Английская Википедия:Geology of Croatia
The geology of Croatia has some Precambrian rocks mostly covered by younger sedimentary rocks and deformed or superimposed by tectonic activity.[1]
The country is split into two main onshore provinces, a smaller part of the Pannonian Basin and the larger Dinarides. These areas are very different.
The carbonate platform karst landscape of Croatia helped to create the weathering conditions to form bauxite, gypsum, clay, spilite, and limestone.Шаблон:Sfn
Geography
The territory covers Шаблон:Convert, consisting of Шаблон:Convert of land and Шаблон:Convert of water.[2] Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Dinaric Alps with the highest point of the Dinara peak at Шаблон:Convert near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the south[2] to the shore of the Adriatic Sea which makes up its entire southwest border. Insular Croatia consists of over a thousand islands and islets varying in size, 48 of which permanently inhabited. The largest islands are Cres and Krk,[2] each of them having an area of around Шаблон:Convert.[2] Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps.[3] There are several deep caves in Croatia, 49 of which deeper than Шаблон:Convert, 14 of them deeper than Шаблон:Convert and three deeper than Шаблон:Convert. Croatia's most famous lakes are the Plitvice lakes, a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over dolomite and limestone cascades. The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from turquoise to mint green, grey or blue.[4]
Pannonian Basin
The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large basin in Central Europe. The basin mostly is centered on the territory of modern Hungary, but also covers regions of western Slovakia, southeastern Poland, western Ukraine, western Romania, northern Serbia , the tip of northeast Croatia (Slavonia), northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje), and eastern Austria. The Pannonian Basin is located within the arcuate Carpathian mountain chain that encircles the basin; this chain joins the Alpine mountain system to the west and the Dinaric mountain system to the southwest.[5] The basin is bounded by the intra-Carpathian mountain ranges and basement uplifts.[5] The Croatian sector of the basin has an area of Шаблон:Convert and is broken into 4 main sub-basins – Sava, Drava, Northwest Croatia and Slavonija.[5] Evidence of the Carboniferous Variscan orogeny remains in Mt. Papuk in the east.Шаблон:Sfn The basement is pre-Permian and is made of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, with granites, gneisses, schists, and various low-grade metamorphic rocks and seemШаблон:Weasel inline to have been affected by the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies. In the Pannonian area, Neogene material lies on top of older bedrock, emplaced on the periphery of the Paratethys Ocean. Neogene rocks include marl, conglomerate and sandstone as well as andesite and tuff. In the Drava River valley, the Neogene is seven kilometres thick. Many units contain lignite, and oil is found in lower units.
Dinarides
Croatia is mostly formed as a part of the Dinarides. The Dinaride region lies outside of the Pannonian Basin to the Southwest. The Dinarides is a mountain range in Southern and Southeastern Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea. They stretch from Italy in the northwest through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro.[6][7] The Dinaric Alps extend for approximately Шаблон:Convert along the western Balkan peninsula from the Julian Alps to the northwest in Italy, downwards to the Šar and Korab massif, where their direction changes. The Dinarides are a wide NW-SE fold-and-thrust belt stretching from southwestern Slovenia to Montenegro along the Adriatic coast of Croatia and inland.
Formation
The Dinarides formed by subduction and collision processes in the border zone between Europe and Adria tectonic plates. The Adria plate is still pushing the Cenozoic carbonate rocks up on top of the Adriatic lithosphere. Ultramafic ophiolite formed with the opening of a branch of the Tethys Ocean in the Cretaceous, followed by a magmatic activity. With continued continental subduction in the Paleogene, uplift began. The Adriatic Sea is a carbonate platform structural belt with Mesozoic-Paleogene flysch, chert, and limestone superimposed on it. Cenozoic Paleogene rocks unconformably overlie Cretaceous rocks with bauxite, coal and freshwater limestone, overlain by marine limestone from the Eocene and flysch formed in a trough between two carbonate platforms. Sandstone, marl, and limestone deposited in basins now beneath the Adriatic Sea during the Neogene.
Adriatic plate
The Adriatic Sea and the Po Valley are associated with a tectonic microplate—identified as the Apulian or Adriatic Plate that separated from the African Plate during the Mesozoic era. This separation began in the Middle and Late Triassic, when limestone began to be deposited in the area. Between the Norian and Late Cretaceous, the Adriatic and Apulia Carbonate Platforms formed as a thick series of carbonate sediments (dolomites and limestones), up to Шаблон:Convert deep.[8] Remnants of the former are found in the Adriatic Sea, as well as in the southern Alps and the Dinaric Alps, and remnants of the latter are seen as the Gargano Promontory and the Maiella mountain. In the Eocene and early Oligocene, the plate moved north and north-east, contributing to the Alpine orogeny (along with the African and Eurasian Plates' movements) via the tectonic uplift of the Dinarides and Alps. In the Late Oligocene, the motion was reversed and the Apennine Mountains' orogeny took place.[9] An unbroken zone of increased seismic activity borders the Adriatic Sea, with a belt of thrust faults generally oriented in the northeast–southwest direction on the east coast and the northeast–southwest normal faults in the Apennines, indicating an Adriatic counterclockwise rotation.[10]
An active Шаблон:Convert fault has been identified to the northwest of Dubrovnik, adding to the Dalmatian islands as the Eurasian Plate slides over the Adriatic microplate. Furthermore, the fault causes the Apennine peninsula's southern tip to move towards the opposite shore by about Шаблон:Convert per year. If this movement continues, the seafloor will be completely consumed and the Adriatic Sea closed off in 50–70 million years.[11] In the Northern Adriatic, the coast of the Gulf of Trieste and western Istria is gradually subsiding, having sunk about Шаблон:Convert in the past two thousand years.[12] In the Middle Adriatic Basin, there is evidence of Permian volcanism in the area of Komiža on the island of Vis and the volcanic islands of Jabuka and Brusnik.[13] Earthquakes have been observed in the region since the earliest historical records.[10] A recent strong earthquake in the region was the 1979 Montenegro earthquake, measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale.[14] Historical earthquakes in the area include the 1627 Gargano peninsula and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquakes, both followed by strong tsunamis.[15] In the last 600 years, fifteen tsunamis have occurred in the Adriatic Sea.[16]
Natural resources
Coal, oil, gas, and water are the leading natural resources in Croatia.
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Dinaric Alps, dictionary.reference.com; accessed 25 August 2015.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead linkШаблон:Cbignore
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
