevation of Joseph Stalin to the position of leadership in the Soviet Union. In part, because Sverdlov served as the original chairman of the party secretariat and was considered a natural candidate for the position of General Secretary.^[8]^[9]

Prior to Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin's tenure as General Secretary was already being criticized.^[10] In Lenin's final months, he authored a pamphlet that called for Stalin's removal on the grounds that Stalin was becoming authoritarian and abusing his power. The pamphlet triggered a political crisis which endangered Stalin's position as General Secretary, and a vote was held to remove him from office. With the help of Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, Stalin was able to survive the scandal and remained in his post. After Lenin's death, Stalin began to consolidate his power by using the office of General Secretary. By 1928, he had unquestionably become the de facto leader of the USSR, while the position of General Secretary became the highest office in the nation. In 1934, the 17th Party Congress refrained from formally re-electing Stalin as General Secretary. However, Stalin was re-elected to all the other positions he held, and remained leader of the party without diminution.^[11]

In the 1950s, Stalin increasingly withdrew from Secretariat business, leaving the supervision of the body to Georgy Malenkov, possibly to test his abilities as a potential successor.Шаблон:Sfn In October 1952, at the 19th Party Congress, Stalin restructured the party's leadership. His request, voiced through Malenkov, to be relieved of his duties in the party secretariat due to his age, was rejected by the party congress, as delegates were unsure about Stalin's intentions.Шаблон:Sfn In the end, the congress formally abolished Stalin's office of General Secretary, although Stalin remained one of the party secretaries and maintained ultimate control of the party.^[12]Шаблон:Sfn When Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Malenkov was considered to be the most important member of the Secretariat, which also included Nikita Khrushchev, among others. Under a short-lived troika consisting of Malenkov, Beria, and Molotov, Malenkov became Chairman of the Council of Ministers, but was forced to resign from the Secretariat nine days later on 14 March. This effectively left Khrushchev in control of the government,Шаблон:Sfn and he was elected to the new office of First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the Central Committee plenum on 14 September that same year. Khrushchev subsequently outmanoeuvred his rivals, who sought to challenge his political reforms. He was able to comprehensively remove Malenkov, Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich (one of Stalin's oldest and closest associates) from power in 1957, an achievement which also helped to reinforce the supremacy of the position of First Secretary.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1964, opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee, which had been increasing since the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis, led to Khrushchev's removal from office. Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Khrushchev as First Secretary, but was initially obliged to govern as part of a collective leadership, forming another troika with Premier Alexei Kosygin and Chairman Nikolai Podgorny.Шаблон:Sfn The office was renamed to General Secretary in 1966.Шаблон:Sfn The collective leadership was able to limit the powers of the General Secretary during the Brezhnev Era.Шаблон:Sfn Brezhnev's influence grew throughout the 1970s as he was able to retain support by avoiding any radical reforms.Шаблон:Sfn After Brezhnev's death, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko were able to rule the country in the same way as Brezhnev had.Шаблон:Sfn Mikhail Gorbachev ruled the Soviet Union as General Secretary until 1990, when the Communist Party lost its monopoly of power over the political system. The office of President of the Soviet Union was established so that Gorbachev could still retain his role as leader of the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn Following the failed August coup of 1991, Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary.Шаблон:Sfn He was succeeded by his deputy, Vladimir Ivashko, who only served for five days as Acting General Secretary before Boris Yeltsin, the newly elected President of Russia, suspended all activity in the Communist Party.Шаблон:Sfn Following the party's ban, the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU) was established by Oleg Shenin in 1993, and is dedicated to reviving and restoring the CPSU. The organisation has members in all the former Soviet republics.Шаблон:Sfn

List of officeholders

Portrait	Name Шаблон:Small	Term			Notes
Portrait	Name Шаблон:Small	Took office	Left office	Duration	Notes
Technical Secretary of the Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Шаблон:Small
A man in a black suit, black shirt and wearing a pair of glasses	Yakov Sverdlov Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	1918	16 March 1919 †	Шаблон:Age in years years	Sverdlov remained in office until his death on 16 March 1919. During his tenure he was mainly responsible for technical rather than political matters.Шаблон:Sfn
A woman wearing dark clothes and using a pair of glasses	Elena Stasova Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	March 1919	December 1919	Шаблон:Age in years and months	When her office was dissolved, Stasova was not considered a serious competitor for the post of Responsible Secretary, the successor office to the Chairman of the Secretariat.Шаблон:Sfn
Responsible Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Шаблон:Small
A man in a grey suit, light shirt and dark tie	Nikolay Krestinsky Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	December 1919	March 1921	Шаблон:Age in years and months	The office of Responsible Secretary functioned like a secretary, a somewhat menial position given that Krestinsky was also a member of the Party's Politburo, Orgburo and Secretariat. Nevertheless, Krestinsky never tried to create an independent power base as Joseph Stalin later did during his time as General Secretary.Шаблон:Sfn
A man in a dark suit, light shirt and dark tie, smiling	Vyacheslav Molotov Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	16 March 1921	3 April 1922	Шаблон:Ayd	Was elected Responsible Secretary at the 10th Party Congress held in March 1921. The Congress decided that the office of Responsible Secretary should have a presence at Politburo plenums. As a result, Molotov became a candidate member of the Politburo.Шаблон:Sfn
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Шаблон:Small
Файл:JStalin Secretary general CCCP 1942.jpg	Joseph Stalin Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	3 April 1922	5 March 1953	Шаблон:Ayd	Stalin used the office of General Secretary to create a strong power base for himself. At the 17th Party Congress in 1934, Stalin was not formally re-elected as General SecretaryШаблон:Sfn and the office was rarely mentioned after that,Шаблон:Sfn and in 1952 Stalin had abolished the position, but he retained ultimate power and his position as Chairman of the Council of Ministers until his death on 5 March 1953.Шаблон:Sfn At 30 years 7 months, Stalin was the longest-serving General Secretary, serving almost half of the USSR's entire existence.
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Шаблон:Small
An elderly bald man in a suit, with several medals pinned on it	Nikita Khrushchev Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	14 March 1953	14 October 1964	Шаблон:Ayd	Khrushchev reestablished the office on 14 September 1953 as First Secretary. In 1957, the Anti-Party Group nearly removed him from office. Georgy Malenkov, a leading member of the Anti-Party Group, worried that the powers of the First Secretary were virtually unlimited.Шаблон:Sfn Khrushchev was removed as leader on 14 October 1964, and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev.Шаблон:Sfn
Файл:Staatshoofden, portretten, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564.jpg	Leonid Brezhnev Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	14 October 1964	8 April 1966	Шаблон:Ayd	Brezhnev was part of a collective leadership. He formed an unofficial Triumvirate (also known by its Russian name Troika) alongside the country's Premier, Alexei Kosygin, and Nikolai Podgorny who became in 1965 a Chairman of the Presidium.Шаблон:Sfn The office of First Secretary was renamed General Secretary at the 23rd Party Congress in 1966.Шаблон:Sfn
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Шаблон:Small
Файл:Staatshoofden, portretten, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564.jpg	Leonid Brezhnev Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	8 April 1966	10 November 1982 †	Шаблон:Ayd	Brezhnev's powers and functions as the General Secretary were limited by the collective leadership.Шаблон:Sfn By the 1970s, Brezhnev's influence exceeded that of Kosygin and Podgorny as he was able to retain support by avoiding any radical reforms.
Файл:YuriAndropov1970.png	Yuri Andropov Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	12 November 1982	9 February 1984 †	Шаблон:Ayd	He emerged as Brezhnev's most likely successor as the chairman of the committee in charge of managing Brezhnev's funeral.Шаблон:Sfn Andropov ruled the country in the same way Brezhnev had before he died.Шаблон:Sfn
Файл:Cernenko (upscale).jpg	Konstantin Chernenko Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	13 February 1984	10 March 1985 †	Шаблон:Ayd	Chernenko was 72 years old when elected to the post of General Secretary and in rapidly failing health.Шаблон:Sfn Like Andropov, Chernenko ruled the country in the same way Brezhnev had.Шаблон:Sfn
A man in a grey suit, white shirt and dark tie, balding with grey hair, he has a birthmark on his forehead	Mikhail Gorbachev Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	11 March 1985	24 August 1991	Шаблон:Ayd	The 1990 Congress of People's Deputies removed Article 6 from the 1977 Soviet Constitution resulting in the Communist Party loss of its position as the "leading and guiding force of the Soviet society." The powers of the General Secretary were drastically curtailed. Throughout the rest of his tenure, Gorbachev ruled through the office of President of the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn He resigned from his party office on 24 August 1991 in the aftermath of the August Coup.Шаблон:Sfn
Файл:НДУ 1 Івашко Володимир Антонович.jpg	Vladimir Ivashko Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn	24 August 1991	29 August 1991	Шаблон:Ayd	He was elected Deputy General Secretary at the 28th Party Congress. Ivashko became acting General Secretary following Gorbachev's resignation, but by then the Party was politically impotent. Its activities were suspended on 29 August 1991,Шаблон:Sfn and it was banned on 6 November.^[13]

Notes

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Sources

Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Refbegin

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Шаблон:Communist Party of the Soviet Union Шаблон:Soviet Union topics Шаблон:Lists of Russians Шаблон:Portal bar

[1] Шаблон:Cite web

[2] Шаблон:Cite book

[3] Шаблон:Cite book

[4] Шаблон:Cite book

[5] Шаблон:Cite book

[6] Шаблон:Cite book

[7] Шаблон:Cite book

[8] Шаблон:Cite book

[9] Шаблон:Cite book

[10] Шаблон:Cite web

[Izvestia_CC_CPSU-11] Шаблон:Cite web

[12] Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939 – 1953, p. 345.

[13] Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»

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Английская Википедия:General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Содержание

History

List of officeholders

See also

Notes

Sources

Навигация

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