Английская Википедия:Geography of Finland

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed

Шаблон:Country geography

The geography of Finland is characterized by its northern position, its ubiquitous landscapes of intermingled boreal forests and lakes, and its low population density. Finland can be divided into three areas: archipelagoes and coastal lowlands, a slightly higher central lake plateau and uplands to north and northeast. Bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, as well as Sweden, Norway, and Russia, Finland is the northernmost country in the European Union. Most of the population and agricultural resources are concentrated in the south. Northern and eastern Finland are sparsely populated containing vast wilderness areas. Taiga forest is the dominant vegetation type.

Size and external boundaries

Файл:Map of Finland-en.svg
Map of Finland – click to enlarge.

Finland's total area is Шаблон:Convert. Of this area 10% is water, 69% forest, 8% cultivated land and 13% other. Finland is the eighth largest country in Europe after Russia, France, Ukraine, Spain, Sweden, Norway and Germany.

As a whole, the shape of Finland's boundaries resembles a figure of a one-armed human. In Finnish, parallels are drawn between the figure and the national personification of Finland – Finnish Maiden (Suomi-neito) – and the country as a whole can be referred in the Finnish language by her name. Even in official context the area around Enontekiö in northwestern part of the country between Sweden and Norway can be referred to as the "Arm" (käsivarsi). After the Continuation War Finland lost major land areas to Russia in the Moscow Armistice of 1944, and the figure was said to have lost the other of her arms, as well as a hem of her "skirt".

Relief and geology

Geology

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Ice-age glacial striation in Finland.jpg
Effects of the last ice age: glacial striations in a country without glaciers

The bedrock of Finland belong to the Baltic Shield[1] and was formed by a succession of orogenies in Precambrian time.[2] The oldest rocks of Finland, those of Archean age, are found in the east and north. These rocks are chiefly granitoids and migmatitic gneiss.[1] Rocks in central and western Finland originated or came to place during the Svecokarelian orogeny.[1] Following this last orogeny Rapakivi granites intruded various locations of Finland during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, specially at Åland and the southeast.[1] So-called Jotnian sediments occur usually together with Rapakivi granites.[3] The youngest rocks in Finland are those found in the northwestern arm which belong to Scandinavian Caledonides that assembled in Paleozoic times.[2] During the Caledonian orogeny Finland was likely a sunken foreland basin covered by sediments, subsequent uplift and erosion would have eroded all of these sediments.[4]

Relief and hydrography

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Svedjehamnin näkötorni 04.06.2016.jpg
An aerial view of the Kvarken Archipelago

About one third of Finland lies below 100 m, and about two thirds lies under 200 m.[1] Finland can be divided into three topographical areas; the coastal landscapes, the interior lake plateau also known as Finnish lake district and Upland Finland.[1] The coastal landscapes are made up mostly of plains below 20 m. These plains tilt gently towards the sea so that where its irregularities surpasses sea-level groups of islands like the Kvarken Archipelago or the Åland Islands are found.[1] Åland is connected to the Finnish mainland by a shallow submarine plateau that does not exceed 20 m in depth.[5] Next to the Gulf of Bothnia the landscape of Finland is extremely flat with height differences no larger than 50 m.[6] This region called the Ostrobothnian Plain extends inland about 100 km and constitute the largest plain in the Nordic countries.[6]

The interior lake plateau is dominated by undulating hilly terrain with valley to top height differences of 100 or less and occasionally up to 200 m.[1][6] Only the area around the lakes Pielinen and Päijänne stand with a subtly more pronounced relief.[6] The relief of the interior lake plateau bears some resemblance to the Swedish Norrland terrain.[1] Upland Finland and areas higher than 200 m are found mostly in the north and east of the country. A limited number of hills and mountains exceed 500 m in height in these regions.[6] Inselberg plains are common in the northern half of the country.[7] In the far north hills reach 200 to 400 m and the landscape is a förfjäll (fore-fell).[1] Only the extreme northwest contains a more dramatic mountain landscape.[8]

The subdued landscape of Finland is the result of protracted erosion that has leveled down ancient mountain massifs into near-flat landforms called peneplains.[2] The last major leveling event resulted in the formation of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain in Late Neoproterozoic time.[2][9] While Finland has remained very close to sea-level since the formation of this last peneplain some further relief was formed by a slight uplift resulting in the carving of valleys by rivers. The slight uplift also means that at parts the uplifted peneplain can be traced as summit accordances.[2] The Quaternary ice ages resulted in the erosion of weak rock and loose materials by glaciers. When the ice masses retreated eroded depressions turned into lakes.[2]Шаблон:Efn-ua Fractures in Finland's bedrock were particularly affected by weathering and erosion, leaving as result trace straight sea and lake inlets.[2]

Файл:Uusimaa, Finland - panoramio - pan-opticon (22).jpg
The Kuhakoski rapids in Uusimaa

Except a few rivers along the coasts most rivers in Finland drain at some stage into one or more lakes.[8] The drainage basins drain into various directions. Much of Finland drains into the Gulf of Bothnia including the country's largest and longest rivers, Kokemäenjoki and Kemijoki respectively.[8] Finland's largest lake drains by Vuoksi River into Lake Ladoga in Russia.[1][8] Upland Finland in the east drains east across Russian Republic of Karelia into the White Sea.[8] In the northeast Lake Inari discharges by Paatsjoki into Barents Sea in the Arctic.[8]

Localities in Finland by approximate date of deglaciation[10]
Year before present Deglaciated
12,700 Helsinki, Kotka
11,000 Turku, Kuopio
10,900 Jyväskylä, Mariehamn, Tampere
10,800 Lake Inari
10,700 All of Åland
10,500 Kajaani
10,300 Vasa, Oulu
10,200 Rovaniemi
10,100 Tornio

Quaternary glaciation

Шаблон:Further The ice sheet that covered Finland intermittently during the Quaternary grew out from the Scandinavian Mountains.[11] During the last deglaciation the first parts of Finland to become ice-free, the southeastern coast, did so slightly prior to the Younger Dryas cold-spell 12,700 years before present (BP). The retreat of the ice cover occurred simultaneously from the north-east, the east and southeast. The retreat was fastest from the southeast resulting in the lower course of Tornio being the last part of Finland to be deglaciated. Finally by 10,100 years BP the ice cover had all but left Finland to concentrate in Sweden and Norway before fading away.[10]

As the ice sheet became thinner and retreated the land begun to rise by effect of isostacy. Much of Finland was under water when the ice retreated and was gradually uplifted in a process that continues today.[12]Шаблон:Efn-ua Albeit not all areas were drowned at the same time it is estimated at time or another about 62% has been under water.[13] Depending on location in Finland the ancient shoreline reached different maximum heights. In southern Finland 150 to 160 m, in central Finland about 200 m and in eastern Finland up to 220 m.[12]

Climate

Файл:Finland Köppen.svg
Finland map of Köppen climate classification

Latitude is the principal influence on Finland's climate. Because of Finland's northern location, winter is the longest season.[14] Only in the south coast is summer as long as winter.Шаблон:Citation needed On the average, winter lasts from early December to mid March in the archipelago and the southwestern coast and from early October to early May in Lapland.Шаблон:Citation needed This means that southern portions of the country are snow-covered about three months of the year and the northern, about seven months.[14] The long winter causes about half of the annual Шаблон:Convert of precipitation in the north to fall as snow.[14] Precipitation in the south amounts to about Шаблон:Convert annually.[14] Like that of the north, it occurs all through the year, though not so much of it is snow.[14]

The Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Eurasian continent to the east interact to modify the climate of the country.[14] The warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current, which warm Norway and Sweden, also warm Finland.[14] Westerly winds bring the warm air currents into the Baltic areas and to the country's shores, moderating winter temperatures, especially in the south.[14] These winds, because of clouds associated with weather systems accompanying the westerlies, also decrease the amount of sunshine received during the summer.[14] By contrast, the continental high pressure system situated over the Eurasian continent counteracts the maritime influences, occasionally causing severe winters and high temperatures in the summer.[14]

The highest ever recorded temperature is Шаблон:Convert (Liperi, 29 July 2010).[15] The lowest, Шаблон:Convert (Kittilä, 28 January 1999). The annual middle temperature is relatively high in the southwestern part of the country (Шаблон:Convert), with quite mild winters and warm summers, and low in the northeastern part of Lapland (Шаблон:Convert).

Temperature extremes for every month:[16]

Шаблон:Weather box

Extreme highs:

Extreme lows:

Area and boundaries

Файл:Isojärvi panorama 3.jpg
There are some 187,888 lakes in Finland larger than 500 square metres and 75,818 islands of over 0,5 km2 area.

Area:
total: Шаблон:Convert
land: Шаблон:Convert
water: Шаблон:Convert

Area – comparative: slightly smaller than Germany, Montana, and Newfoundland and Labrador

Land boundaries:
total: Шаблон:Convert
border countries: Norway Шаблон:Convert, Sweden Шаблон:Convert, Russia Шаблон:Convert

Файл:Lempisaari, Naantali, Finland..jpg
An aerial photograph of Naantali Archipelago, Archipelago Sea

Coastline: Шаблон:Convert

Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert in the Gulf of Finland; there is a stretch of international waters between Finnish and Estonian claims; Bogskär has separate internal waters and 3 nmi of territorial waters
Contiguous zone: Шаблон:Convert
Exclusive economic zone: Шаблон:Convert; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia
Continental shelf: Шаблон:Convert depth or to the depth of exploitation

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m[18]
highest point: Haltitunturi Шаблон:Convert[18]

Resources and land use

Файл:Lake Inari.jpg
Lake Inari, Lapland
Файл:Share Of Forest Area In Total Land Area, Top Countries (2021).svg
Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Finland has the tenth highest percentage of forest cover in the world.

Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone[18]

Land use:[18]

agricultural land: 7.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 72.9% (2018 est.)

other: 19.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 690 km2 (2012)[18]

Total renewable water resources: 110 billion m3 (2017 est.)[18]

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):[18]

municipal: 400 million m3 (2017 est.)

industrial: 1.417 billion m3 (2017 est.)

agricultural: 50 million m3 (2017 est.)

Environmental concerns

Шаблон:Main Natural hazards: Cold periods in winter pose a threat to the unprepared.

Environment – current issues: Air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations.[18]

Environment – international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,[18] Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants (signed 2001, ratified 2002),[19][18] Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,[18] Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol (signed May 1998, ratified together with 14 other EU countries May 31, 2002),[20][18] Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling.[18]

Other miscellaneous information

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist-ua

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Finland topics Шаблон:Geography of Europe Шаблон:Europe topic Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 14,7 14,8 14,9 Шаблон:Citation-attribution
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ 18,00 18,01 18,02 18,03 18,04 18,05 18,06 18,07 18,08 18,09 18,10 18,11 18,12 Шаблон:CIA World Factbook
  19. ↑ More Nations Ratify POPs – But Bush Stalls U.S. EffortШаблон:Dead link
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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