Английская Википедия:German World War II fortresses

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German fortresses (Шаблон:Lang-de; called pockets by the Allies) during World War II were bridgeheads, cities, islands and towns designated by Adolf Hitler as areas that were to be fortified and stocked with food and ammunition in order to hold out against Allied offensives.

Файл:Atlantic Wall, Longues-sur-Mer (3).jpg

An Atlantic Wall Bunker

The fortress doctrine evolved towards the end of World War II, when the German leadership had not yet accepted defeat, but had begun to realize that drastic measures were required to forestall inevitable offensives on the Reich. The first such stronghold was Stalingrad.Шаблон:Sfn

Eastern Front fortresses

On the Eastern Front, Warsaw, Budapest, Kolberg, Königsberg, Küstrin, Danzig and Breslau were some of the large cities selected as strongholds.

Western Front fortresses

On the Western Front, Hitler declared eleven major ports as fortresses on 19 January 1944: IJmuiden, the Hook of Holland, Dunkirk, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Saint-Malo, Brest, Lorient, Saint-Nazaire and the Gironde estuary. In February and March 1944 three more coastal areas were declared to be fortresses: the Channel Islands, Calais and La Rochelle.Шаблон:Sfn

Fate of the fortresses

The fate of the fortress areas varied. Stalingrad, the first to fall, is seen as a crucial turning point in the war, and one of the key battles which led to German defeat. In several cases, Alderney, for example, the fortresses were bypassed by the attackers and did not fall, surrendering only after the unconditional surrender of Germany. One fortress, Fortress Courland, would see guerrilla war being waged in the area from 1945 to 1960s by Lithuanian partisans and a few Germans who fought as Forest Brothers, with individual guerrillas remaining in hiding and evaded capture into the 1980s.

Fortresses	Siege	Commander	Besiegers	Date declared	Date siege started	Date surrendered	Length of siege	Notes
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Belle Île, Groix and Lorient, French State, Military Administration in France	Lorient pocket	Шаблон:Flagicon image Wilhelm FahrmbacherШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Armed Forces 66th Infantry Division	19 January 1944	12 August 1944	10 May 1945	0 000 271 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Berlin, Province of Brandenburg, Free State of Prussia, Gau Berlin, Greater German Reich	Battle in Berlin	Шаблон:Flagicon image Bruno Ritter von Hauenschild → Hellmuth Reymann → Ernst Kaether → Шаблон:Flagicon image Adolf Hitler → Шаблон:Flagicon image Helmuth WeidlingШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image Soviet Armed Forces Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Belorussian Front 1st Ukrainian Front Шаблон:Flagicon image Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland First Polish Army	Шаблон:Circa	23 April 1945 (encirclement of Berlin complete on 27 April 1945)	2 May 1945	0 000 009 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Called the Berlin Defense Area.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Bobruysk, Army Group Rear Area Command	Bobruysk offensive	Шаблон:Flagicon image Adolf HamannШаблон:POW	Шаблон:Flagicon Soviet Armed Forces Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Belorussian Front 65th Army		27 June 1944	29 June 1944	0 000 002 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Babruysk.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Boulogne-sur-Mer, French State, Military Administration in France	Operation Wellhit	Шаблон:Flagicon image Ferdinand HeimШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image British Armed Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image Royal Air Force No. 2 Group Шаблон:Flagicon image Canadian Armed Forces First Canadian Army 3rd Canadian Division 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade		17 September 1944	22 September 1944	0 000 005 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Breslau, Province of Lower Silesia, Free State of Prussia, Gau Lower Silesia, Greater German Reich	Siege of Breslau	Шаблон:Flagicon image Battle Commander Karl Hanke	Шаблон:Flagicon image Soviet Armed Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2nd Air Army 18th Air Army Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Ukrainian Front 6th Army	25 July 1944	13 February 1945	6 May 1945	0 000 082 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Wrocław.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Brest, French State, Military Administration in France	Battle for Brest	Шаблон:Flagicon image Hermann-Bernhard RamckeШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image British Armed Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Armed Forces United States Army Air Forces US Third Army VIII Army Corps 2nd Infantry Division 8th Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division 35th Engineer Combat Battalion 2nd Ranger Battalion 35th Engineer Combat Battalion 644th Tank Destroyer Battalion 5th Ranger Battalion 23rd Headquarters Special Troops 79th Armoured Division (elements) 6th Armored Division (elements)		7 August 1944	19 September 1944	0 000 043 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Budapest, Government of National Unity, Kingdom of Hungary	Siege of Budapest	Шаблон:Flagicon image Karl Pfeffer-WildenbruchШаблон:POW	Шаблон:Flagicon image Romanian Armed Forces First Army 7th Army Corps Шаблон:Flagicon image Soviet Armed Forces Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 2nd Ukrainian Front 53rd Army 7th Guards Army 3rd Ukrainian Front (elements) 46th Army	1 December 1944	24 December 1944	13 February 1945	0 000 050 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Calais, French State, Military Administration in France	Operation Undergo	Шаблон:Flagicon image Ludwig SchroederШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image British Armed Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image Royal Air Force Шаблон:Flagicon image Royal Navy Шаблон:Flagicon image Canadian Armed Forces First Canadian Army 3rd Canadian Division 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade		25 September 1944	30 September 1944	0 000 005 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Channel Islands	Battle of the Atlantic	Шаблон:Flagicon image Rudolf Graf von Schmettow → Friedrich HüffmeierШаблон:Surrendered	Allied Expeditionary Force Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Navy Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Army Шаблон:Flagicon image Royal Navy		2 September 1944	Guernsey 9 May Jersey 9 May Sark 10 May Alderney 16 May 1945	0 000 351 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Surrendered after the surrender of the Greater German Reich.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Cherbourg, French State, Military Administration in France	Battle of Cherbourg	Шаблон:Flagicon image Karl-Wilhelm von SchliebenШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Armed Forces First Army VII Army Corps 9th Infantry Division 79th Infantry Division Ninth Army III Corps 4th Infantry Division		22 June 1944	27 June 1944	0 000 005 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Courland Pocket, General District Latvia, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Army Group Rear Area Command	Courland Pocket	Шаблон:Flagicon image Ferdinand Schörner → Lothar Rendulic → Walter Weiß → Lothar Rendulic → Heinrich von Vietinghoff → Lothar Rendulic → Carl HilpertШаблон:Surrendered			31 July 1944	10 May 1945	0 000 283 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Surrendered after the surrender of the Greater German Reich. See Army Group North and Army Group Courland.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Crete, Hellenic State, Military Administration in Greece	Battle of the Atlantic and the Cretan resistance	Шаблон:Flagicon image Hans-Georg BenthackШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image British Armed Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image Royal Navy Шаблон:Flagicon image Hellenic Army		4 October 1944	12 May 1945	0 000 220 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Surrendered after the surrender of the Greater German Reich. See Fortress Crete.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Crimea, Army Group Rear Area Command	Crimean offensive and Kerch–Eltigen operation	Шаблон:Flagicon image Erwin Jaenecke → Ferdinand Schörner → Erwin Jaenecke → Karl Allmendinger			1 November 1943	12 May 1944	0 000 193 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Danzig, Danzig Region, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, Greater German Reich	Siege of Danzig	Шаблон:Flagicon image Dietrich von Saucken	Шаблон:Flagicon image 2nd Belorussian Front Шаблон:Flagicon image Polish rebels		15 March 1945	30 March 1945	0 000 015 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Gdańsk.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Dieppe, French State, Military Administration in France	N/A		N/A		N/A	1 September 1944	0 000 000 N/A	Evacuated and liberated without opposition. Also see Operation Fusilade and Operation Jubilee.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Dunkirk, French State, Military Administration in France	Siege of Dunkirk	Шаблон:Flagicon image Wolfgang von Kluge → Friedrich FrisiusШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image British Armed Forces British Army 51st Division 154th Infantry Brigade 21st Army Group Шаблон:Flagicon image 1st Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade Шаблон:Flagicon image Royal Navy 4th Special Service Brigade Шаблон:Flagicon image Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Army 2nd Canadian Infantry Division		15 September 1944	9 May 1945	0 000 236 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Surrendered after the surrender of the Greater German Reich.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Gironde Estuary North, Military Administration in France	Operation Jupiter and Operation Venerable	Шаблон:Flagicon image Hartwig Pohlmann → Hans MichahellesШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image French Liberation Army 10th French Division French 2nd Armored Division French 23rd Infantry Division 50th Regiment 158th Regiment Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Armed Forces 66th Infantry Division		12 September 1944	30 April 1945	0 000 230 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Gironde Estuary South, Military Administration in France	Royan pocket	Шаблон:Flagicon image Christian Sonntag → Otto PrahlШаблон:Surrendered			12 September 1944	20 April 1945	0 000 220 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Hook of Holland, Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories	N/A	Oberst FlinzerШаблон:Surrendered	N/A	19 January 1944	N/A	5 May 1945	0 000 000 N/A
Шаблон:Flagicon image Ijmuiden, Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories	N/A	Шаблон:Flagicon image Colonel Stahmer → Hans HuttnerШаблон:Surrendered	N/A	19 January 1944	N/A	5 May 1945	0 000 000 N/A
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Île de Ré and La Rochelle, French State, Military Administration in France	Siege of La Rochelle	Шаблон:Flagicon image Ernst SchirlitzШаблон:Surrendered			17 September 1944	7 May 1945	0 000 232 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Kolberg, Region of Köslin, Province of Pomerania, Gau Pomerania, Greater German Reich	Battle of Kolberg	Шаблон:Flagicon image Fritz Fullriede	Шаблон:Flagicon image Soviet Armed Forces Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Belorussian Front 272nd Rifle Division 45th Tank Brigade Шаблон:Flagicon image Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland First Polish Army Polish 4th Infantry Division Polish 3rd Infantry Division Polish 6th Infantry Division	November 1944	4 March 1945	14 March 1945	0 000 010 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Kołobrzeg.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Königsberg, Region of Königsberg, East Prussia, Free State of Prussia, Gau East Prussia, Greater German Reich	Battle of Königsberg	Шаблон:Flagicon image Otto LaschШаблон:POW	Шаблон:Flagicon image Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Baltic Front 3rd Belorussian Front		Late January 1945	9 April 1945	0 000 067 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Kaliningrad.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Küstrin, Königsberg Nm., province of Brandenburg, Free State of Prussia, Gau March of Brandenburg, Greater German Reich	Siege of Küstrin	Шаблон:Flagicon image Adolf Raegener → Шаблон:Flagicon image Heinrich-Friedrich Reinefarth	Шаблон:Flagicon image Soviet Armed Forces Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Belorussian Front 82nd Guards Rifle Division	25 January 1945	February 1945	30 March 1945	0 000 057 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Kostrzyn nad Odrą. A small number (<1,000) of the German garrison reached German lines after a breakout during the night of March 29/30 1945
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Le Havre, French State, Military Administration in France	Operation Astonia	Шаблон:Flagicon image Eberhard WildermuthШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image British Armed Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image British Army I Corps 49th Infantry Division 51st Infantry Division 79th Armoured Division Шаблон:Flagicon image Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Army 1st Armoured Carrier Regiment		10 September 1944	12 September 1944	0 000 002 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Posen, Posen Region, Reichsgau Wartheland, Greater German Reich	Battle of Posen	Шаблон:Flagicon image Ernst Mattern → Ernst GonellШаблон:KIA	Шаблон:Flagicon Soviet Armed Forces Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 1st Belorussian Front 1st Guards Tank Army 8th Guards Army Шаблон:Flagicon image Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland		24 January 1945	23 February 1945	0 000 030 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Poznań.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint-Malo, French State, Military Administration in France	Battle of Saint-Malo	Шаблон:Flagicon image Andreas von AulockШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Armed Forces Third United States Army Шаблон:Flagicon image French Liberation Army Шаблон:Flagicon image British Army	19 January 1944	4 August 1944	17 August 1944	0 000 013 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image Saint-Nazaire, French State, Military Administration in France	Saint-Nazaire pocket	Шаблон:Flagicon image Maximilian Hünten → Hans Junck → Captain MathiesШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Armed Forces 4th Armored Division 6th Armored Division 94th Infantry Division 66th Infantry Division Шаблон:Flagicon image French Liberation Army French Forces of the Interior Snipers and Partisans 25th Infantry Division		27 August 1944	11 May 1945	0 000 257 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Surrendered after the surrender of the Greater German Reich.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Stalingrad, Army Group Rear Area Command	Battle of Stalingrad	Шаблон:Flagicon image Friedrich PaulusШаблон:POW → Karl StreckerШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon Soviet Armed Forces Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Stalingrad Front 28th Army 51st Army 57th Army 62nd Army 64th Army Don Front 24th Army 65th Army 66th Army Southwestern Front 1st Guards Army 5th Tank Army 21st Army		10 September 1942 (encirclement of Stalingrad complete on 22 November 1942 during Operation Uranus)	early March 1943	0 000 172 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	Now called Volgograd. By 1 November 1942, 90% of Stalingrad was occupied by Axis forces. On 26 January 1943, during Operation Koltso, Axis forces in Stalingrad were cut into two pockets, with Karl Strecker in command of the northern pocket and Friedrich Paulus in command of the southern pocket.
Шаблон:Flagicon image Шаблон:Flagicon image French protectorate of Tunisia	Tunisian campaign	Шаблон:Flagicon image Erwin Rommel → Gustav Fehn → Erwin Rommel → Hans-Jürgen von ArnimШаблон:Surrendered	Шаблон:Flagicon image British Army Шаблон:Flagicon image British Indian Army Шаблон:Flagicon image Newfoundland Шаблон:Flagicon image United States Armed Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image Free French Forces Шаблон:Flagicon image New Zealand Defence Force Шаблон:Flagicon image Hellenic Armed Forces		9 November 1942	13 May 1943	0 000 185 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days
Шаблон:Flagicon image Warsaw, Warsaw District, General Government, Greater German Reich	Lublin–Brest offensive, Vistula–Oder offensive and Warsaw Uprising	Шаблон:Flagicon image Hellmuth Eisenstuck → Ernst Mock	N/A	27 July 1944	1 August 1944	17 January 1945	0 000 169 Шаблон:Age in years, months, weeks and days	On 16 January 1945, German troops withdrew from Warsaw and the next day the First Polish Army, 2nd Guards Tank Army and 3rd Shock Army entered the city. Also see Festung Warschau

See also

• Alpine Fortress
• Atlantic pockets
• Atlantic Wall
• Czechoslovak border fortifications
• Festung Norwegen
• Fortress Europe
• Maginot line
• Molotov line
• Stalin line
• Valtellina Redoubt

References

• BBC article on Alderney
• Europe: A History, Шаблон:ISBN, the history of Europe; page 1038
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Festung Breslau/Fortress Wrocław