Английская Википедия:German submarine U-480
Шаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsШаблон:Infobox service record
German submarine U-480 was an experimental Kriegsmarine Type VIIC U-boat of World War II.
Considered by many to be the first stealth submarine, it was equipped with a special rubber skin of anechoic tiles (codenamed Alberich, after the German mythological character who had the ability to become invisible), that made it difficult to detect with the Allies' ASDIC (sonar). She was one of about six Type VIIs so equipped.[1]
The U-boat was laid down in the Deutsche Werke in Kiel as yard number 311 on 8 December 1942, launched on 14 August 1943 and commissioned on 6 October 1943 under Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Joachim Förster. U-480 carried out three war patrols, all under Förster's command. Because of its coating, the boat was sent to the heavily defended English Channel.
Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-480 had a displacement of Шаблон:Convert when at the surface and Шаблон:Convert while submerged.Шаблон:Sfn She had a total length of Шаблон:Convert, a pressure hull length of Шаблон:Convert, a beam of Шаблон:Convert, a height of Шаблон:Convert, and a draught of Шаблон:Convert. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of Шаблон:Convert for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of Шаблон:Convert for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two Шаблон:Convert propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of Шаблон:Convert and a maximum submerged speed of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn When submerged, the boat could operate for Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert; when surfaced, she could travel Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert. U-480 was fitted with five Шаблон:Convert torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one [[8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun|Шаблон:Convert SK C/35 naval gun]], (220 rounds), one [[3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43|Шаблон:Convert Flak M42]] and two twin [[2 cm FlaK 30|Шаблон:Convert C/30]] anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.Шаблон:Sfn
Anechoic coating
Rubber foil containing air holes can be used to reduce the sound waves reflected under water by structures when foil thickness is small by comparison with the sound wavelength in water, providing a low reflectivity over a narrow frequency range.[2][3][4]
The leading German acoustician Erik Meyer and his team developed a 4-millimetre (0.16 in) thick tile consisting of two 2-millimetre thick foils of synthetic rubber.[5][6][7][8] The anechoic tile reduced echoes by 15% in the 10 to 18 kHz range.[9][10] This frequency range matched the operating range of the early ASDIC active sonar used by the Allies. The ASDIC types 123, 123A, 144 and 145 all operated in the 14 to 22 kHz range.[11][12] However, this degradation in echo reflection was not uniform at all diving depths due to the voids being compressed by the water pressure.[13] An additional benefit of the coating was it acted as a sound dampener, containing the U-boat's own engine noises.[9][14]
The rubber contained a series of holes, which helped break up sound waves. There were problems with this technology: the material performed differently at different depths, due to the holes being compressed by water pressure, and securing the tiles to the submarine's hull required a special adhesive and careful application.[15]
The first tests were conducted in 1940, but it was not used operationally until 1944, with U-480. According to the Naked Science television episode "Stealth Submarine", U-480 had a perforated inner rubber layer covered by a smooth outer one. This formed air pockets with the right separation and size to muffle sonar waves.
Other U-boats with the anechoic tiles coating include: Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS and Шаблон:GS.[16][17][18][19]
With the exception of U-480 and U-486, none of the other German submarines of this type with this equipment was lost in combat.
Service history
On its first patrol, the boat was attacked by a Canadian PBY Catalina flying boat of 162 Squadron RCAF, piloted by Laurance Sherman.[20] The aircraft was shot down.[20]
On the second patrol, Förster departed from Brest in occupied France on 3 August 1944, and sank two warships and two merchantmen:[21]
For his success, Förster was awarded the Knight's Cross on 18 October 1944.[22]
Fate
U-480 left Trondheim, Norway, on 6 January 1945 for its third and last patrol. It did not return. In 1997, the wreck of a Type VIIC U-boat was discovered by accident by divers at Шаблон:Coord, Шаблон:Convert southwest of the Isle of Wight.[23] The following year, it was identified as U-480 by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney.[24] Subsequent research by the Naval Historical Branch established that it had fallen victim to the secret minefield 'Brazier D2' sometime between 29 January and 20 February.[25] A mine had damaged the stern of U-480, sending it to the bottom Шаблон:Convert down.[26] The entire crew of 48 was lost. Helmsman Horst Rösner only survived because he had been left behind in Norway for training.
Summary of raiding history
| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage[Note 1] | Notes[27] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 August 1944 | Шаблон:HMCS | Шаблон:Navy | 925 | Шаблон:Sclass2 |
| 22 August 1944 | Шаблон:HMS | Шаблон:Navy | 850 | Шаблон:Sclass |
| 23 August 1944 | Fort Yale | Шаблон:Flag | 7,134 | Sailing in convoy ETC-72 |
| 25 August 1944 | Orminster | Шаблон:Flag | 5,712 |
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
- Шаблон:Cite web
- "Stealth Submarine", part of a National Geographic Channel documentary television episode on U-480
- Шаблон:Cite AV media
- Шаблон:YouTube
Шаблон:German Type VII submarines Шаблон:January 1945 shipwrecks
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Wynn, Kenneth G. U-Boat Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U1-U510. Naval Institute Press (1998). Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Rössler, Eberhard. Die Sonaranlagen der deutschen Unterseeboote: Entwicklung, Erprobung, Einsatz und Wirkung akustischer Ortungs- und Täuschungseinrichtungen der deutschen Unterseeboote. Bernard & Graefe. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокuboatnetне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. Шаблон:ISBN. p. 313
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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