Английская Википедия:George Floyd Square occupied protest
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use American EnglishШаблон:Use mdy datesШаблон:Infobox civil conflict
As a reaction to the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, racial justice activists and some residents of the Powderhorn community in Minneapolis staged an occupation protest at the intersection of East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue with a blockade of the streetway lasting over a year.[1][2][3] The street intersection is where Derek Chauvin, a White police officer with the Minneapolis Police Department, murdered George Floyd, an unarmed 46-year-old Black man.[4] Activists erected barricades to block vehicular traffic and transformed the street intersection and surrounding structures with amenities, social services, and public art of Floyd and that of other racial justice themes.[5][6][3] The community referred to the unofficial memorial and protest zone at the street intersection as "George Floyd Square". The controversial[7] street occupation in 2020 and 2021 was described as an “autonomous” zone and a "no-go" place for police,[8] but local officials disputed the extent of such characterizations.[9][10]
Local unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul immediately after Floyd's murder was the second most destructive to property in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots,[11] but peaceful protest gatherings at the street intersection in late May 2020 were free of property destruction, arson, and looting that characterized other local demonstrations.[12][13] The intersection became a place of pilgrimage for many people protesting Floyd's murder and other forms of racial injustice.[14] However, in the weeks and months after Floyd's murder, the neighborhood surrounding the square, which had previously held a reputation for gang activity, continued to have elevated levels of violent crime and regular gunfire incidents.[14] By August 14, 2022, seven people had been killed by gun violence at or around the square since Floyd's murder,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and one person had died there as the result of a drug overdose.[22]
The City of Minneapolis began long-term planning in late 2020 for preservation of public art installments at the square.[1] By March 2021, debate about how to open the intersection persisted as the trial of Derek Chauvin commenced, with some residents expressing support for removing the barricades as others preferred that the occupation protest continued until community demands were met.[23] After a guilty verdict was reached by a jury in the Chauvin trial on April 20, 2021, organizers of the occupation of the 38th and Chicago street intersection said they would continue to protest and hold the square until their demands were met, which included awaiting the trial outcome for the other three police officers at the scene of Floyd's murder.[24][25] City crews removed cement barricades at the intersection on June 3, 2021, as part of a phased reopening process[10] and vehicular traffic partially resumed several weeks later, on June 20, 2021.[6][3]
The activist movement at George Floyd Square persisted into 2023 as the area continued to function as a community gathering place for protest.[26][27]
Background
38th and Chicago
38th Street in Minneapolis has been the center of a Black business corridor and a destination for Black residents and visitors since the 1930s. East 38th Street, an east-west corridor, intersections Chicago Avenue, a north-south corridor, in the city's Powderhorn community.[28]
Murder of George Floyd
Шаблон:Main At about 8:00 p.m. on May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a 46-year-old Black man, was murdered by Minneapolis police office Derek Chauvin while being arrested outside the Cup Foods store at the intersection of East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue in city's the Powderhorn Park neighborhood. Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for approximately nine minutes after he was already handcuffed and lying face down and pleading for help.[29][30][31] Two other police officers, J. Alexander Kueng and Thomas Lane, assisted Chauvin in restraining Floyd, while another officer, Tou Thao, prevented bystanders from interfering with Floyd's arrest.[32] Despite bystanders who confronted the officers over his repeated statement, "I can't breathe" and deteriorating condition, Floyd appeared unconscious at the scene and was transported to Hennepin County Medical Center by ambulance. He was pronounced dead at 9:25 p.m.[33] Two autopsy reports found Floyd's death to be a homicide.[34]
Protest movement
Floyd's murder and local unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul resulted in worldwide protests against police brutality, police racism, and lack of police accountability.[35][36]
Timeline
2020
Protests emerge at 38th and Chicago
On May 26, 2020, the day after the murder of Floyd during his arrest, several videos by witnesses and security camera footage of the incident had circulated widely in the media, drawing substantial public scrutiny.[37][38] A makeshift memorial emerged at the East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue[39] and people gathered for the first organized protests.[40] Some protesters chanted, "I can't breathe, I can't breathe", words repeated multiple times by Floyd in the video captured of his murder.[41] Thousands of people soon flooded the intersection that same day.[42] By May 27, a group of protesters had blocked the intersection of East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue with a makeshift barrier as some repeated, "Whose streets? Our streets." Some people left memorials by the Cup Foods store, while some protesters spray painted the words "Justice for Floyd" and "Black Lives Matter" on the street surface. No police were present at the time and the protests there was described as peaceful.[43]
Installation of barricades and public art
People that lived near the intersection put up makeshift barricades in response to police cars that were driving through the memorial site late at night. On June 2, 2020, the Minneapolis Public Works Department installed 12 concrete barricades at the various entrances to the square area to ensure pedestrian safety as the intersection was host to many protest rallies.[44] The city said the barricades were to provide a safe gather place at the site, to prevent through-traffic by vehicles, and allow for emergency service access.[45] Many visitors to the 38th and Chicago intersection left behind flowers by the murals and sculptures created by activists to symbolize the Black Lives Matter movement.[39] By mid June, thousands of visitors protested and grieved at the site, which was described as like a "shrine".[39] On June 13, 2020, in a statement on Twitter, the Minneapolis police said they would "not be altering or decommissioning the memorial of George Floyd. We respect the memory of him and will not disrupt the meaningful artifacts that honor the importance of his life."[46]
Fatal shooting of Dameon Chambers
On June 19, 2020, Dameon Chambers was fatally shot at the square during a Juneteenth holiday gathering, which became a source of argument about the autonomous zone. A city document reported that emergency service workers were initially unable to reach Chambers to render aid and they had to move him to an area where an ambulance could reach him. Activists at the square said that the police delayed emergency workers.[16]
Fatal shooting of Leneesha Columbus and her child
On July 5, 2020, police responded to reports of a shooting at the square site.[47] The police initially asked if community members could try to move a shooting victim out of the immediate area to a staging location they set up several blocks away,[48] but they were told that was not an option, so the police responded to the scene and were aided by community members.[49] Police found a vehicle that had been struck by gunfire a block away at East 37th Street and Elliot Avenue and bystanders that were rendering aid to a shooting victim.[47] The victim, identified as Leneesha Columbus, a pregnant 27-year-old woman, died from gunshot wounds. The child she was carrying was delivered at a nearby hospital on July 5, approximately three months prematurely, and later died on August 5.[17] The baby's death was classified as a homicide.[50] After the shooting, a volunteer peacekeeper at the square confronted the man who shot Columbus, and was shot in the foot by him.[47] The Hennepin County attorney's office later charged a 27-year-old man, who was believed to be the baby's father, with second-degree murder and other felony charges, in connection to the shootings on July 5. He was arrested in the U.S. state of Illinois.[47][17]
Carjacking and shooting
In mid July 2020, a Minneapolis man was shot 16 times during a carjacking incident near 37th Street and Elliot Avenue. An anonymous person reported the shooting to 9-1-1, police were not able to identify any witnesses. The man was left paralyzed. There were no developments in the case by mid 2022.[51]
Cup Foods store reopens
On August 3, 2020,[52] the reopening of the Cup Foods convenience store, from which a 9-1-1 call by an employee led to the encounter between Floyd and Minneapolis police, generated controversy. The Cup Foods grocery store, owned by a Palestinian-American family, had been a fixture in the Powderhorn neighborhood for three decades. The area around it had also been the location of violent crime, illicit drug dealing, loitering, and undercover police surveillance since the 1990s.[53] Floyd's murder led to further scrutiny of the store and its relationship with the Minneapolis police and its off-duty police officers who were known to provide paid security services. When it reopened, some protesters demanded that the store remain closed for continued mourning and confronted store owners who vowed to keep the store open anyway.[54][53] Among public conversation about how to evolve the street intersection space into a permanent memorial, some activists circulated petitions to permanently close the store.[52]
Protesters present a list of 24 demands
On August 7, 2020, members of the community organization Meet on the Streets demanded that the city meet a list of 24 demands before removing cement barricades around the intersection.[55][56] These included keeping the intersection closed to traffic until after the trials of the four former officers involved in Floyd's murder, firing several specific employees from the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, providing accountability in the cases of several officer involved deaths, investigating the death of Dameon Chambers, and providing resources to the community and a handful of nonprofits operating within the community.[57][5]
Official actions by the city
The Minneapolis Planning Commission in August 2020 recommended to the city council that the length of Chicago Avenue between 37th and 39th streets be named as “George Perry Floyd Jr Place”. Minneapolis city officials allocated $4.7 million to establish a permanent memorial at the site.[54] As part of the Minneapolis 2040 zoning plan, local officials also designated the broader 38th Street South area as one of the city's seven new cultural districts to promote racial equity, preserve cultural identity, and promote economic growth.[58] The officially designated 38th Street Cultural District included the portion of 38th Street South from Nicollet to Bloomington avenues.[59][60]
Violent crime, reports of drug overdoses by night, and the disruption to public transit and business activity by day, had city officials looking for ways to create a permanent memorial while also opening the intersection back up to vehicular traffic. Conversations among residents in the area centered on anger about the police, the need to preserve a space for racial justice healing, and fears about safety.[61] The city planned to reopen the intersection in August 2020, but backed off the plans to avoid confrontation with protesters at the intersection.[62][63]
2021
City announces post-Chauvin trial plans
On February 12, 2021, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey and other city officials announced plans to reopen the intersection to vehicular traffic after the trial of former officer Derek Chauvin, scheduled for March 2021, concluded. About Chauvin's trial, Frey said that the square "will be an important gathering spot during that time".[64] Frey pledged that the intersection would never "return to normal" and that the legacy of the protest movement started by Floyd's murder would be recognized there permanently. The city had provided some services over the winter, such as snow and ice removal, but Frey said that police would begin to have a greater presence, though the barricades would remain.[65]
A leader of the community organization Meet on the Street which occupies the square, asserted that the announcement did not change anything.[65] By early March 2021, protesters insisted that the intersection remain closed until their list of 24 demands were met, and until of after the conclusion of the criminal trial for the other three police officers at the scene of Floyd's arrest and murder.[16] Meanwhile, some Black small-business owners expressed their desire to have the intersection re-opened as business activity had declined due to a combination of mitigation measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic and safety concerns.[66]
Fatal shooting of Imez Wright
On March 6, 2021, two people were shot outside the Cup Foods store, including Imez Wright[67] (also reported as Imaz Wright[68]), a 30-year old from Minneapolis, who later died from gunshot wounds.[69][18]
Wright was allegedly shot by the 31-year old Shantaello Christianson, and the incident was captured on surveillance video.[68] Both Wright and Christianson were members of Rolling 30s Bloods street gang, but were on opposites of an internal gang dispute.[68] Wright was hanging out near the Cup Foods store the evening of March 6 when he got into an argument with a relative of Christianson. Christianson then exited a nearby SUV and fired several shots at Wright, striking him in the chest with several shots and in the hand. Christianson then fled in his vehicle as bystanders returned gunfire at the SUV as it fled.[70][68][71]
At approximately 5:45 p.m., Minneapolis police responded to a ShotSpotter alert and 9-1-1 calls for gunfire heard near the intersection of 38th Street East and Chicago Avenue. Callers to 9-1-1 said shooting victims were being carried to the barricaded perimeter of the autonomous zone, but there were no victims there when police arrived. Wright, who had been taken to Hennepin County Medical Center, died later that evening.[72][73] The other victim left the scene and was not found.[72][73]
Wright grew up near the 38th and Chicago street intersection.[71] The neighborhood had a reputation for gang activity and violence. Wright had joined the Rolling 30s Bloods street gang at some point and had several criminal cases against him, including 2012 convictions for domestic abuse and drug possession. In the years prior to his death, Wright's friends said that he was making changes to his own life, and was helping keep at-risk teens away from drugs and gangs.[70][71] Wright had worked in the youth and family engagement division of Change, Inc., a local organization, and mentored Black teens in nearby Saint Paul, Minnesota.[18] He was training to be a mental health practitioner.[71]
By March 2021, Wright was employed by the Agape movement, a community organization that employed ex-gang members and was under a city contract to keep watch over the square area and surrounding neighborhood.[71] According to colleagues, Wright was conducting outreach at the 38th Street and Chicago Avenue area when he was shot.[18][74] A small memorial was left for Wright outside the Cup Foods store entrance, steps away from where Floyd was murdered on May 25, 2020.[16]
Christianson and his wife were arrested on March 10, 2021, at a Brooklyn Center hotel, and found in possession of firearms. Christianson was charged on March 15, 2021, with second-degree murder, first-degree riot, and illegal firearm possession in connection to the March 6 shooting, and he was held in jail on a $1 million bond.[70][67] Christianson pled guilty on October 4, 2021, to first-degree manslaughter and illegal firearm possession in connection with Wright's death.[75]
Temporary closure amongst increased tension
On March 8, 2021, in response to Wright's death and elevated tensions in the area with trial of Derek Chauvin beginning, the Agape Movement, a peacekeeping group that had a contract with the city to patrol the Central neighborhood, closed the square to gatherings.[76] On March 9, 2021, while filming a segment just outside the barricaded area, a crew from the television station NewsNation was warned by two people from the square who ordered them to leave. Said one person who approached the crew, "You’re going to be in a bad situation in a second. You’re being called out for what you are. You need to get out of here."[77]
At a news conference on March 11, 2021, city officials condemned recent violence in the area and said they were having daily conversations with the community about how to re-open the intersection.[67] Minneapolis Mayor Frey said, "This is an area that has two truths associated with it. There are portions that you’ve seen there are certainly times that it’s a beautiful community gathering space and I think that needs to be honored and respected. And there have been times where it has been absolutely unsafe."[77]
On March 13, 2021, three suspects were arrested at East 38th Street and Elliot Avenue, a few blocks from the square. Earlier, the suspects had shot at a business near East Franklin Avenue and Chicago Avenue and fled as they were followed by police. At one point, the suspects passed through the intersection of the memorial with five police cars in pursuit. The vehicle was eventually stopped at East 38th Street and Elliot Avenue and the suspects arrested. A still shot from a bystander's video captured the driver smiling as he was being pursued by police through the square. Rumors on social media websites were that the event was staged, which the Minneapolis police refuted.[78]
In response to escalating violence in the area, on March 17, 2021, the city said that reopening the intersection would not be dependent on the completion of the trial of Derek Chauvin, and that it could come sooner, though it did not provide a specific timeline. Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo said police would begin having a greater presence near the intersection. The city also announced a partnership with other law enforcement agenciesШаблон:Em dashincluding the field divisions for the U.S. Attorney's Office, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the [[Alcohol Tobacco Firearms|Alcohol Tobacco FirearmsШаблон:Em dash]]to bring charges against people committing crimes.[79]
On March 28, 2021, the day before opening statements in the trial of Chauvin, a group of people who were self-identified "anarchists" and "anti-fascists" held a training workshop at the square on how to avoid arrest and keep calm if detained by police. Protesters claimed that the street intersection was not public property and demanded that journalists leave the area before the training workshop began.[80] By late March, some residents, particularly older people, expressed a desire for city services and police patrols to resume at the square. Other residents felt it was important for the community to continue to hold the square.[23]
The city presents permanent design options
In February 2021, the city presented the community with two options to create a permanent memorial at the square, one preserving the roundabout and fist sculpture in the middle of the intersection and another that relocated it to the northeast corner of 38th and Chicago. Results of the survey, released in late March 2021, revealed that 81 percent of resident respondents preferred either option, and 16 percent wrote in they wanted the "justice" before the city made any changes. Protesters at the square objected to the survey and said in a statement on the Twitter website, "This is weaponized study design and weaponized data at work."[81] Some activists holding the square worried that reopening the intersection would reduce focus on Floyd and the issue of police brutality.[82]
Return of rallies and gatherings
Despite temporary closure after the fatal shooting of Imez Wright, the square remained an important gathering place during the trial of Chauvin for people protesting racial injustice and seeking justice for Floyd. The square hosted daily visitors from around the United States who made pilgrimages to the intersection.[82] On April 4, 2021, several organizations held a "People's Power Love Fest" rally that was part protest and part festival.[83] The rally also sought support for the police abolition movement in Minneapolis, with organizations seeking signatures for a petition to amend the city's charter to replace the Minneapolis Police Department with a Department of Public Safety.[84] On April 18, 2021, the community held an Asian solidarity rally at the square in support of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders people who had become targets hate and discrimination, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.[85]
Chauvin convicted and pledge to continue protesting
Chauvin was convicted of murdering Floyd on April 20, 2021. During the announcement of the guilty verdict, the square was the site of rallying and celebration over the outcome.[86][87] Organizers of the occupation of the street intersection said they would continue to protest and hold the square.[24][25] Activists changed a marquee that had counted down the days to Chauvin's trial to read, "Justice served?", and chanted, "One down! Three to go!", in reference to the looming trials of officers of the other three officers who participated in Floyd's arrest and subsequent murder.[88]
In a press conference after the Chauvin verdict, Minneapolis Mayor Frey described the square as "a critical and important location of racial justice and healing", but said the that city would move ahead with plans to reopen the intersection, and not wait until after the trials of former police officers Thao, Lane, and Alexander that had been scheduled for August 2021.[89]
In a statement that activists posted to the Twitter website, they said in response to the city's plans, "The current state of the intersection known as George Floyd Square is contributing to the peace and safety of the surrounding neighborhoods. ... Amid ongoing threats of White Supremacist violence, in the absence of justice, the barricades and community structures at 38th and Chicago should remain through the trial of all four officers. It’s problematic to misconstrue police brutality as progress toward racial healing."[90] Supporters of the occupation protest created a text messaging alert system to warn each other should city crews attempt to remove barricades and reopen the square before their demands were met.[89]
Several neighbors and businesses owners, citing safety concerns and the unwillingness of police to respond to crimes, objected to continued closure of the intersection.[91] Business owners at the intersection reported that they lost 75 percent of revenue during the occupation, and at least five business had closed.[92][93]
The street intersection area had been a "continuous site of protest" since the day after Floyd's murder;[94] in the following year, thousands of people from multiple countries visited the active[95] protest and memorial site there.[96]
Shooting and one-year anniversary events
On May 25, 2021, the one-year anniversary of Floyd's murder, community activists were scheduled to host a daylong "Rise & Remember" event with public art, activities for children, and music, beginning at 1:00 p.m. CDT at the square. The setup for the event was interrupted at 10:09 a.m. by approximately 20[97] to 30[98] gunshots and a speeding vehicle as bystanders ran for cover.[97][99] Police reports were that the actual shooting happened at a block away from the 38th Street and Chicago Avenue intersection towards Elliot Avenue South.[99][98] At least one bullet struck the storefront window of the Prestige Cuts Barber Lounge barbershop.[100] The incident happened as live news reports were being filmed at the intersection, which captured audio of the gunshots and video footage of a dark-colored SUV driving through the intersection that is normally closed to traffic.[99] One person was treated at a nearby hospital for non-life threatening wounds from a gunshot.[97]
Crowds gathered later in the afternoon on May 25 for planned events, memorials, and celebrations.[101] Some residents near the intersection expressed their desire for Meet on the Streets, the activist group holding the square, to end the occupied protest and for barricades to be removed. In their view, the occupied protest had unintended consequences such as violence and disruption of business activity that harmed Black residents.[102] Volunteer activists said that they intended for the square to remain a "symbol for continued protests for justice" despite whatever the future plans for the street intersection that may re-open it to street traffic.[103]
City begins street reopening process
Unannounced and early in the morning on June 3, 2021, Minneapolis city officials had cement barricades and other objects removed that were placed in the streets of the surrounding blocks to prevent the flow of vehicular traffic. Though the scene was initially tense as demonstrators that gathered chanted and yelled at city workers, the crowd later became more relaxed. The Minneapolis Police Department did not participate in the process. After city crews left, activists quickly replaced the cement barricades with other objects to continue the halting of vehicular traffic for the one-block radius around the intersection of 38th Street and Chicago Avenue.[10]
City officials left the large fist sculpture in the middle of the intersection and said there were plans to preserve artwork and create a more permanent memorial at the intersection. Andrea Jenkins, the Minneapolis city counselor who represented the area, explained that a majority of people supported reopening the intersection as part of the community's healing process. Jacob Frey, the Minneapolis mayor, said that intersection would be forever changed, but that the city would start to restore some services that had been disrupted by street closures. The sudden action, however, provoked anger by some in the community. Several activists spoke out at a press conference that afternoon in opposition to the city's action. Among them, Jaylani Hussein, director of the Minnesota Council on American-Islamic Relations, said it was an attempt to "delete history".[10][104]
By June 4, activists had restored the intersection to much of the way it was before and re-blocked vehicular traffic by erecting makeshift barricades, reinstalling a garden and other amenities, and putting up additional artwork. Activists pledged to continue protesting until their demands were met.[105] On June 20, for the first time in over a year, vehicular traffic resumed through the 38th and Chicago street intersection under the city's phased reopening process.[6][3] Despite the streetway reopening, the area of the square remained the location of active protest.[106]
Vehicular traffic resumes and the protest persists
The occupation of the street intersection lasted for over a year, from May 26, 2020,[39][40] to June 20, 2021, when it was partially reopened to vehicular traffic.[6][3] The square area hosted visitors from around the world and was used as an immersive classroom to teach students and others about racial injustice.[15] Many of the works of art installed at the square had obtained worldwide recognition.[107][108] The city's phased reopening process of the square included ways to preserve art and history and promote local business, such as installing parklets to calm vehicular traffic and provide more seating for area restaurants.[109]
The square continued to serve as a community gathering location with crowds converging to hear the announcement of Derek Chauvin's prison term on June 25, 2021, and featured the mantra, "One down, three to go!" in reference to the criminal trials of the other three officers at the scene of Floyd's murder.[110] It also hosted hundreds of people on October 14, 2021, to commemorate what would have been Floyd's 48th birthday.[111] The occupied protests persisted at George Floyd Square through late 2021.[112]
2022
The memorial area remained occupied in protest into early 2022.[113] The fist sculptures at George Floyd Square were wrapped in white blankets in memorial of Amir Locke, a man fatally shot by Minneapolis police while executing a no-knock warrant at an apartment unit on February 2.[114]
Death of Larry Mosby
Overnight from March 11 to 12, 2022, Larry Mosby, a 45-year old man, died in the parking lot of the abandoned Speedway gas station at 38th Street and Chicago Avenue after an apparent fentanyl overdose while parting with two other people.[115] His accomplices had lit his body on fire in an attempt to revive him. Mosby's body was recovered by authorities on March 12.[116][22][117] The death was originally reported by the news media to part of an elaborate kidnapping and robbery plot based on allegations of one of the accomplices that resulted in an arrest, but federal and country prosecutors later dropped charges after they found the accuser's story unreliable.[115][118]
Fatal shooting of Kirk Lee; other shooting
On March 19, 2022, two people were shot after an altercation near the square shortly before 9 p.m.[119] Kirk Lee, a 46-year-old man, was fatally shot the evening of March 26, 2022, inside a home on the 3800 block of Chicago Avenue.[120][19][121]
Second anniversary and other events
The street intersection remained an active site of protest two years after Floyd's murder as the city began a multi-year project to redesign the street scape and plan a permanent memorial.[116][122] Some community members and businesses supported efforts to establish a permanent memorial and resume bus service on Chicago Avenue that had been suspended for two years since Floyd's murder.[123] Some activists insisted the site continue to be a place of active protest until their demands were met and posted a manifesto at the square that stated their opposition to a city-commissioned memorial.[124][122]
On May 25, 2022, several events commemorating the second anniversary of Floyd's murder were held at the square amongst the public street art exhibits.[125] A Rise & Remember festival was held May 25 to 28 with several events taking place at the street intersection.[126] In an interview with Minnesota Public Radio, Marcia Howard, a community activist at the square, characterized ongoing protest zone as "the longest political occupation in American history" and that activists were "still there holding out justice for George Floyd...".[122]
Community members hosted a Juneteenth street festival at the square on June 19, 2022.[127] On August 3, 2022, Mary Moriarty, Martha Holton Dimick, and other candidates in the primary election for Hennepin County attorney participated in a community conversation near the square about public safety.[128]
Fatal shootings of Mohamed Ali Omar and James Rodgers
Two homicides occurred within a week of each other in August 2022.[21] At 3:21 a.m. on August 7, 2022, Mohamed Ali Omar, a 29-year-old Minneapolis resident, was killed by multiple gunshot wounds. Police recovered his body on a sidewalk next to the abandoned Speedway gas station at East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue.[129][20][130] At 12:51 p.m. on August 14, 2022, police responded to a ShotSpotter report of gunfire. They found Aaron James Rodgers, a 25-year old from Las Vegas, Nevada, at the 38th and Chicago intersection with gunshot wounds—he was pronounced dead shortly after being transported to a nearby hospital.[131][132] Police also aided another man they found in a nearby alley who had been injured critically from gunfire. The shooter fled and was not apprehended. Police said that someone may have removed evidence, such as the gun or bullet casings, from the scene before police investigators arrived.[21]
City-community engagement
The city continued community engagement conversations about the future of the square in late 2022. The area had been a continuous site of protests since Floyd's murder. City officials revealed plans in October to purchase the abandoned Speedway gas station, which protesters rebranded "Peoples' Way", from the owner that wished to absolve itself of the property after safety concerns. The gas station property was also the venue for protests over police killings.[133]
2023
Tension persisted between organizers of the occupied protest, neighborhood residents, and city officials into 2023. The intersection had remained closed to Metro Transit buses and was not part of the new Metro D Line rapid bus service that circumvented the square area.[26] On May 2, 2023, Tou Thao was found guilty of aiding and abetting manslaughter, which marked the conclusion of all state and federal court cases related to Floyd's murder. Thao's conviction signaled that a key demand of the George Floyd Square's Justice Resolution 001 had been met, that all four police officers be held legally accountable for murdering Floyd. Activists at George Floyd Square said that they would continue to protest until the city meet the rest of their demands.[134][135] In late May 2023, several racial justice events were held at George Floyd Square related to the third anniversary of Floyd's murder. Jeanelle Austin, director of the non-profit George Floyd Global Memorial organization that functions as a caretaker for artifacts at the site, said that the street intersection remained an active site of protest.[27]
Public art, amenities, and services
Boundaries and entrances
George Floyd Square features a broad collection of street art and guerrilla gardens that were tended to by volunteers.[82][116] The protest zone is centered on the street intersection of East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue and encompasses the area of several city blocks. The four street approaches to the intersection feature entrance signs welcoming visitors and sculptures of raised fists located approximately two blocks away in each direction from the main street intersection.[136][91][137]
There is no agreed upon boundary for the protest zone. Meet on the Streets defined the boundaries of George Floyd Square as "35th Street East, 42nd Street East, Bloomington Avenue South, and 4th Avenue South."[56] During the course of the occupation, various protester-installed barricades and structures marked the area's boundaries. The north boundary at Chicago Avenue and East 37th Street was marked by a warming house, made of a retrofitted ice shanty. The south boundary at Chicago Avenue and East 39th Street was marked by a barricade and guard shack installed by demonstrators.[138][139][63][10]
Prior to June 3, 2021, city-installed concrete barricades blocked vehicular traffic into the area to protect visitors to the square.[10][63] Protesters reinforced the city-installed cement barricades by using iron bars in the style of Czech hedgehogs, bike racks, and other objects and materials.[140] After over a year, on June 20, 2021, city workers removed most of the cement barricades and other obstructions to allow vehicular traffic to flow through the area, but most of the protest zone and street art remained intact afterwards.[6][106] By late 2022, some of the demonstrator-installed gardens had been abandoned.[141]
George Floyd murals
Blue and yellow
A blue and yellow mural of George Floyd on the side of the Cup Foods grocery store became one of the most recognizable images of the global protest movement that was sparked by his murder, and a digital rendering of it served as a backdrop to his casket at his funeral in Houston, Texas.[107][142][108] Created by community artists Cadex Herrera, Greta McLain, and Xena Goldman, the iconic mural was one of the first public artworks to emerge in Minneapolis that honored Floyd's memory in Minneapolis.[143][65] At the suggestions of a community member, the words "I can breathe now" were added mural to promote community healing, which meant to reflect spiritually on Floyd's dying words, "I can't breathe".[142] The work drew some criticism for being created without the input of Black artists and the nearby community, and it started a discussion about representation in the artist response to Floyd's murder. It was vandalized in 2020 and 2021, but restored.[144][65]
Black and white
Peyton Scott Russell, a Minneapolis native and street artist, created a Шаблон:Convert black-and-white mural of Floyd's face. It was created in his studio over three days and re-located to the intersection in early June 2020. Pictures of the mural were shared worldwide.[108]
Large raised fist sculpture
A large wooden sculpture of a raised fist was erected in the middle of the East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue intersection. It was created by unknown artists. In mid 2020, the city began to consider several options to preserve the sculpture, either in the middle of the intersection or relocating it to the northeast corner.[145]
On Martin Luther King Jr. Day in 2021, volunteers replaced the plywood fist sculpture with a steel version that could withstand weathering. The steel replacement was designed by local artist Jordan Powell Karis and built with the assistance of welding artist Seven Bailey and other community artists from the nearby Chicago Avenue Fire Arts Center.[146][147][148]
On April 14, 2021, the same wooden sculpture that had been at the square re-emerged in Brooklyn Center during protests over the killing of Daunte Wright by police officer Kim Potter[149] and it become part of a memorial for Wright.[150]
"Peoples' Way" abandoned gas station
A Speedway gas station at 3744 Chicago Avenue inside the square area was damaged during unrest in the immediate aftermath of Floyd’s murder.[151] After the operator of the gas station abandoned the property,[152] activists painted the structure over with graffiti and re-branded it “Peoples' Way”. The parking lot and covered gas pumps served as a central meeting place for neighbors and featured a small library, clothes donation area, and food shelf.[82][138][65] A mural of Paul Castaway, a Native American man killed in 2015 by police in Denver, Colorado, was painted on the plywood panels of the gas station building.[153] It also contained memorials for Harden Sherrell, Fong Fee, Winston Smith, and Amir Locke.[154]
Activists and community members used the property to host regular community meetings and special events.[155] In 2020 and 2021, activists used the station's letter board to count down the days to the trial of Derek Chauvin.[156][23] The gas station was location of an overdose death in March 2022.[116][22] On August 7, 2022, an adult male was killed by multiple gunshot wounds in the gas station parking lot.[20]
City officials revealed plans in October 2022 to purchase the gas station from the owner that wished to absolve itself of the property after safety concerns.[133]
"Say Their Names" symbolic cemetery
In a grassy area at East 37th Street and Park Avenue South, a block north from the center of the square, artists created a symbolic cemetery with 150 headstone markers for People of Color that had been killed by police.[65][138] The exhibit was initially conceived by student artists Anna Barber, a Chicago resident, and Conner Wright, a Missouri resident, and was created with the help of 15 local volunteers. It began with 100 headstones of Black persons killed by law enforcement, including memorials for Philando Castile, Tamir Rice, Jamar Clark, Breonna Taylor, and Aiyana Jones, among others.[157][158]
Street medics and 612 MASH
A group of protest street medics staffed a bus parked at the square that was referred to as "612 M*A*S*H". The acronym “MASH” stood for Minneapolis All Shall Heal and 612 was a reference to the Minneapolis area code. The medical volunteers, who were health professionals, provided some free medical services, such as basic first aid and trauma care, to people at the square.[159][160] A tent the group used was destroyed by fire on October 7, 2020, and the group created a winterized space for use for the months afterwards. The volunteer-led effort codified itself as 612 MASH, a 501c3 nonprofit organization.[161]
List of 24 demands
Protesters presented the city with a list of 24 demands on August 7, 2020, that they wanted met before the intersection be re-opened to vehicular traffic:[162][163] The city said in April 2022 that it had met the demands that it had the legal authority to meet, but there were varying perspectives on how well they had been accomplished.[152]
| Demand | Status |
|---|---|
| Recall Mike Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney. | Freeman retired in 2022. |
| Fire [several employees] of the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension. | |
| Provide accountability and transparency of several criminal cases. | |
| Open an independent investigation into the conviction of a person convicted of recent crime. | |
| Establish independent investigation and prosecution of Minneapolis law enforcement, appointed by the Governor of Minnesota. | |
| Require law enforcement officers to maintain private, professional liability insurance. | |
| Ban the indemnification of law enforcement officers. | |
| End qualified immunity. | |
| Hold the trial of the four former officers charged in the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis. | |
| Invest $400,000 into the George Floyd Square Zone through the neighborhood associations to create new jobs for young people, which will help deter violence. | |
| Invest $300,000 into the George Floyd Square Zone through the neighborhood associations to provide Undoing Racism training for the Black community provided by the People’s Institute for Survival and Beyond. | |
| Adopt and implement the 2019 Livability and Safety Platform Proposal submitted by the South Minneapolis Public Safety Coalition to the City Council. | |
| Allocate funds for integrative health services to support residents of the George Floyd Square Zone through the ReCAST grant managed by the Division of Race & Equity. | |
| Establish a moratorium on property tax increases for residents of the George Floyd Square Zone for 2 years. | |
| Include a rent-to-own option in new housing construction for renters. | |
| Allocate a façade grant to George Floyd Square to improve the aesthetics of the business corridor. | |
| Establish and distribute a contingency fund for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) businesses located in the George Floyd Square according to the needs of each business owner, not their landlords, to ensure the preservation of Black-owned businesses and promote race equity. | |
| Provide Agape a space for their operations within the George Floyd Square Zone. | |
| Gift 612-MASH a blood bank bus or a coach bus to continue care for anyone who enters the memorial site during the winter months. | |
| Release the death certificate of Dameon “Murphy Ranks” Chambers. | |
| Open and complete an investigation of the murder of Dameon "Murphy Ranks" Chambers. | |
| Hold law enforcement accountable for impeding EMS response and the mishandling and delay of Dameon "Murphy Ranks" Chambers case within the zone. | |
| Drop the charges against non-violent protesters from 2016 to 2017. | |
| Continue the closure of the intersection of 38th Street East and Chicago Avenue South until after trial of the four officers charged for the murder of George Floyd. | Chauvin was convicted in April 2021; Lane pleaded guilty in May 2022; Kueng was convicted in October 2022; and Thao was convicted in May 2023.[164] |
Controversies, issues, and themes
"Autonomous zone" and policing
A sign at an entrance to the barricaded area around the square read "You are now entering the Free State of George Floyd". The mantra "No justice, no street" was frequently used by protestors who occupied the intersection, who had presented a list of demands to the city before they would agree to have the intersection reopened.[63] Supporters of the occupation protest referred to the area as an "autonomous zone", while detractors used the term "no-go zone" to describe the area and occupation protest. The Minneapolis Police Department did not publicly acknowledge that the area was autonomous, but discussions between police officers picked up by scanners revealed a reluctance to enter the area.[48][165] Minneapolis Mayor Frey asserted in February 2021, that the square "is not an autonomous zone and will not and cannot be an autonomous zone”.[9]
Resident-appointed "guardians" manned the barricades and at times controlled who could enter the street intersection.[166][23][140] The guardians were described as predominately White neighbors, who would work with emergency services, but would not allow police to enter the square.[166] Police officers largely avoided the area surrounding the square in the months after Floyd's murder, furthering the perception that the area was a "police-free" or "no-go" zone.[61] In some instances, the police were unwilling to enter the area to retrieve victims of crimes, and asked victims to exit the barricaded perimeter to receive aid. A volunteer team of medics inside the square treated many minor injuries and helped transport people to police and emergency medical services nearby.[48] Shooting victims from gunfire had to be dragged out of the square area to reach emergency vehicles.[167] After calling 9-1-1 to seek help, several domestic assault victims were told by police to move outside of the barricaded area in order to receive aid.[91] Police and residents near the square said that stolen vehicles were abandoned near the square and people fleeing police used the barricaded area to evade the pursuit of law enforcement.[168] Tow truck companies refused to haul away vehicles that had been stowed there.[140] Fearing violence, some food delivery service drivers refused to venture into the square area.[167]
Crime and safety
Concerns about public safety issues created tension within the community and challenges for city officials.[169] Prior to Floyd's murder there on May 25, 2020, the intersection had a reputation for gang activity, but it was transformed into a memorial space and community gathering spot. By nightfall, however, the autonomous zone was known for regular gunfire incidents. In the seven-week period after Floyd's murder, 11 people were shot and 233 gunfire incidents were reported in the area, which did not have a single gunfire incident during the same stretch of time the previous year. Some gang members used the barricades around the site to control entrance, allowing illicit business to continue undisturbed, and authorities investigated an illegal arms dealer who used the site for gun sales.[14]
Some residents felt the police had pulled back from the area of the memorial site to avoid confrontation, and that they had refused to engage with perpetrators and victims of crimes.[48] When police did enter the square to respond to emergencies, they encountered hostile crowds.[14] Officers often requested that volunteer medics and community patrol members bring suspects and victims outside the barricaded area where officers could pick them up. The cautious approach by the police came as violent crimes in the area rose sharply.[48] At Chicago Avenue and East 35th Street in Minneapolis, a few blocks north of the intersection, Mario Sanchez Mendieta, a 17-year old, was shot and killed on July 23, 2020.[170][171] On July 27, 2020, 29-year-old Andrew DeJon Davis was shot and killed at the same location. Though it occurred close to the memorial, the homicide was not believed to have had anything to do with the site.[172] On December 27, 2020, when police responded to reports that two people had been shot at the square, police could not find the victims and claimed that evidence was removed from the scene.[62]
By late 2020, a surge in the number of reported violent crimes was considerably higher in the Minneapolis Ward 8 area that included the autonomous zone than compared to city-wide averages. Some advocates argued that community members felt safer with the volunteer patrols of the area, while other residents said they did not feel welcome at the square and that the autonomous zone was an unsafe way to accomplish change.[169] When officers responded to shootings in the area, they claimed that bystanders destroyed evidence, making investigations of crimes difficult.[173] Leaders of the Worldwide Outreach for Christ, a church with a several decade presence in the area, believed that the occupation protest gave cover to the activities of illegal street gangs.[15]
The number of violent crimes at the intersection and surrounding blocks increased significantly in 2020 compared to the prior year, as did citywide totals. In 2020, there were 19 fatal and nonfatal shootings in the area, including 14 between May and August, which compared to 3 in all of 2019.[16] Gunshots detection by the ShotSpotter system for the area around 38th Street and Chicago Avenue increased from 33 in 2019 to 700 in 2020.[79] Violent crime in the Minneapolis neighborhoods of Powderhorn Park, Central, Bryant and Bancroft—the broader area around the square—increased 66 percent in 2020; Minneapolis as a whole saw a 25 percent increase in violent crimes such as homicides, rapes, robberies, and assaults.[167]
Local and Black-owned businesses
Several Black business owners at the intersection felt the city had abandoned them and failed to protect their safety and economic livelihoods. They objected to the barricades and civilian gatekeepers who made unilateral decisions about who could enter the square. Nearly 10 months after the occupation protest, the businesses had received no direct assistance from the city as compensation for barricading the area, and they felt that their tax dollars should not have been taken without the provision of basic services.[7][174]
The City of Minneapolis reached a $27 million wrongful death lawsuit settlement with Floyd's family that it announced on March 12, 2021.[175] The city allocated $500,000 as part of the settlement "for the benefit of the community around 38th Street and Chicago Avenue". Floyd's family hoped it would help struggling Black-owned business in the area and encouraged others to match the donation.[175][7] In late March 2021, the city created a $1 million small-business loan program to help struggling small business and non-profit organizations at the square.[176]
A group of Black-owned businesses at the intersection formed the 38th Street Black Business Collective in early April 2021 to advocate for financial assistance from the city and to re-open the intersection. The group said it had joined the community in calling for justice for Floyd, but they believed that the autonomous zone had "unintended economic downfall" for local business by using them as "sacrificial lamb". Group members blamed the closure of the intersection to traffic, reduced police presence, and rising crime as factors in reduced business revenue.[174]
Media coverage
The intersection has been the location of many protests, rallies, and demonstrations. It is also served as a backdrop to media coverage on the protest movement sparked by Floyd's murder. In August 2020, it was subject of a multi-part PBS News Hour series, "George Floyd Square: The epicenter of a protest movement that’s swept the world."[177] In December 2020, it was the subject of a monthlong series by Minnesota Public Radio, "Making George Floyd's Square: Meet the people transforming 38th and Chicago".[178]
See also
- 2020–2022 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest
- History of Minneapolis
- List of events and attractions in Minneapolis
- List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests
- Memorials to George Floyd
- Police abolition movement in Minneapolis
References
External links
Further reading
Шаблон:Riots in the United States (1980–present) Шаблон:George Floyd protests Шаблон:Black Lives Matter Шаблон:Anarchies
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- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- May 2020 events in the United States
- June 2020 events in the United States
- 2020 in Minnesota
- 2020–2021 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest
- 2020s in Minneapolis
- Minneapolis–Saint Paul
- Riots and civil disorder in Minnesota
- Civil rights protests in the United States
- Criminal justice reform in the United States
- Criticism of police brutality
- History of African-American civil rights
- Memorials to George Floyd
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
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