Английская Википедия:German cruiser Admiral Scheer
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsШаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-de) was a Шаблон:Sclass heavy cruiser (often termed a pocket battleship) which served with the Шаблон:Lang (Navy) of Nazi Germany during World War II. The vessel was named after Admiral Reinhard Scheer, German commander in the Battle of Jutland. She was laid down at the Шаблон:Lang shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in June 1931 and completed by November 1934. Originally classified as an armored ship (Шаблон:Lang) by the Reichsmarine, in February 1940 the Germans reclassified the remaining two ships of this class as heavy cruisers.Шаблон:Efn
The ship was nominally under the Шаблон:Convert limitation on warship size imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, though with a full load displacement of Шаблон:Convert, she significantly exceeded it. Armed with six Шаблон:Convert guns in two triple gun turrets, Шаблон:Lang and her sisters were designed to outgun any cruiser fast enough to catch them. Their top speed of Шаблон:Convert left only a handful of ships in the Anglo-French navies able to catch them and powerful enough to sink them.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang saw heavy service with the German Navy, including a deployment to Spain during the Spanish Civil War, where she bombarded the port of Almería. Her first operation during World War II was a commerce raiding operation into the southern Atlantic Ocean; she also made a brief foray into the Indian Ocean. During the operation, she sank Шаблон:GRT of shipping, making her the most successful capital ship surface raider of the war. Following her return to Germany, she was deployed to northern Norway to interdict shipping to the Soviet Union. She was part of the abortive attack on Convoy PQ 17 and conducted Operation Wunderland, a sortie into the Kara Sea. After returning to Germany at the end of 1942, the ship served as a training ship until the end of 1944, when she was used to support ground operations against the Soviet Army. She moved to Kiel for repairs in March 1945, where she was capsized by British bombers in a raid on 9 April 1945 and partially scrapped; the remainder of the wreck was buried when the inner part of Kiel dockyard was filled in after the war.
Design
Шаблон:Lang was Шаблон:Convert long overall and had a beam of Шаблон:Cvt and a maximum draft of Шаблон:Cvt. The ship had a design displacement of Шаблон:Convert and a full load displacement of Шаблон:Convert,Шаблон:Sfn though the ship was officially stated to be within the Шаблон:Convert limit of the Treaty of Versailles.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was powered by four sets of MAN nine-cylinder double-acting two-stroke diesel engines. The ship's top speed was Шаблон:Convert, at Шаблон:Convert. At a cruising speed of Шаблон:Convert, the ship could steam for Шаблон:Convert. As designed, her standard complement consisted of 33 officers and 586 enlisted men, though after 1935 this was significantly increased to 30 officers and 921–1,040 sailors.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s primary armament was six [[28 cm SK C/28 naval gun|Шаблон:Convert SK C/28]] guns mounted in two triple gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The ship carried a secondary battery of eight [[15 cm SK C/28|Шаблон:Convert SK C/28]] guns in single turrets grouped amidships. Her anti-aircraft battery originally consisted of three Шаблон:Convert L/45 guns, though in 1935 these were replaced with six 8.8 cm L/78 guns. By 1940 the ship's anti-aircraft battery was significantly increased, consisting of six [[10.5 cm FlaK 38|Шаблон:Convert C/33]] guns, four twin-mounted [[3.7 cm SK C/30|Шаблон:Convert C/30]] guns and up to twenty-eight [[2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling|Шаблон:Convert Flak 30]] guns. By 1945, the anti-aircraft battery had again been reorganized and comprised six 4 cm guns, eight 3.7 cm guns, and thirty-three 2 cm guns.Шаблон:Sfn
The ship also carried a pair of quadruple Шаблон:Cvt deck-mounted torpedo tubes placed on her stern. The ship was equipped with two Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult. Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s armored belt was Шаблон:Convert thick; her upper deck was Шаблон:Convert thick while the main armored deck was Шаблон:Convert thick. The main battery turrets had Шаблон:Convert thick faces and 80 mm thick sides.Шаблон:Sfn Radar initially consisted of a FMG 39 G(gO) set, though in 1941 this was replaced with an FMG 40 G(gO) set and a FuMO 26 system.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
Service history
Шаблон:Lang was ordered by the Reichsmarine from the Шаблон:Lang shipyard in Wilhelmshaven.Шаблон:Sfn Naval rearmament was not popular with the Social Democrats and the Communists in the German Шаблон:Lang, so it was not until 1931 that a bill was passed to build a second Шаблон:Lang. The money for "Шаблон:Lang B}, which was ordered as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:SMS, was secured after the Social Democrats abstained to prevent a political crisis.Шаблон:Sfn Her keel was laid on 25 June 1931,Шаблон:Sfn under construction number 123.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was launched on 1 April 1933; at her launching, she was christened by Marianne Besserer, the daughter of Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the ship's namesake.Шаблон:Sfn She was completed slightly over a year and a half later on 12 November 1934, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet.Шаблон:Sfn The old pre-dreadnought battleship Шаблон:SMS was removed from service and her crew transferred to the newly commissioned Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn
At her commissioning in November 1934, Шаблон:Lang was placed under the command of Шаблон:Lang (KzS) Wilhelm Marschall.Шаблон:Sfn The ship spent the remainder of 1934 conducting sea trials and training her crew.Шаблон:Sfn In 1935, she had a new catapult and landing sail system to operate her Arado seaplanes on heavy seas installed.Шаблон:Sfn From 1 October 1935 to 26 July 1937 her first officer was Leopold Bürkner, later to become head of foreign intelligence in the Third Reich.Шаблон:Sfn By October 1935, the ship was ready for her first major cruise, when on 25–28 October she visited Madeira, returning to Kiel on 8 November. The following summer, she cruised out through the Skagerrak and the English Channel into the Irish Sea, before visiting Stockholm on the return voyage.Шаблон:Sfn
Spanish Civil War
Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s first overseas deployment began in July 1936 when she was sent to Spain to evacuate German civilians caught in the midst of the Spanish Civil War. From 8 August 1936 she served together with her sister ship Шаблон:Ship on non-intervention patrols off the Republican-held coast of Spain.Шаблон:Sfn She served four tours of duty with the non-intervention patrol through June 1937. Her official objective was to control the influx of war materiel into Spain, though she also recorded Soviet ships carrying supplies to the Republicans and protected ships delivering German weapons to Nationalist forces.Шаблон:Sfn During the deployment to Spain, Ernst Lindemann served as the ship's first gunnery officer.Шаблон:Sfn After Шаблон:Lang was attacked on 29 May 1937 by Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft off Ibiza, Шаблон:Lang was ordered to bombard the Republican-held port of Almería in reprisal.Шаблон:Sfn On 31 May 1937, the anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, Шаблон:Lang, flying the Imperial War Flag, arrived off Almería at 07:29 and opened fire on shore batteries, naval installations and ships in the harbor. On 26 June 1937, she was relieved by her sister ship Шаблон:Ship, allowing her to return to Wilhelmshaven on 1 July. She returned to the Mediterranean between August and October, however.Шаблон:Sfn In September 1936 KzS Otto Ciliax had replaced Marschall as the ship's commanding officer.Шаблон:Sfn
World War II
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Шаблон:Lang remained at anchor in the Schillig roadstead outside Wilhelmshaven, with the heavy cruiser Шаблон:Ship. On 4 September, two groups of five Bristol Blenheim bombers attacked the ships. The first group surprised the anti-aircraft gunners aboard Шаблон:Lang, who nevertheless managed to shoot down one of the five Blenheims. One bomb struck the ship's deck and failed to explode, and two detonated in the water near the ship. The remaining bombs also failed to explode.Шаблон:Sfn The second group of five Blenheims were confronted by the alerted German defenses, which shot down four of the five bombers. Шаблон:Lang emerged from the attack undamaged.Шаблон:Sfn In November 1939, KzS Theodor Krancke became the ship's commanding officer.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang underwent a refit while her sister ships set out on commerce raiding operations in the Atlantic.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was modified during the early months of 1940, including the installation of a new, raked clipper bow.Шаблон:Sfn The heavy command tower was replaced with a lighter structure, and she was reclassified as a heavy cruiser.Шаблон:Sfn Additional anti-aircraft guns were also installed, along with updated radar equipment.Шаблон:Sfn On 19–20 July RAF bombers attacked Шаблон:Lang and the battleship Шаблон:Ship, though they failed to score any hits.Шаблон:Sfn On 27 July, the ship was pronounced ready for service.Шаблон:Sfn
Atlantic sortie
Шаблон:Lang sailed in October 1940 on her first combat sortie. On the night of 31 October she slipped through the Denmark Strait and broke into the open Atlantic.Шаблон:Sfn Her Шаблон:Lang radio intercept equipment identified the convoy HX 84, sailing from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s Arado seaplane located the convoy on 5 November 1940.Шаблон:Sfn The armed merchant cruiser Шаблон:HMS, the sole escort for the convoy, issued a report of the German raider and attempted to prevent her from attacking the convoy, which was ordered to scatter under cover of a smoke screen.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s first salvo scored hits on Jervis Bay, disabling her wireless equipment and steering gear. Shells from her second salvo struck the bridge and killed her commander, Edward Fegen.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang sank Jervis Bay within 22 minutes, but the engagement delayed the German ship long enough for most of the convoy to escape. Шаблон:Lang sank only five of the convoy's 37 ships, though a sixth was sunk by the Luftwaffe following the convoy's dispersal.Шаблон:Sfn[1]
On 18 December, Шаблон:Lang encountered the refrigerator ship Duquesa, of some Шаблон:Convert displacement. The ship sent off a distress signal, which the German raider deliberately allowed, to draw British naval forces to the area.Шаблон:Sfn Krancke wanted to lure British warships to the area to draw attention away from Шаблон:Lang, which had just exited the Denmark Strait.Шаблон:Sfn The aircraft carriers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS, the cruisers Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS, and Шаблон:HMS, and the armed merchant cruiser Шаблон:HMS converged to hunt down the German raider, but she eluded the British.Шаблон:Sfn
Between 26 December and 7 January, Шаблон:Lang rendezvoused with the supply ships Nordmark and Шаблон:Lang, the auxiliary cruiser Шаблон:Ship, and the prizes Duquesa and Storstad. The raiders transferred some 600 prisoners to Storstad while they refueled from Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Between 18 and 20 January Шаблон:Lang captured three Allied merchant ships totalling Шаблон:GRT,Шаблон:Sfn including the Norwegian oil tanker Шаблон:Lang. She spent Christmas 1940 at sea in the mid-Atlantic, several hundred miles from Tristan da Cunha, before making a foray into the Indian Ocean in February 1941.Шаблон:Sfn
On 14 February, Шаблон:Lang rendezvoused with the auxiliary cruiser Шаблон:Ship and the supply ship Шаблон:MS about Шаблон:Convert east of Madagascar. The raiders resupplied from Шаблон:Lang and exchanged information on Allied merchant traffic in the area, parting company on 17 February. Шаблон:Lang then steamed to the Seychelles north of Madagascar, where she found two merchant vessels with her Arado floatplanes. She took the Шаблон:GRT oil tanker British Advocate as a prize and sank the Шаблон:GRT Greek-flagged Grigorios. A third ship, the Шаблон:GRT Canadian Cruiser, managed to send a distress signal before Шаблон:Lang sank her on 21 February. The raider encountered and sank a fourth ship the following day, the Шаблон:GRT Dutch steamer Rantaupandjang, though she too was able to send a distress signal before she sank.Шаблон:Sfn
The British cruiser Шаблон:HMS, which was patrolling in the area, received both messages from Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s victims. Glasgow launched reconnaissance aircraft that spotted Шаблон:Lang on 22 February. Vice Admiral Ralph Leatham, the commander of the East Indies Station, deployed the carrier Hermes and cruisers Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS, and the Australian Шаблон:HMAS to join the hunt. Krancke turned to the south-east to evade his pursuers, reaching the South Atlantic by 3 March. The British, meanwhile, had abandoned the hunt on 25 February when it became clear that Шаблон:Lang had withdrawn from the area.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang then sailed northwards, breaking through the Denmark Strait on 26–27 March and evading the cruisers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS. She reached Bergen, Norway on 30 March, where she spent a day in the Grimstadfjord. A destroyer escort joined the ship for the voyage to Kiel, which they reached on 1 April.Шаблон:Sfn In the course of her raiding operation, she had steamed over Шаблон:Convert and sunk seventeen merchant ships for a total of Шаблон:GRT.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was by far the most successful German capital ship commerce raider of the entire war.Шаблон:Sfn After returning to Germany, Krancke left the ship and was replaced by KzS Wilhelm Meendsen-Bohlken in June 1941.Шаблон:Sfn The loss of the battleship Шаблон:Ship in May 1941, and more importantly, the Royal Navy's destruction of the German supply ship network in the aftermath of the Шаблон:Lang operation forced a planned Atlantic raiding operation for Шаблон:Lang and her sister Шаблон:Lang at the end of 1941 to be abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn From 4 to 8 September, Шаблон:Lang was briefly moved to Oslo. There, on 5 and 8 September, No. 90 Squadron RAF, equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, mounted a pair of unsuccessful attacks on the ship. On 8 September, the ship left Oslo and returned to Swinemünde.Шаблон:Sfn
Deployment to Norway
On 21 February 1942, Шаблон:Lang, the heavy cruiser Шаблон:Ship, and the destroyers Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship steamed to Norway. After stopping briefly in Grimstadfjord, the ships proceeded on to Trondheim. On 23 February, the British submarine Шаблон:HMS torpedoed Шаблон:Lang, causing serious damage.Шаблон:Sfn The first operation in Norway in which Шаблон:Lang took part was Operation Rösselsprung, in July 1942. On 2 July, the ship sortied as part of the attempt to intercept Arctic convoy PQ-17.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang formed one group while Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang composed another. While en route to the rendezvous point, Шаблон:Lang and three destroyers ran aground, forcing the entire group to abandon the operation. Шаблон:Lang was detached to join Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang in Altafjord.Шаблон:Sfn The British detected the German departure and ordered the convoy to scatter. Aware that surprise had been lost, the Germans broke off the surface attack and turned the destruction of PQ-17 over to the U-boats and Luftwaffe. Twenty-four of the convoy's thirty-five transports were sunk.Шаблон:Sfn
In August 1942, she conducted Operation Wunderland, a sortie into the Kara Sea to interdict Soviet shipping and attack targets of opportunity. The length of the mission and the distances involved precluded a destroyer escort for the operation; three destroyers would escort Шаблон:Lang until they reached Novaya Zemlya, at which point they would return to Norway. Two U-boats — Шаблон:GS and Шаблон:GS — patrolled the Kara Gate and the Yugorsky Strait. The Germans originally intended to send Шаблон:Lang with her sister ship Шаблон:Lang, but since the latter had run aground the previous month, she was unavailable for the operation.Шаблон:Sfn
The operational plan called for strict radio silence to ensure surprise could be maintained. This required Meendsen-Bohlken to have total tactical and operational control of his ship; shore-based commands would be unable to direct the mission.Шаблон:Sfn On 16 August, Шаблон:Lang and her destroyer escort left Narvik on a course to pass to the north of Novaya Zemlya. Upon entering the Kara Sea, she encountered heavy ice; in addition to searching for merchant shipping, the Arado floatplane was used to scout paths through the ice fields.Шаблон:Sfn On 25 August, she encountered the Soviet icebreaker Шаблон:Lang. Шаблон:Lang sank the icebreaker, but not before she sent a distress signal.Шаблон:Sfn The German ship then turned south, and two days later, arrived off the port of Dikson. Шаблон:Lang damaged two ships in the port and shelled harbor facilities. Meendsen-Bohlken considered sending a landing party ashore, but firing from Soviet shore batteries convinced him to abandon the plan. After breaking off the bombardment, Meendsen-Bohlken decided to return to Narvik. She reached port on 30 August without having achieved any significant successes.Шаблон:Sfn
On 23 October Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and the destroyers Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship left Bogen Bay and proceeded to Trondheim. There, Шаблон:Lang stopped for repairs, while Шаблон:Lang and Z28 continued on to Germany.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang Ernst Gruber served as the ship's acting commander at the end of November.Шаблон:Sfn In December 1942, Шаблон:Lang returned to Wilhelmshaven for major overhaul, where she was attacked and slightly damaged by RAF bombers. Consequently, Шаблон:Lang moved to the less exposed port of Swinemünde.Шаблон:Sfn In February 1943, KzS Richard Rothe-Roth took command of the ship.Шаблон:Sfn Until the end of 1944, Шаблон:Lang was part of the Fleet Training Group.Шаблон:Sfn
Return to the Baltic
KzS Ernst-Ludwig Thienemann, the ship's final commander, took command of Шаблон:Lang in April 1944.Шаблон:Sfn On 22 November 1944, Шаблон:Lang, the destroyers Z25 and Шаблон:Ship, and the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla relieved the cruiser Шаблон:Lang and several destroyers supporting German forces fighting the Soviets on the island of Ösel in the Baltic.Шаблон:Sfn The Soviet Air Force launched several air attacks on the German forces, all of which were successfully repelled by heavy anti-aircraft fire.Шаблон:Sfn The ship's Arado floatplane was shot down, however.Шаблон:Sfn On the night of 23–24 November, the German naval forces completed the evacuation of the island. In all, 4,694 troops were evacuated from the island.Шаблон:Sfn
In early February 1945, Шаблон:Lang stood off Samland with several torpedo boats in support of German forces fighting Soviet advances. On 9 February, the ships began shelling Soviet positions. Between 18 and 24 February, German forces launched a local counterattack; Шаблон:Lang and the torpedo boats provided artillery support, targeting Soviet positions near Peyse and Gross-Heydekrug. The German attack temporarily restored the land connection to Königsberg.Шаблон:Sfn The ship's guns were badly worn out by March and in need of repair. On 8 March, Шаблон:Lang departed the eastern Baltic to have her guns relined in Kiel; she carried 800 civilian refugees and 200 wounded soldiers. An uncleared minefield prevented her from reaching Kiel, and so she unloaded her passengers in Swinemünde. Despite her worn-out gun barrels, the ship then shelled Soviet forces outside Kolberg until she used up her remaining ammunition.Шаблон:Sfn
The ship then loaded refugees and left Swinemünde; she successfully navigated the minefields on the way to Kiel, arriving on 18 March. Her stern turret had its guns replaced at the Deutsche Werke shipyard by early April. During the repair process, most of the ship's crew went ashore. On the night of 9 April 1945, a general RAF bombing raid by over 300 aircraft struck the harbor in Kiel.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was hit by bombs and capsized. She was partially broken up for scrap after the end of the war, though part of the hull was left in place and buried with rubble from the attack when the inner harbors were filled in post-war.[2] The number of casualties from her loss is unknown.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
See also
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
Шаблон:Deutschland class cruiser Шаблон:April 1945 shipwrecks Шаблон:Good articleШаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Coord
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ For precise location of wreck, see Шаблон:Cite book
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