Английская Википедия:German cruiser Blücher
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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsШаблон:Lang was the second of five Шаблон:Sclass heavy cruisers of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine (Шаблон:Literal translation), built after the rise of the Nazi Party and the repudiation of the Treaty of Versailles. Named for Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, the Prussian victor of the Battle of Waterloo, the ship was laid down in August 1936 and launched in June 1937. She was completed in September 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II. After completing a series of sea trials and training exercises, the ship was pronounced ready for service with the fleet on 5 April 1940. She was armed with a main battery of eight Шаблон:Convert guns and, although nominally under the Шаблон:Convert limit set by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, actually displaced over Шаблон:Convert.
Immediately upon entering service, Шаблон:Lang was assigned to the task force that supported the invasion of Norway in April 1940. Шаблон:Lang served as the flagship of Шаблон:Lang (Rear Admiral) Oskar Kummetz, the commander of Group 5. The ship led the flotilla of warships into the Oslofjord on the night of 8 April, to seize Oslo, the capital of Norway. Two old Шаблон:Convert coastal guns in the Oscarsborg Fortress engaged the ship at very close range, scoring two hits, as did several smaller guns in other batteries. Two torpedoes fired by a torpedo battery in the fortress struck the ship, causing serious damage. A major fire broke out aboard Шаблон:Lang, which could not be contained. The fire spread to one of her anti-aircraft gun magazines, causing a large explosion, and then spread further to the ship's fuel bunkers. Шаблон:Lang then capsized and sank with major loss of life.
The wreck lies at the bottom of Oslofjord, and in 2016 was designated as a war memorial to protect it from looters. Several artifacts have been raised from the wreck, including one of her Arado 196 floatplanes, which was recovered during an operation to pump out leaking fuel oil from the ship in 1994.
Design
The Шаблон:Sclass of heavy cruisers was ordered in the context of German naval rearmament after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 and repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935, Germany signed the Anglo–German Naval Agreement with Great Britain, which provided a legal basis for German naval rearmament; the treaty specified that Germany would be able to build five Шаблон:Convert "treaty cruisers".Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Langs were nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, though they significantly exceeded the figure.Шаблон:Sfn
As launched, Шаблон:Lang was Шаблон:Convert long overall, had a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a maximum draft of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The ship had a design displacement of Шаблон:Convert and a full load displacement of Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Lang was powered by three sets of Blohm & Voss geared steam turbines that drove three propellers. The turbines were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired boilers. The ship's top speed was Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn As designed, her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s primary armament was eight [[20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun|Шаблон:Convert SK L/60]] guns mounted in four twin gun turrets, placed in superfiring pairs forward and aft.Шаблон:Efn Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve Шаблон:Convert L/65 guns, twelve Шаблон:Convert guns, and eight Шаблон:Convert guns. She had four triple Шаблон:Convert torpedo launchers, all on the main deck next to the four range finders for the anti-aircraft guns.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s armored belt was Шаблон:Convert thick; her upper deck was Шаблон:Convert thick while the main armored deck was Шаблон:Convert thick. The main battery turrets had Шаблон:Convert thick faces and 70 mm thick sides.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang never had more than two seaplanes on board, and en route to Oslo one had to rest on the catapult as one of the hangars was used for storing bombs and torpedoes.Шаблон:Sfn
Service history
Шаблон:Lang was ordered by the Шаблон:Lang from the Шаблон:Lang shipyard in Kiel.Шаблон:Sfn Her keel was laid down on 15 August 1936,Шаблон:Sfn under construction number 246.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was launched on 8 June 1937, and was completed slightly over two years later, on 20 September 1939, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet.Шаблон:Sfn The commanding admiral of the Шаблон:Lang (Baltic Naval Station), Admiral Conrad Albrecht, gave the christening speech. Mrs. Erdmann, widow of Шаблон:Lang (Frigate Captain) Alexander Erdmann, former commander of Шаблон:SMS who had died in the ship's sinking, performed the christening.Шаблон:Sfn As built, the ship had a straight stem, though after her launch this was replaced with a clipper bow increasing the overall length to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn A raked funnel cap was also installed.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang spent most of November 1939 fitting out and finishing additional improvements. By the end of the month, the ship was ready for sea trials; she steamed to Gotenhafen in the Baltic Sea.Шаблон:Sfn The trials lasted until mid-December, after which the ship returned to Kiel for final modifications. In January 1940, she resumed her exercises in the Baltic, but by the middle of the month, severe ice forced the ship to remain in port. On 5 April, she was deemed to be ready for action, and was therefore assigned to the forces participating in the invasion of Norway.Шаблон:Sfn
Operation Weserübung
On 5 April 1940, Шаблон:Lang (Rear Admiral) Oskar Kummetz came aboard the ship while she was in Swinemünde. An 800-strong detachment of ground troops from the 163rd Infantry Division also boarded. Three days later, on 8 April, Шаблон:Lang left port, bound for Norway; she was the flagship for the force that was to seize Oslo, the Norwegian capital, Group 5 of the invasion force.Шаблон:Sfn She was accompanied by the heavy cruiser Шаблон:Lang, the light cruiser Шаблон:Ship, and several smaller escorts. The British submarine Шаблон:HMS spotted the convoy steaming through the Kattegat and Skagerrak, and fired a spread of torpedoes; the Germans evaded the torpedoes, however, and proceeded with the mission.Шаблон:Sfn
Night had fallen by the time the German flotilla reached the approaches to the Oslofjord. Shortly after 23:00 (Norwegian time), the Norwegian patrol boat Шаблон:HNoMS spotted the flotilla. The German torpedo boat Шаблон:Ship attacked Pol III and set her on fire, but not before the Norwegian patrol boat raised the alarm with a radio report of being attacked by unknown warships.Шаблон:Sfn At 23:30 (Norwegian time) the south battery on Rauøy spotted the flotilla in the searchlight and fired two warning shots.Шаблон:Sfn Five minutes later, the guns at the Rauøy battery fired four rounds at the approaching Germans, but visibility was poor and no hits were scored.Шаблон:Sfn The guns at Bolærne fired only one warning shot at 23:32. Before Шаблон:Lang could be targeted again, she was out of the firing sector of these shore guns and not seen by them again after 23:35.Шаблон:Sfn
The German flotilla steamed on at a speed of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Shortly after midnight (Norwegian time), an order from the Commanding Admiral to extinguish all lighthouses and navigation lights was broadcast over the NRK (Шаблон:Lang) [Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation].Шаблон:Sfn The German ships had been ordered to fire only in the event they were directly fired on first.Шаблон:Sfn Between 00:30 and 02:00, the flotilla stopped and 150 infantrymen of the landing force were transferred to the escorts R17 and R21 (from Emden) and R18 and R19 (from Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn
Battle of Drøbak Sound
R boats were ordered to engage Rauøy, Bolærne and the naval port and city of Horten.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the apparent loss of surprise, the Шаблон:Lang proceeded further into the fjord to continue with the timetable to reach Oslo by dawn. At 04:20, Norwegian searchlights again illuminated the ship and at 04:21 the [[28 cm MRK L/35|Шаблон:Convert]] guns of Oscarsborg Fortress opened fire on Шаблон:Lang at very close range, beginning the Battle of Drøbak Sound with two hits on her port side.Шаблон:Sfn The first was high above the bridge, hitting the battle station for the commander of the anti-aircraft guns. The main range finder in the top of the battle mast was knocked out of alignment, but Шаблон:Lang had four more major rangefinders. The second 28 cm shell struck near the aircraft hangar and started a major fire. As the fire spread, it detonated explosives carried for the infantry, hindering firefighting efforts. The explosion set fire to the two Arado seaplanes on board: one on the catapult and the other in one of the hangars. The explosion also probably punched a hole in the armored deck over turbine room 1. Turbine 1 and generator room 3 stopped for lack of steam and only the outboard shafts from turbine room 2/3 were operational.Шаблон:Sfn
The Germans were unable to locate the source of the gunfire. Шаблон:Lang increased speed to Шаблон:Convert in an attempt to get past the Norwegian guns.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Convert guns on Drøbak, some Шаблон:Convert on Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s starboard side, opened fire as well.Шаблон:Sfn At a distance of Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Lang entered the narrows between Kopås and Hovedbatteriet, the main battery, at Kaholmen. The Kopås battery ceased firing at Шаблон:Lang and engaged the next target, Шаблон:Lang, scoring multiple hits.Шаблон:Sfn First engineer Karl Thannemann wrote in his report that the hits from the guns on Drøbak, which were fired on the starboard side, were all between section IV and X in a length of Шаблон:Convert amidships, between B-turret and C-turret. However, all damage was on the port side.Шаблон:Sfn After the first salvo from the 15 cm batteries in Drøbak, the steering from the bridge was disabled. Шаблон:Lang had just passed Drøbakgrunnen (Drøbak shallows) and was in a turn to port. The commander got her back on track by using the side shafts, but she lost speed.Шаблон:Sfn At 04:34 two torpedoes from a concealed and unknown battery at the Oscarsborg fortress scored hits on the ship.Шаблон:Sfn
According to Kummetz's report, the first torpedo hit Boiler Room 2, just under the funnel, and the second hit Turbine Room 2/3 (the turbine room for the side shafts). Boiler 1 had already been destroyed by gunfire. Only one boiler remained, but the steam pipes through Boilers 1 and 2 and Turbine Room 2/3 had been damaged and Turbine 1 had lost power.Шаблон:Sfn By 04:34, the ship had been severely damaged, but had successfully passed through the firing zone; most of the Norwegian guns could no longer bear on her. The 15 cm guns in the Kopås battery were all standing in open positions with a wide sector of firing, and they were still within range. The battery crews asked for orders, but the commander of the fortress, Birger Eriksen, concluded: "The fortress has served its purpose".Шаблон:Sfn
After passing the gun batteries, the crew, including the personnel manning the guns, were tasked with fighting the fire. By that time she had taken on a list of 18 degrees, although this was not initially problematic. The fire eventually reached one of the ship's 10.5 cm ammunition magazines between turbine room 1 and turbine room 2/3, which exploded violently. The blast ruptured several bulkheads in the engine rooms and ignited the ship's fuel stores. The battered ship slowly began to capsize and the order to abandon ship was given.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang rolled over and sank at 07:30, with significant casualties.Шаблон:Sfn Naval historian Erich Gröner states that the number of casualties is unknown,Шаблон:Sfn and Henrik Lunde gives a loss of life figure ranging between 600 and 1,000 soldiers and sailors.Шаблон:Sfn Jürgen Rohwer meanwhile states that 125 seamen and 195 soldiers died in the sinking.Шаблон:Sfn
The loss of Шаблон:Lang and the damage done to Шаблон:Lang caused the German force to withdraw. The ground troops were landed on the eastern side of the fjord; they proceeded inland and captured Oscarborg Fortress by 09:00 on 10 April. They then moved on to attack the capital. Airborne troops captured Fornebu Airport and completed the encirclement of the city, and by 14:00 on 10 April it was in German hands. The delay caused by the temporary withdrawal of Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s task force, however, allowed the Norwegian government and royal family to escape the city.Шаблон:Sfn
Wreck
Шаблон:Lang remains at the bottom of the Drøbak Narrows, at a depth of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The wreck is located south-east of the small Askholmen holms (Шаблон:Lang-no). The ship's screws were removed in 1953, and there have been several proposals to raise the wreck since 1963, but none have been carried out.Шаблон:Sfn When Шаблон:Lang left Germany, she had about Шаблон:Convert of oil on board. She expended some of the fuel en route to Norway, and some was lost in the sinking, but she was constantly leaking oil. In 1991 the leakage rate increased to Шаблон:Convert per day, threatening the environment. The Norwegian government therefore decided to remove as much oil as possible from the wreck. In October 1994 the company Rockwater AS, together with deep sea divers, drilled holes in 133 fuel tanks and removed Шаблон:Convert of oil; 47 fuel bunkers were unreachable and may still contain oil. After being run through a cleaning process, the oil was sold. The oil extraction operation provided an opportunity to recover one of Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s two Arado 196 aircraft. The plane was raised on 9 November 1994 and is currently at the Шаблон:Lang aviation museum near Stavanger.Шаблон:Sfn By 2023 some 1600 tonnes of oil had been removed, with 20–30 tonnes remaining, sometimes leaking visible amounts to the surface.[1]
The shipwreck was protected as a war memorial on 16 June 2016, but also protected by law by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage as a war grave. The intention was to protect the ship from looters.Шаблон:Sfn
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
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Further reading
Шаблон:Admiral Hipper class cruiser Шаблон:April 1940 shipwrecks Шаблон:Authority control
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- Maritime incidents in April 1940
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- Shipwrecks of Norway
- Naval magazine explosions
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