Английская Википедия:German submarine U-85 (1941)

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsШаблон:Infobox service recordШаблон:Infobox NRHP

German submarine U-85 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was laid down at the Flender Werke in Lübeck on 18 December 1939 as yard number 281. Launched on 10 April 1941, she was commissioned on 7 June and assigned to the 3rd U-boat Flotilla under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Eberhard Greger.

U-85 conducted four war patrols with the flotilla, and sank three ships, totalling Шаблон:GRT. She was sunk in April 1942 by the US destroyer Roper.

Design

German Type VIIB submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIA submarines. U-85 had a displacement of Шаблон:Convert when at the surface and Шаблон:Convert while submerged.Шаблон:Sfn She had a total length of Шаблон:Convert, a pressure hull length of Шаблон:Convert, a beam of Шаблон:Convert, a height of Шаблон:Convert, and a draught of Шаблон:Convert. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of Шаблон:Convert for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of Шаблон:Convert for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two Шаблон:Convert propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of Шаблон:Convert and a maximum submerged speed of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn When submerged, the boat could operate for Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert; when surfaced, she could travel Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert. U-85 was fitted with five Шаблон:Convert torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one [[8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun|Шаблон:Convert SK C/35 naval gun]], 220 rounds, and one [[2 cm Flak 30|Шаблон:Convert]] anti-aircraft gun The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.Шаблон:Sfn

Service history

First patrol

U-85 departed Trondheim in Norway on 28 August 1941 for her first patrol. She sank the Thistleglen on 10 September northeast of Cape Farewell (Greenland).

She docked at St. Nazaire on the French Atlantic coast on 18 September.

Second patrol

U-85Шаблон:'s second patrol started and finished in Lorient, but was unremarkable.

Third patrol

On her third foray, she sank the Шаблон:SS southeast of St. Johns, Newfoundland, after a seven-hour chase, on 9 February 1942. Nine crew members were lost.

Fourth patrol and loss

Having left St. Nazaire on 21 March 1942, U-85 sank the Norwegian freighter Christen Knudsen off the coast of New Jersey on 10 April.

Wolfpacks

U-85 took part in four wolfpacks, namely:

• Markgraf (1 – 11 September 1941)
• Schlagetot (20 October – 1 November 1941)
• Raubritter (1 – 17 November 1941)
• Störtebecker (17 – 22 November 1941)

Sinking

U-85 was operating within visual distance of Bodie Island Light at midnight on 13 April 1942 when the US destroyer Шаблон:USS detected the submarine on British Type 286 radar at a range of Шаблон:Convert. The boat attempted to run south on the surface and fired its stern torpedo at Roper when the range closed to Шаблон:Convert. Roper evaded the torpedo and U-85 turned sharply to starboard when the range closed to Шаблон:Convert. Roper illuminated the U-boat with its searchlight and observed men on deck near the gun whose firing arc had just been cleared by the course change. Roper raked U-85 with machine gun fire and scored a hit with a 3"/50 caliber gun. Roper then dropped a pattern of 11 depth charges where U-85 had disappeared beneath the surface.

Файл:U-85 Beerdigung.jpg

29 sailors from U-85 were buried at Hampton National Cemetery.

Numerous men were observed in the water, but no rescue attempt was made until daylight. By then, there were no survivors among the 29 bodies floating in life jackets. Some of the bodies were wearing civilian clothes, carrying wallets with United States currency and identification cards. The bodies were fingerprinted, photographed and buried in a night-time military ceremony at the Hampton National Cemetery. U-85 lies in less than Шаблон:Convert of water; the United States Navy briefly attempted to salvage her. More recent investigation by sport divers has raised questions about Navy reports on the wreck.

U-85 was the first U-boat loss of "Operation Drumbeat" (Paukenschlag), the offensive off the eastern seaboard of the United States in 1942.

For their actions in sinking U-85, Destroyer Division 54 commander, Commander Stanley C. Norton and the RoperШаблон:'s captain, Lieutenant commander Hamilton W. Howe, were each awarded the Navy Cross.

Wreck

Файл:U -85 diver and deck gun.jpg

Deck gun

The hatch of U-85 is on display in the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum; the submarine herself still serves as an attraction for divers. The Labrador current influences the site and visibility can be low. The majority of the debris lies within a Шаблон:Convert radius of the wreck. The wreck site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

The Enigma machine was recovered from the wreck by private divers (Jim Bunch, Roger & Rich Hunting) and in 2003 the German government agreed to allow the machine to be displayed at the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum, in Hatteras, North Carolina.

Summary of raiding history

Date	Ship	Nationality	Tonnage	Fate
10 September 1941	Thistleglen	Шаблон:Flag	4,748	Sunk
9 February 1942	Шаблон:SS	Шаблон:Flag	5,408	Sunk
10 April 1942	Chr. Knudsen	Шаблон:Flag	4,904	Sunk
Total amount of tonnage:			15,060 gross register tons

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Hickam, Homer "Torpedo Junction" Naval Institute Press
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• U-85 Memorial Page with Crew members' birth dates and places
• Uboat Archive – U-85
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web