Английская Википедия:Geography of Paris
Шаблон:Lead too short Шаблон:Short description
The geography of Paris is characterised by the urbanisation of the area it lies within, and its position in the Petite Couronne, Grande Couronne, and Île-de-France.
Location
Paris is located in northern central France. By road, it is Шаблон:Convert southeast of London, Шаблон:Convert south of Calais, Шаблон:Convert southwest of Brussels, Шаблон:Convert north of Marseille, Шаблон:Convert northeast of Nantes, and Шаблон:Convert southeast of Rouen.[1] Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about Шаблон:Convert downstream from the city. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river.[2]
Area
Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about Шаблон:Convert in area, enclosed by the Шаблон:Convert ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique.Шаблон:Sfn The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of Шаблон:Convert, the city limits were expanded marginally to Шаблон:Convert in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about Шаблон:Convert.[3] The metropolitan area of the city is Шаблон:Convert.[2]
Climate
Шаблон:Main Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb ) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet.[4] Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between Шаблон:Convert, and a fair amount of sunshine.Шаблон:Sfn Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above Шаблон:Convert. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded Шаблон:Convert for weeks, reached Шаблон:Convert on some days and seldom cooled down at night.Шаблон:Sfn Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.[5] In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cool, nights cold but generally above freezing with low temperatures around Шаблон:Convert.[6] Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below Шаблон:Convert for only a few days a year. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.[7] Paris has an average annual precipitation of Шаблон:Convert, and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. However the city is known for intermittent abrupt heavy showers.
Paris has a rich history of meteorological observations, with some going back as far as 1665. The highest recorded temperature is Шаблон:Convert on 25 July 2019,[8] and the lowest is Шаблон:Convert on 10 December 1879.[9] Furthermore, the warmest night on record is Шаблон:Convert on 27 June 1772 and the coldest day is Шаблон:Convert on 30 December 1788.[10]
Topography
The topography, or physical lay of the land, of Paris, the capital of France, is relatively flat, with an elevation of Шаблон:Convert above sea level,[11] but it contains a number of hills:
- Montmartre: Шаблон:Convert above sea level (ASL). It was leveled in the 18th century.
- Belleville: Шаблон:Convert ASL[11]
- Menilmontant: Шаблон:Convert ASL
- Buttes-Chaumont: Шаблон:Convert ASL
- Passy: Шаблон:Convert ASL
- Chaillot: Шаблон:Convert ASL
- Montagne Sainte-Geneviève: Шаблон:Convert ASL
- Butte-aux-Cailles: Шаблон:Convert ASL
- Montparnasse: Шаблон:Convert ASL
The highest elevation in the City of Paris is not, as often thought, on the hill of Montmartre, where the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur is located, but on the hill of Belleville on the Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi, which reaches Шаблон:Convert.[11] In the greater urban area, the highest point is in the Forest of Montmorency (Val-d'Oise département), Шаблон:Convert north-northwest of the center of Paris as the crow flies, at Шаблон:Convert above sea level.
The lowest elevation is Шаблон:Convert, indicated on the river Seine at the western city limits.[11]
Paris lies in the so-called "Paris Basin," a low-lying continental shelf that over geologic time was occasionally submerged in ocean waters leaving behind marine sedimentary deposits (e.g., limestone, excavated from the underground "Quarries of Paris" and used to construct many of the city's buildings).
. When the region is above sea-level, as at the present time, rivers draining water from the land form, and these cut channels into the landscape. The rivers therefore strongly influence the topography of Paris. The Seine river cuts through Paris, but has apparently meandered in the past within a larger valley whose edges lie on the outskirts of the metropolitan area (the edges of this larger valley are visible from tall buildings in Paris). Many of the "hills" in Paris, appear to be formed as the result of cutoffs from previous meanders in the Seine river, which is now largely channelized to maintain its stability.
Divisions
Arrondissements of Paris
The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, administrative districts, more simply referred to as arrondissements. These are not to be confused with departmental arrondissements, which subdivide the 101 French départements. The word "arrondissement", when applied to Paris, refers almost always to the municipal arrondissements.
The number of the arrondissement is indicated by the last two digits in most Parisian postal codes (75001 up to 75020).
See also
References
Works cited
External links
- ↑ Google Maps, Retrieved 6 July 2013
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 "Paris Facts" at Paris-walking-tours.com.
