Английская Википедия:Gente de razón
Шаблон:Italic title Gente de razón (Шаблон:IPA-es, "people of reason" or "rational people") is a Spanish term used in colonial Spanish America and modern Hispanic America to refer to people who were culturally Hispanicized. It was a social distinction that existed alongside the racial categories of the sistema de castas. Indigenous peoples (indios or "Indians"), who maintained their culture and lived in their legally recognized communities (the repúblicas de indios), and mixed-race people (the castas), especially the poor in urban centers, were generally considered not to be gente de razón.
Etymology
The term is ultimately derived from Aristotelian and Roman legal ideas about the use of reason in persons and the status of minority before the law. Under Roman law many adults (women, grown men who were not heads of household) were deemed legal minors under the protection of a tutor (usually the pater familias).
Additionally, in the early establishment of New Spain, indigenous peoples who converted and were baptized into the Catholic religion often adopted Christian first names and Spanish last names as signs of outward transformation. Colonial leaders used the term "gente de razón" ("people of reason") to distinguish these converted natives from unconverted ones.[1]
In Spanish America
Since the sixteenth century the Laws of the Indies categorized Indians as minors under the protection of the Crown (cf. Dhimmi status in the Ottoman legal system). Slaves, and by extension all Blacks, were also legally deemed not to belong to the gente de razón. These groups were also excluded from the priesthood for most of the colonial period.
In frontier regions such as Chile, Río de la Plata or the Provincias Internas, the category of gente de razón gained additional importance and it was interpreted differently than in the areas with a longer Spanish presence. Since the term was used to distinguish between acculturated people who lived in Spanish settlements (the repúblicas de españoles) from the gente sin razón ("people without reason"), or Natives who had not accepted Spanish rule or who lived on missions, it often included acculturated people who normally might not have been included. These areas were settled by Hispanized Indians from the older areas of Spanish settlement, Mulattos, Blacks and Mestizos, all who usually became gente de razón. Because of this, in the frontier areas mixed-race people had a greater chance of social mobility, and their descendants often became the elites of the region.
See also
- Detribalization
- Casta
- Emancipados
- Black Ladinos
- Ladino people
- Affranchis
- Creoles of color
- Évolués
- Principalía
- Ilustrado
- Assimilation (French colonialism)
- Hispanic eugenics
- Hispanidad
References
Further reading
- Alonso, Ana María (1995). Thread of Blood: Colonialism, Revolution and Gender on Mexico's Northern Frontier. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Cope, R. Douglas (1994). The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660-1720. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Katzew, Ilona (2004). Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Weber, David J. (1979). New Spain's Far Northern Frontier: Essays on Spain in the American West, 1540-1821. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Weber, David J. (1982). The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Weber, David J. (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven: Yale University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
