Английская Википедия:German destroyer Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp

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Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp was one of six Type 1936 destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) in the late 1930s. Completed a few months before the start of World War II in September 1939, the ship served as a flagship throughout her career. She briefly patrolled the Skagerrak where she inspected neutral shipping for contraband goods. Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp later helped to lay four offensive minefields off the English coast that claimed two British destroyers, 2 fishing trawlers, and twenty-seven merchant ships. During the German invasion of Norway in April 1940, she sank a Norwegian coastal defense ship off Narvik and was crippled with the opening shots of the First Naval Battle of Narvik on 10 April, with the loss of 81 crewmen. The ship sank the following day.

Design and description

Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp had an overall length of Шаблон:Convert and was Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline. The ship had a beam of Шаблон:Convert, and a maximum draft of Шаблон:Convert. She displaced Шаблон:Convert at standard load and Шаблон:Convert at deep load. The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft, were designed to produce Шаблон:Convert using steam provided by six Wagner boilers for a designed speed of Шаблон:Convert.[1] During Z21 Wilhelm HeidkampШаблон:'s sea trials, she reached Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Convert, but a full-speed test was never conducted.[2] The ship carried a maximum of Шаблон:Convert of fuel oil which gave a range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert. Her crew consisted of 10 officers and 313 sailors.[1]

The ship carried five [[12.7 cm SK C/34 naval gun|Шаблон:Convert SK C/34 guns]] in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on top of the rear deckhouse. The guns were numbered from 1 to 5 from front to rear. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four [[3.7 cm SK C/30|Шаблон:Convert SK C/30]] guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six [[2 cm FlaK 30/38/Flakvierling|Шаблон:Convert C/30]] guns in single mounts. The ship carried eight above-water Шаблон:Convert torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts.[1] Two reloads were provided for each mount. She had four depth charge launchers and mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines.[3] 'GHG' (Gruppenhorchgerät) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines and an active sonar system was installed by the end of 1939.[4]

Construction and career

Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp was named after Machinist's mate (Obermaschinist) Wilhelm Heidkamp. He was in charge of the pumps on the battlecruiser Шаблон:SMS during the Battle of Dogger Bank on 24 January 1915. After a British shell started a large fire in the ship's aft gun turrets, he was badly burned when he turned the valves to flood the aft magazines, thus saving the ship.[2]

The ship was ordered from AG Weser (Deschimag) on 6 January 1936. She was laid down at Deschimag's Bremen shipyard as yard number W923 on 14 December 1937, launched on 20 August 1938, and commissioned on 20 June 1939. After working up, Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp became the flagship of the Commander of Torpedo Boats (Führer der Torpedoboote) Rear Admiral (Konteradmiral) Günther Lütjens and patrolled the Skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods in late September.[5]

On the night of 17/18 October, the ship led Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Z20 Karl Galster as they laid a minefield off the mouth of the River Humber. The British were unaware of the minefield's existence and lost seven ships totaling Шаблон:GRT. On the night of 12/13 November Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp, now the flagship of the Commander of Destroyers (Führer der Zerstörer), Captain (Kapitän zur See) Friedrich Bonte, escorted Z18 Hans Lüdemann, Z19 Hermann Künne, and Z20 Karl Galster as they laid 288 magnetic mines in the Thames Estuary. Once again unaware of the minefield's existence, the British lost the destroyer Шаблон:HMS and thirteen merchant ships displacing 48,728 GRT. Less than a week later, Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp, Z19 Hermann Künne, and Шаблон:Ship laid 180 magnetic mines in the Thames Estuary on the night of 17/18 November. The mines sank the destroyer Шаблон:HMS, a fishing trawler, and seven ships of 27,565 GRT.[6]

After a refit in Stettin between 27 November and 24 December, Bonte and Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp led a minelaying sortie to the Newcastle area together with Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt, Z20 Karl Galster, and Шаблон:Ship on the night of 10/11 January 1940. The destroyers Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship were also supposed to participate, but the former had problems with her boilers that reduced her maximum speed to Шаблон:Convert and she had to be escorted back to Germany by the latter ship. The minefield only claimed one fishing trawler of 251 GRT.[7]

In retaliation for the Altmark Incident where the Royal Navy seized captured British sailors from the German tanker Altmark in neutral Norwegian waters on 16 February, the Kriegsmarine organized Operation Nordmark to search for Allied merchant ships in the North Sea as far north as the Shetland Islands. Z20 Karl Galster and Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp escorted the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau as well as the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper during the sortie between 18 February and 20 February. Шаблон:Sfn

Norwegian Campaign

Шаблон:See also

Файл:UK-NWE-Norway-2.jpg
A map of the Ofotfjord

Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp was the flagship for Group 1, commanded by Commodore (Kommodore) Bonte, for the Norwegian portion of Operation Weserübung in April 1940. The group's task was to transport the 139th Mountain Infantry Regiment (139. Gebirgsjäger Regiment) and the headquarters of the 3rd Mountain Division (3. Gebirgs-Division) to seize Narvik. The ships began loading troops on 6 April and set sail the next day.[8] On 9 April, Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp sank the old coastal defense ship Шаблон:HNoMS with torpedoes after an attempt to get her captain to surrender failed. Afterwards, she landed her troops in Narvik without resistance and then refuelled from the whale factory ship Шаблон:SS. Bonte intended for his flagship to patrol the fjord during the night, but Brigadier General (Generalmajor) Eduard Dietl, commander of the 3rd Mountain Division, requested that Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp remain in harbor to ease coordination between the Army (Heer) and the Kriegsmarine and to facilitate communications with his commanders.[9]

Shortly after dawn on 10 April, the ship was moored aft of Jan Wellem, in Narvik harbor, when the five destroyers of the British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, Hardy, Havock, Hunter, Hotspur, and Hero appeared. Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp was struck in the stern by a torpedo from HardyШаблон:'s first salvo that detonated the ship's aft magazine. The explosion threw her aft guns into the air and killed 81 men, including Bonte. Although Z21 Wilhelm HeidkampШаблон:'s stern was below water, her captain, Lieutenant Commander (Korvettenkapitän) Hans Erdmenger, managed to moor her to a nearby Swedish freighter. She capsized the following day, but not before her torpedoes were transferred to the surviving destroyers. Her survivors joined the other survivors ashore in an ad-hoc naval infantry unit.[10]

Notes

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References

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Gröner, p. 202
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Koop & Schmolke, p. 101
  3. ↑ Whitley, p. 68
  4. ↑ Whitley, pp. 71–72
  5. ↑ Koop & Schmolke, pp. 24, 101; Rohwer, p. 5; Whitley, p. 85
  6. ↑ Hervieux, p. 112; Koop & Schmolke, pp. 101–02; Whitley, pp. 86–89
  7. ↑ Hervieux, p. 113; Koop & Schmolke, p. 102; Whitley, p. 92
  8. ↑ Whitley, p. 96
  9. ↑ Haarr, pp. 324–26; 328–29, 334
  10. ↑ Haar, pp. 339–40, 349. 354, 357; Koop & Schmolke, p. 102
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