Английская Википедия:German aviso Grille
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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsШаблон:Lang was an aviso built in Nazi Germany for the Шаблон:Lang (War Navy) in the mid-1930s for use as a state yacht by Adolf Hitler and other leading individuals in the Nazi regime. The ship received a light armament of three Шаблон:Convert guns and was fitted to be capable of serving as an auxiliary minelayer. Completed in 1935, her experimental high-pressure steam turbines, which were installed to test them before they were used in destroyers, required significant modifications and the ship finally entered service in 1937. Over the next two years, she was used in a variety of roles, including as a training vessel and a target ship, in addition to her duties as a yacht.
After the start of World War II in September 1939, Шаблон:Lang was used as a minelayer and as a patrol vessel in the Baltic Sea, tasked with searching for enemy merchant vessels. She collided with a German transport ship in January 1940 and after repairs, resumed minelaying duties in the North Sea, thereafter being used as a gunnery training ship. She was briefly assigned to the minelaying unit tasked with supporting Operation Sea Lion in September before the planned invasion of Britain was cancelled, and she was reassigned to the Baltic during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Gunnery training duties followed from August 1941 until March 1942, when she was reduced to a headquarters ship for the commander of naval forces based in occupied Norway; she served in this capacity for the rest of the war.
Seized by British forces as war reparations in 1945, she was later sold either to a Lebanese businessman who intended to use the ship as a yacht or a Lebanese shipping company for use as a passenger vessel. During this period, she was involved in a collision in March 1947, and in November 1948, she was attacked by a Jewish saboteur with limpet mines after the intelligence arm of the Haganah incorrectly assessed the vessel as having been intended to attack the Jewish fleet. After repairs were completed, the owner instead brought the ship to the United States in 1949 in an unsuccessful attempt to find a buyer. He ultimately sold Шаблон:Lang for scrap in 1951.
Design
Шаблон:Lang was Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline and Шаблон:Convert long overall. She had a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a draft of Шаблон:Convert. Her standard displacement was Шаблон:Convert, and at full load, her displacement rose to Шаблон:Convert. The ship had a crew of 248 officers and men.Шаблон:Sfn
The ship's propulsion system consisted of two high-pressure geared turbines manufactured by Blohm & Voss, with steam provided by two Benson water-tube boilers that were ducted into a single raked funnel. Шаблон:Lang was equipped with these turbines to test them before they were installed in new destroyers. The engines were rated at Шаблон:Convert, for a top speed of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn She had a cruising radius of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn
She was armed with three [[12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun|Шаблон:Cvt SK C/34 naval guns]] in individual mountings, one forward and two aft. She also carried four [[3.7 cm SK C/30|Шаблон:Cvt SK C/30]] anti-aircraft guns in two dual mounts and four [[2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling|Шаблон:Cvt C/30]] anti-aircraft guns in a single quadruple mount. Шаблон:Lang had provisions to carry up to 228 naval mines for service as an auxiliary minelayer.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Service history
Construction and prewar career
The ship was built by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg; her keel was laid down in June 1934 under the provisional name "Шаблон:Lang 'C'" (fleet tender). She was launched on 15 December that year and was named Шаблон:Lang after the old aviso Шаблон:SMS; Шаблон:Lang (Rear Admiral) Eugen Lindau gave a speech at her launching ceremony. Following builder's sea trials off Helgoland, she was commissioned into the Шаблон:Lang (War Navy) on 19 May 1935. Her first commander was Шаблон:Lang (Frigate Captain) Helmuth Brinkmann. The experimental high-pressure turbines with the Benson boilers proved to be unacceptable for use in warships, and Шаблон:Lang returned to Blohm & Voss to have the boilers replaced with a different type of boiler and control equipment for the turbines. The work was carried out between 3 October 1936 and 13 March 1937, after which the ship conducted a long-range test cruise to Iceland in July, which was completed without problems.Шаблон:Sfn
For the next three years, Шаблон:Lang served in a variety of roles: she represented Adolf Hitler as the head of state of Nazi Germany and the Шаблон:Lang (Naval High Command), as a navigational training ship, and as a target ship during training exercises. Throughout this period, she was based in Kiel in the Baltic Sea. In May 1936, she embarked Hitler and Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander of the Шаблон:Lang, and carried them to Laboe for the dedication of the Laboe Naval Memorial and observe a naval review. In October, she carried Шаблон:Lang (General Field Marshal) Werner von Blomberg, the Minister of War on a visit to Norway, cruising as far north as Nordkapp. On the way back to Germany, she stopped in Narvik, Norway, where Blomberg and his entourage disembarked and traveled by train.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang next carried the Шаблон:Lang (Defense Force) delegation to represent Germany for the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in mid-May 1937. The ship visited Southampton and Spithead during the voyage. In early June, she served as the flagship for Admiral Rolf Carls, the commander of the German fleet, during exercises with the fleet's scouting force in the North Sea. Blomberg again boarded the vessel in October for a cruise into the Atlantic, which included visits to a series of ports, including Funchal, Madeira and Ponta Delgada in the Azores, Portugal. In May 1938, Шаблон:Lang (KzS—Captain at Sea) Günther von der Forst replaced Brinkmann as the ship's captain. Another naval review was held on 22 August for the launching ceremony for the heavy cruiser Шаблон:Ship, during which Шаблон:Lang hosted Hitler and his entourage, which included Miklós Horthy, the Regent of Hungary, who was visiting Germany at the time. Toward the end of 1938, Шаблон:Lang was used as a torpedo target for the aircraft of 3. Staffel, Group 506. The ship was then assigned to the Шаблон:Lang (BSO—Commander of the Defense of the Baltic Sea) to support the planned Invasion of Poland.Шаблон:Sfn During the Kiel Week sailing regatta in June 1939, Шаблон:Lang hosted Raeder and several foreign naval officers.Шаблон:Sfn
World War II
At the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, Шаблон:Lang was mobilized wartime service. She was initially used for minelaying operations, and from 1 to 9 September, Шаблон:Lang (Vice Admiral) Wilhelm Marschall used her as a temporary flagship. Marschall was at that time the Шаблон:Lang (Commander of Armored Ships). Шаблон:Lang was transferred back to the BSO in mid-September, where she was used to patrol for enemy merchant shipping in the Baltic. She accidentally collided with the German steamer Шаблон:SS on 10 January 1940, sinking the latter. Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s bow was damaged in the incident and required repairs that were concluded on 5 February. The ship was then transferred to the North Sea to assist in the laying of minefields to guard against British attacks. She embarked on two operations to lay Шаблон:Lang (mine barrier) 16 in company with the light cruiser Шаблон:Ship and several destroyers, the first on 17–18 May and the second on 19–20 May. Шаблон:Lang was then attached to the gunnery school for training purposes.Шаблон:Sfn
For Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of Great Britain in September 1940, Шаблон:Lang was assigned as the flagship of KzS Walter Krastel, the deputy commander of mine warfare vessels under Шаблон:Lang (Navy Group Command North). She led the Eastern Group to Ostend, Belgium in early September; the Eastern Group was tasked with covering the landing beaches by laying minefields on either side to prevent the British Royal Navy from intervening. The invasion was postponed "until further notice" on 17 September, and three days later Шаблон:Lang and the other vessels were moved to Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The next day, the German high command cancelled the operation outright and Шаблон:Lang was immediately transferred back to the gunnery school. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began in June 1941, Шаблон:Lang was again assigned to the minelayer command. She assisted in the laying of a minefield in the Baltic in late June, and she served as the unit flagship from 5 July to 15 August.Шаблон:Sfn
She was transferred back to the gunnery school on 15 August, where she served for the next seven months. During this period, she was also used as a target ship for U-boat crews. She was decommissioned in March 1942 and on 24 August, was assigned as a stationary headquarters ship for the commander of naval forces in occupied Norway. She arrived in Narvik, where on 2 October, KAdm Otto Klüber came aboard. The ship was moved from Narvik to Ankenes between 25 and 31 July 1943. She had her crew reduced there on 10 January 1944; she was still capable of going to sea, but lacked crew for her weapons. In March, the staff for the commander was reduced, and Шаблон:Lang was then used as a headquarters ship for the commander of U-boats in Norway, KzS Rudolf Peters. She remained in Norwegian waters until the end of the war in May 1945, when she was seized by British forces. They set up one of the rooms as "Eva Braun's bedroom", but she had never visited the ship.Шаблон:Sfn According to the naval historians J. J. Colledge and Ben Warlow, Шаблон:Lang returned to northern Germany at some point after the war, and it was there that she was occupied by British forces, in August 1945.Шаблон:Sfn
Postwar
The ship's postwar fate is uncertain; according to the naval historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Hans-Otto Steinmetz, Шаблон:Lang was sold in 1946 to a Lebanese shipping company for use as a passenger ship in the Mediterranean Sea.Шаблон:Sfn Others, including a contemporary report of the vessel's disposal in 1951, state that a Lebanese businessman named George Arida purchased the vessel for use as his personal yacht in September 1946.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In March 1947, the ship was involved in a collision and repairs were completed in Beirut by November 1947, when she was re-launched from the dry dock.Шаблон:Sfn
In either event, the ship had been disarmed and any equipment with military use was removed by the British before the sale. The intelligence service of the Haganah incorrectly suspected that Arida or the Lebanese company intended to use the vessel for the Lebanese Navy to attack Haifa, so they sent a saboteur to attack it with limpet mines in November 1948. The mines exploded a few days later and blew a hole in the hull below the waterline, but did little serious damage and Шаблон:Lang was quickly repaired.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
According to reports that indicate Arida purchased the ship, after he realized the very high cost involved in keeping the ship in service, he brought the ship to the United States in 1949 in an attempt to sell her. He was unable to secure a buyer, and Шаблон:Lang was instead moored in New York and left idle for the next two years. While there, the ship became a tourist attraction. In April 1951, she was sold for scrap to the North American Smelting and Refining Company and was transferred to the Doan Salvage Yard in Bordentown, New Jersey.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The ship was broken up later that year.Шаблон:Sfn
Before the scrapping began, souvenir hunters removed artifacts from the vessel. The yacht's toilet was one of many relics scattered throughout New Jersey, before it was purchased by British military memorabilia collector, Bruce Crompton.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A blood transfusion kit taken from the Шаблон:Lang forms part of the permanent collection of the Thackray Medical Museum in Leeds, Britain.Шаблон:Sfn
In October 2020 a Maryland auctioneer announced they would offer for sale a large aluminum globe-shaped bar with five barstools from the yacht.[1]
Notes
References
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