Английская Википедия:German cruiser Lützow (1939)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other ships Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Lang was a heavy cruiser of Nazi Germany's Шаблон:Lang, the fifth and final member of the Шаблон:Sclass, but was never completed. The ship was laid down in August 1937 and launched in July 1939, after which the Soviet Union requested to purchase the ship. The Шаблон:Lang agreed to the sale in February 1940, and the transfer was completed on 15 April. The vessel was still incomplete when sold to the Soviet Union, with only half of her main battery of eight Шаблон:Convert guns installed and much of the superstructure missing.
Renamed Шаблон:Lang in September 1940, work on the ship was delayed by poor German-Soviet co-operation in crew training and provision of technical literature to enable completion of the ship, which was being carried out in the Leningrad shipyards. Still unfinished when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the ship briefly took part in the defense of Leningrad by providing artillery support to the Soviet defenders. She was heavily damaged by German artillery in September 1941, sunk in April 1942, and raised in September 1942. After repairs were effected, the ship was renamed Шаблон:Lang and used in the Soviet counter-offensive that relieved Leningrad in 1944. After the end of the war, the ship was used as a stationary training platform and as a floating barracks before being broken up for scrap sometime between 1953 and 1961.
Design
The Шаблон:Sclass of heavy cruisers was ordered in the context of German naval rearmament after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 and repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935, Germany signed the Anglo–German Naval Agreement with Great Britain, which provided a legal basis for German naval rearmament; the treaty specified that Germany would be able to build five Шаблон:Convert "treaty cruisers".Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Langs were nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, though they significantly exceeded the figure.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang was Шаблон:Convert long overall and had a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a maximum draft of Шаблон:Convert. The ship had a design displacement of Шаблон:Convert and a full load displacement of Шаблон:Convert. Шаблон:Lang was powered by three sets of geared steam turbines, which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired boilers. The ship's top speed was Шаблон:Convert, at Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn As designed, her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s primary armament was eight [[20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun|Шаблон:Convert SK L/60]] guns mounted in four twin gun turrets, placed in superfiring pairs forward and aft.Шаблон:Efn Her anti-aircraft battery was to have consisted of twelve Шаблон:Convert L/65 guns, twelve Шаблон:Convert guns, and eight Шаблон:Convert guns. The ship also would have carried a pair of triple Шаблон:Convert torpedo launchers abreast of the rear superstructure. The ship was to have been equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s armored belt was Шаблон:Convert thick; her upper deck was Шаблон:Convert thick while the main armored deck was Шаблон:Convert thick. The main battery turrets had Шаблон:Convert thick faces and 70 mm thick sides.Шаблон:Sfn
Service history
Шаблон:Lang was ordered by the Шаблон:Lang from the Шаблон:Lang shipyard in Bremen.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was originally designed as a light cruiser version of the Шаблон:Lang-class heavy cruisers, armed with twelve Шаблон:Convert guns instead of the Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s eight 20.3 cm guns. The Шаблон:Lang decided, however, to complete the ship identically to Шаблон:Lang on 14 November 1936.Шаблон:Sfn Her keel was laid on 2 August 1937,Шаблон:Sfn under construction number 941.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was launched on 1 July 1939, but was not completed.Шаблон:Sfn
In October 1939, the Soviet Union approached Germany with a request to purchase the then unfinished Шаблон:Lang-class cruisers Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship, along with plans for German capital ships, naval artillery, and other naval technology. The Шаблон:Lang denied the request for Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, but agreed to sell Шаблон:Lang, as well as Шаблон:Convert gun turrets and other weaponry.Шаблон:Sfn The price for the heavy cruiser was set at 150 million Reichsmarks,Шаблон:Sfn nearly double the original cost of the vessel, which was 83,590,000 Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Complete technical specifications, the results of engine trials, and spare parts were included in the sale. Eighty percent of the material was to be provided within twelve months of the transfer, with the remainder to be provided within fifteen months.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was renamed "L", her original contract name, for the transfer to the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn
In February 1940, when the agreement was concluded, Шаблон:Lang was fitting-out in Bremen. Her main battery guns had been transferred to the German army and placed on railway mountings; they had to be dismantled and returned to Bremen. The ship was then towed to Leningrad on 15 April by a private German towing company.Шаблон:Sfn The two navies agreed that Germany would be responsible for naval escort, which included destroyers and smaller vessels. Rear Admiral Otto Feige was placed in command of the operation.Шаблон:Sfn Feige then led an advisory commission assigned to assist the Soviet effort to complete the ship.Шаблон:Sfn
Soviet service
At the time the ship arrived in Leningrad, only the two forward gun turrets had been installed and the bridge superstructure was incomplete. The only secondary guns installed were the 3.7 cm anti-aircraft guns.Шаблон:Sfn The Soviet Navy renamed the ship Шаблон:Lang on 25 September 1940,Шаблон:Sfn and designated the construction effort to complete the ship Project 83. The vessel inspired the specifications for a planned heavy cruiser design, designated Project 82, although work was put on hold by the German invasion in 1941, before being restarted in 1943 to a much larger design.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Training for the Soviet crew of the ship proved to be contentious; the Soviets wanted their personnel trained in Germany, while the Germans preferred sending instructors to the Soviet Union. Language barriers and inexperience with international training missions also hampered the training effort.Шаблон:Sfn
Sea trials for Шаблон:Lang were scheduled to begin some time in late 1941, and according to the training program, the Soviet crew would not begin training until a month before the trials.Шаблон:Sfn It was decided that Soviet officers would train at German naval schools in the fall of 1941, and that five officers would train aboard Шаблон:Lang when the ship was commissioned for trials. German instructors would also be sent to Leningrad to train engine-room personnel. At the time of the commissioning of Шаблон:Lang, the relevant German training and technical manuals would be sent to the Soviet Navy, albeit in German only.Шаблон:Sfn
By the time Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Шаблон:Lang was still only 70% complete.Шаблон:Sfn She was nevertheless used as a floating battery in the defense of Leningrad in August of that year. Several other ships, including the cruiser Шаблон:Ship, joined Шаблон:Lang in shelling the advancing Germans.Шаблон:Sfn On 7 September, the ship fired on German forces encircling the city; she fired forty salvos from her forward main battery turrets—the only two operational—expending some 700 rounds of ammunition during the attack.Шаблон:Sfn On 17 September 1941, the ship was disabled by German heavy artillery;Шаблон:Sfn after being hit 53 times, the ship was forced to beach herself to avoid sinking.Шаблон:Sfn
On 4 April 1942, aircraft from Шаблон:Lang launched a major attack on the Soviet naval forces in Leningrad: 62 Ju 87s, 33 Ju 88s, and 37 He 111s struck the ships in the harbor. Шаблон:Lang was hit once (credited by Hans-Ulrich Rudel), suffering serious damage,Шаблон:Sfn and sunk. The Soviet Navy raised the ship on 17 September 1942 and towed her to the Neva where she was repaired.Шаблон:Sfn Renamed Шаблон:Lang in 1943, the ship returned to service to support the Soviet counter-offensive to relieve the Siege of Leningrad in 1944. An inspection at the end of the war found that most machinery and equipment had been damaged beyond repair. Despite a proposal to complete her using parts of the captured Шаблон:Ship and with Soviet weaponry, the ship was ultimately never completed, and was used as a stationary training ship after the end of the war.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was later used as a floating barracks in the Neva, and renamed Шаблон:Lang in 1953. The date of her disposal is uncertain; Erich Gröner reports the ship survived until being broken up for scrap in 1960.Шаблон:Sfn Przemysław Budzbon initially stated in Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships that the vessel was scrapped in 1958–1959, but later in Warships of the Soviet Fleets that she was scrapped in 1959-1961.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Tobias Philbin reports that the ship was broken up in 1953.Шаблон:Sfn
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
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Further reading
Шаблон:Admiral Hipper class cruiser Шаблон:Nazi–Soviet relations Шаблон:September 1941 shipwrecks Шаблон:WWII Soviet ships Шаблон:Good article
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- Admiral Hipper-class cruisers
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- World War II cruisers of the Soviet Union
- Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941)
- Proposed ships of Germany
- Maritime incidents in September 1941
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- Ships sunk by German aircraft
- Germany–Soviet Union military relations
- Siege of Leningrad
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