Английская Википедия:Gerhard Kittel

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox person Gerhard Kittel (23 September 1888 – 11 July 1948) was a German LutheranШаблон:Sfn theologian and lexicographer of biblical languages. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the NazisШаблон:Sfn and an open antisemite.Шаблон:Sfnm He is known in the field of biblical studies for his Шаблон:Lang (Theological Dictionary of the New Testament).Шаблон:Sfn

Biography

Kittel was born on 23 September 1888 in Breslau.Шаблон:Citation needed The son of Old Testament scholar Rudolf Kittel,Шаблон:Sfn he married Hanna Untermeier in 1914, but there were no children from the union.Шаблон:Citation needed In May 1933, he joined the Nazi Party.Шаблон:Sfn He had had no previous involvement in politics but called the party "a völkisch renewal movement on a Christian, moral foundation".Шаблон:Sfn

On 3 May 1945, after Adolf Hitler's Third Reich capitulated to the Allies, Kittel was arrested by the French occupying forces.Шаблон:Sfn He was subsequently removed from office and interned at Balingen.Шаблон:Sfn In his own defence, Kittel maintained his work was "scientific in method" and motivated by Christianity, although it may have appeared antisemitic to some.Шаблон:Sfn He attempted to distinguish his work from the "vulgar antisemitism of Nazi propaganda" like Der Stürmer and Alfred Rosenberg,Шаблон:Sfn who was known for his anti-Christian rhetoric, völkisch arguments and emphasis on Lebensraum.Шаблон:Sfn Kittel characterized his work as an "attempt to grapple with the problem of Jewry and the Jewish question".Шаблон:Sfn

Martin Dibelius, a theologian at Heidelberg, wrote that Kittel's works related to ancient Judaism "are of purely scientific character" and "do not serve the Party interpretation of Judaism".Шаблон:Sfn He said further that Kittel deserved "the thanks of all who are interested in the scientific study of Judaism."Шаблон:Sfn

Claus Schedl, who attended Kittel's lectures on the Jewish Question in the winter of 1941–1942 in Vienna, said that "one heard not a single word of malice" and that "Professor Kittel truly did not collaborate".Шаблон:Sfn Schedl says that Kittel was one of very few scholars who promoted an opinion on the Jewish Question other than the official one.Шаблон:Sfn Kittel himself said his goal was to combat the myths and distortions of extremist members of the Nazi Party.Шаблон:Sfn

Annemarie Tugendhat was a Christian Jew whose father had been taken to the concentration camp Welzheim in 1938.Шаблон:Sfn She testified that Kittel had strongly objected against the actions being taken against Jews. Kittel's work on the Jewish Question was not based on the racial theories of Nazism but upon theology.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Page needed

In 1946, Kittel was released pending his trial, but was forbidden to enter Tübingen until 1948. From 1946 to 1948 he was a pastor (Шаблон:Lang) in Beuron. In 1948, he was allowed back into Tübingen, but died that year before the criminal proceedings against him could be resumed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Page needed He died on 11 July 1948.Шаблон:Sfn

Nazi Germany

A Professor of Evangelical Theology and New Testament at the University of Tübingen, he published studies depicting the Jewish people as the historical enemy of Germany, Christianity, and European culture in general. In a lecture of June 1933 Шаблон:Lang (The Jewish Question), that soon appeared in print, he spoke for the stripping of citizenship from German Jews, their removal from medicine, law, teaching, and journalism, and to forbid marriage or sexual relations with non-Jews – thus anticipating by two years the Nazi government, which introduced its Nuremberg Racial Laws and took away Jewish rights of German citizenship in 1935.Шаблон:Sfn A close friend of Walter Frank,Шаблон:Citation needed Kittel joined Frank's Шаблон:Lang, upon its foundation in 1935.Шаблон:Sfn Within this institute he was attached to Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

From 1940 to 1943 Kittel held an Evangelical Theology chair at the university of Vienna. He was replaced at the university of Tübingen by Otto Michel (1903-1993). In March 1943 Kittel suddenly returned to Tübingen to reclaim his theology chair at its university, while still holding his chair at the university of Vienna. This forced Michel to be drafted into the Wehrmacht as a lowly private and caused him traumatic humiliations. (See Otto Michel, Anpassung oder Widerstand: eine Autobiographie, Wuppertal & Zurich, Brockhaus Verlag, 1989, pp. 88-98).

William F. Albright wrote that, "In view of the terrible viciousness of his attacks on Judaism and the Jews, which continues at least until 1943, Gerhard Kittel must bear the guilt of having contributed more, perhaps, than any other Christian theologian to the mass murder of Jews by Nazis."Шаблон:Sfn

Literary works

Файл:Th Dict of the NT.JPG
Kittel's Шаблон:Lang

See also

References

Footnotes

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Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

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