Английская Википедия:German nouns
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:German grammar The nouns of the German language have several properties, some unique. As in many related Indo-European languages, German nouns possess a grammatical gender; the three genders are masculine, feminine, and neuter. Words for objects without obvious masculine or feminine characteristics like 'bridge' or 'rock' can be masculine or feminine. German nouns are declined (change form) depending on their grammatical case (their function in a sentence) and whether they are singular or plural. German has four cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive.
German is unusual among languages using the Latin alphabet in that all nouns are capitalized (for example, "the book" is always written as "das Buch"). Other High German languages, such as Luxembourgish, also capitalize both proper and common nouns. Only a handful of other languages capitalize their nouns, mainly regional languages with orthographic conventions inspired by German, such as Low German and Saterland Frisian. Under the influence of German, the Scandinavian languages formerly capitalized their nouns; Danish retained the habit until 1948.
Noun compounds are written together with no spacing (for example, the German word for "spy satellite" is "Spionagesatellit"). Plurals are normally formed by adding -e, -en, -er (or nothing) to the noun, and sometimes a vowel is also changed (the so-called umlaut). Moreover, recent loanwords from French and English often keep the -s plural ending.
Declension for case
N-noun:
A masculine or neuter noun with genitive singular and nominative plural ending in -(e)n is called an n-noun or weak noun (German: Шаблон:Lang). Sometimes these terms are extended to feminine nouns with genitive singular and nominative plural -en.
For the four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive, the main forms of declension are:
For singular nouns
I: Feminine nouns usually have the same form in all four cases.
a) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang
Exceptions are:
- Old declensions like Шаблон:Lang with genitive and dative singular Шаблон:Lang (in older usage)
- Words derived from Latin with nominative singular in -a and genitive singular Шаблон:Lang (in older usage)
- Proper nouns derived from Latin: Шаблон:Lang (“Mary” in English) with genitive singular Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.
- Proper nouns which have two genitive forms like Шаблон:Lang (“Brunhild's spear”) and Шаблон:Lang (“the spear of Brunhild”).
- The words Шаблон:Lang which have forms like Шаблон:Lang, but also Шаблон:Lang.
II: Personal names, all neuter and most masculine nouns have genitive case -(e)s endings: normally -es if one syllable long, -s if more. Traditionally the nouns in this group also add -e in the dative case, but this is now often ignored.
a) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang
b) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang.
III: Masculine and neuter n-nouns take -(e)n for genitive, dative and accusative: this is used for masculine nouns ending with -e denoting people and animals, masculine nouns ending with Шаблон:Lang (mostly denoting people), and a few others (mostly animate nouns).
a) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang
b) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang.
IV: A few masculine nouns take -(e)n for accusative and dative, and -(e)ns for genitive.
a) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang
b) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang.
For plural nouns
I: In the dative case, all nouns which do not already have an -n or -s ending add -n.
a) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang
b) nom. Шаблон:Lang, acc. Шаблон:Lang, dat. Шаблон:Lang, gen. Шаблон:Lang
General rules of declension
- Given the nominative singular, genitive singular, and nominative plural of a noun, it is possible to determine its declension.
- Note that for most feminine nouns, all singular forms are identical. This means that since n-nouns in general have all plural forms identical, all feminine n-nouns are effectively indeclinable.
- The dative plural of all nouns ends in -n if such an ending does not already exist, except that of nouns that form the plural with -s, which are usually loan words.
- Most nouns do not take declensions in the accusative or singular dative cases. A class of masculine nouns, called "weak nouns," takes the ending -n or -en in all cases except the nominative.
Dative forms with the ending -e, known in German as the Шаблон:Lang are mostly restricted to formal usage, but widely limited to poetic style. Such forms are not commonly found in modern prose texts, except in fixed expressions (such as Шаблон:Lang: "to be able") and for certain words (e.g. Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang) which are, however, quite numerous; in these cases, omitting the -e would be similarly unusual. This ending is also still used semi-productively in poetry and music, mostly for the purposes of meter and rhyme.
Nevertheless, in the genitive, the ending -es is used …
- necessarily if the word ends with a sibilant (Шаблон:Lang)
- usually by monosyllabic words Шаблон:Lang
- commonly if it ends on the letter d
Only words of more syllables usually add a simple -s Шаблон:Lang
In colloquial usage, moreover, singular inflection of weak masculine nouns may be limited to those ending in -e Шаблон:Lang Other nouns of this class are sometimes not inflected. Thus one might occasionally hear Шаблон:Lang instead of the more formal Шаблон:Lang.
Declension classes
| Number | Singular | Plural | Example | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class / Case | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
| Article (M, N, F) |
der, das, die |
den, das, die |
dem, dem, der |
des, des, der |
die | die | den | der | |
| -(e)s, -e | Berg | Berg | Berg(e) | Berg(e)s | Berge | Berge | Bergen | Berge | der Berg, des Berg(e)s, die Berge |
| -(e)s, -er | Bild | Bild | Bild(e) | Bild(e)s | Bilder | Bilder | Bildern | Bilder | das Bild, des Bild(e)s, die Bilder |
| -(e)s, -en | Staat | Staat | Staat(e) | Staat(e)s | Staaten | Staaten | Staaten | Staaten | der Staat, des Staat(e)s, die Staaten |
| -s, - | Fahrer | Fahrer | Fahrer | Fahrers | Fahrer | Fahrer | Fahrern | Fahrer | der Fahrer, des Fahrers, die Fahrer |
| -s, -e | Lehrling | Lehrling | Lehrling | Lehrlings | Lehrlinge | Lehrlinge | Lehrlingen | Lehrlinge | der Lehrling, des Lehrlings, die Lehrlinge |
| -s, -s | Radio | Radio | Radio | Radios | Radios | Radios | Radios | Radios | das Radio, des Radios, die Radios |
| -en, -en | Student | Studenten | Studenten | Studenten | Studenten | Studenten | Studenten | Studenten | der Student, des Studenten, die Studenten |
| -, -̈ | Mutter | Mutter | Mutter | Mutter | Mütter | Mütter | Müttern | Mütter | die Mutter, der Mutter, die Mütter |
| -, -en | Meinung | Meinung | Meinung | Meinung | Meinungen | Meinungen | Meinungen | Meinungen | die Meinung, der Meinung, die Meinungen |
| -, -̈e | Kraft | Kraft | Kraft | Kraft | Kräfte | Kräfte | Kräften | Kräfte | die Kraft, der Kraft, die Kräfte |
| -, -s | Kamera | Kamera | Kamera | Kamera | Kameras | Kameras | Kameras | Kameras | die Kamera, der Kamera, die Kameras |
| -ns, -n | Name | Namen | Namen | Namens | Namen | Namen | Namen | Namen | der Name, des Namens, die Namen |
Irregular declensions
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der Herr | die Herren |
| Accusative | den Herrn | die Herren |
| Dative | dem Herrn | den Herren |
| Genitive | des Herrn | der Herren |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | das Herz | die Herzen |
| Accusative | das Herz | die Herzen |
| Dative | dem Herzen* | den Herzen |
| Genitive | des Herzens | der Herzen |
- * vernacularly: dem Herz
Many foreign nouns have irregular plurals, for example:
| Nominative singular | Genitive singular | Nominative plural | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -s, -en | das Thema | des Themas | die Themen | the theme |
| -s, PL | die Themata | |||
| -, -en | der Amerikanismus | des Amerikanismus | die Amerikanismen | the Americanism |
| -, PL | der Modus | des Modus | die Modi | the mode or mood |
Orthography
All German nouns are capitalized.[1] German is the only major language to capitalize its nouns. This was also done in the Danish language until 1948 and sometimes in (New) Latin, while Early Modern English showed tendencies towards noun capitalization.Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Efn
Capitalization is not restricted to nouns. Other words are often capitalized when they are nominalized (for instance Шаблон:Lang ‘the German language’, a nominalized adjective).
Compounds
As in other Germanic languages, German nouns can be compound in effectively unlimited numbers, as in Шаблон:Lang ('Cattle Marking and Beef Labelling Supervision Duties Delegation Law', the name of an actual law passed in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in 1999), or Шаблон:Lang ('Danube Steamboat Shipping Company', 1829).
Unlike English compounds, German compound nouns are usually written together as a single word: 'spy satellite' is thus Шаблон:Lang and 'mad cow disease' Шаблон:Lang. Compound nouns take the gender of the last component noun (the head). In special cases, German compounds are hyphenated, as in US-Botschaft ‚US embassy‘, or 100-prozentig ‚with a 100 percent‘.
In addition, there is the grammatical feature of the Шаблон:Lang: certain compounds introduce an "s" between the noun stems, historically marking the genitive case of the first noun (cf. iḍāfah), but it occurs frequently after nouns which do not take an "s" in their genitive cases.
In many instances, the compound is acceptable both with and without the "s", but there are many cases where the "s" is mandatory and this cannot be deduced from grammatical rules, e.g. Шаблон:Lang = "wedding dress", Шаблон:Lang = "love song", Шаблон:Lang = "time of departure", Шаблон:Lang = "employment agency".
Occurrence of the Шаблон:Lang seems to be correlated to certain suffixes (of the first stem); compounds with words in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and nominalized infinitives in Шаблон:Lang mostly do take the "s", while feminine words not ending in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang mostly do not, but there are exceptions. Use of the "s" is mostly optional in compounds in which the second element is a participle.[2]
To reduce length or to highlight distinctions, a first or final part of a compound is sometimes mentioned only once but applies to more than one compound noun. For example:
- Шаблон:Lang ("picture galleries and [picture] exhibitions")
- Шаблон:Lang ("near the main railway [station] and bus station")
Issues with number
As in English, some nouns (e.g. mass nouns) only have a singular form (singularia tantum); other nouns only have a plural form (pluralia tantum):
- Das All, der Durst, der Sand ("the Universe", "thirst", "sand")
- Die Kosten, die Ferien ("costs", "the holidays")
Traps abound in both directions here: common mass nouns in English are not mass nouns in German, and vice versa:
- information – Informationen, die Information ("the piece of information"), die Informationen ("the pieces of information")
- the police are (pl.) = die Polizei ist (sg.)
Again as in English, some words change their meaning when changing their number:
- Geld ("money") – Gelder ("different sources of money")
- Wein ("wine") – die Weine ("different types of wine")
A few words have two different plurals with distinct meanings. For example:
- Wort ("word") – Wörter (isolated words, as in "five words") - Worte (connected, meaningful words, as in "his last words")
- Bau – Bauten ("buildings") – Baue ("burrows")
Some words share the singular and can only be distinguished by their gender and sometimes their plural (compare “bases” in English, which can be the plural of two distinct words, “base” and “basis”):
- Gehalt – das Gehalt, die Gehälter ("salary") – der Gehalt, die Gehalte ("content")
- Band – das Band, die Bänder ("ribbon") – der Band, die Bände ("volume (of a book)")
- Teil – das Teil, die Teile (physical "piece" e.g. from a machine) – der Teil, die Teile (conceptual "part" e.g. from a speech)
- See – der See, die Seen ("lake") – die See ("sea", no plural form) – die See, die Seen (nautical term for "(large) wave")
- Kiefer – der Kiefer, die Kiefer ("jawbone") – die Kiefer, die Kiefern ("pine tree")
See also
Notes
References
External links
- German Nouns and Gender – German grammar lesson covering nouns and gender
de:Deutsche Deklination#Substantive
