Английская Википедия:German submarine U-96 (1940)

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German submarine U-96 was a Type VIIC U-boat of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) during World War II. It was made famous after the war in Lothar-Günther Buchheim's 1973 bestselling novel Das Boot and the 1981 Oscar-nominated film adaptation of the same name, both based on his experience on the submarine as a war correspondent in 1941.

The keel was laid down on 16 September 1939, by Germaniawerft, of Kiel as yard number 601. She was commissioned on 14 September 1940, with Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock in command. Lehmann-Willenbrock was relieved in March 1942 by Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Jürgen Hellriegel, who was relieved in turn in March 1943 by Oblt.z.S. Wilhelm Peters. In February 1944, Oblt.z.S. Horst Willner took command, turning the boat over to Oblt.z.S. Robert Rix in June of that year. Rix commanded the boat until 15 February 1945.

Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-96 had a displacement of Шаблон:Convert when at the surface and Шаблон:Convert while submerged.Шаблон:Sfn She had a total length of Шаблон:Convert, a pressure hull length of Шаблон:Convert, a beam of Шаблон:Convert, a height of Шаблон:Convert, and a draught of Шаблон:Convert. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of Шаблон:Convert for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of Шаблон:Convert for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two Шаблон:Convert propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of Шаблон:Convert and a maximum submerged speed of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn When submerged, the boat could operate for Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert; when surfaced, she could travel Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert. U-96 was fitted with five Шаблон:Convert torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one [[8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun|Шаблон:Convert SK C/35 naval gun]], 220 rounds, and a [[2 cm FlaK 30|Шаблон:Convert C/30]] anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.Шаблон:Sfn

Service history

As part of the 7th U-boat Flotilla, stationed in Saint Nazaire, on the French Atlantic coast, U-96 conducted 11 patrols, sinking 27 ships totalling Шаблон:GRT and damaging four others totalling Шаблон:GRT. She also caused one vessel of Шаблон:GRT to be declared a total loss. The boat was a member of eleven wolfpacks. On 30 March 1945, U-96 was sunk by US bombs while in the submarine pens in Wilhelmshaven. In her entire career, she suffered no casualties to her crew. The boat was also known for her emblem, a green laughing sawfish. It became the symbol of the 9th Flotilla after Lehmann-Willenbrock took command in March 1942.

First patrol

U-96 departed Kiel on 4 December 1940 on her first patrol. Her route took her across the North Sea, through the gap between the Faroe and Shetland Islands and into the North Atlantic.

On 11 December, U-96 made contact with the scattered convoy HX 92 and attacked the British passenger ship Rotorua of Шаблон:GRT, sinking her with a single torpedo launched at 15:12 in position Шаблон:Coord.[1] Most of her passengers and crew survived, her master, the convoy commodore and 21 others, however, perished. Later the same day, U-96 launched a torpedo at the Dutch merchant ship Towa of Шаблон:GRT, hitting her amidships. The crippled ship did not immediately sink, so at 21:30 U-96 launched a second torpedo. After the second hit, the ship still stayed afloat, so the U-boat began shelling her half an hour later. The ship finally went under at 22:42 in position Шаблон:Coord.[2] The 37 crew members of Towa abandoned ship in three lifeboats, one of which capsized, drowning its occupants. 19 survivors were later picked up by an escort. A torpedo attack on Cardita of Шаблон:GRT was unsuccessful.

In the early hours of 12 December, U-96 attacked the Swedish steamer Stureholm of Шаблон:GRT, sinking her with a single torpedo launched at 01:56 in position Шаблон:Coord.[3] Two and a half hours later the un-escorted Belgian Macedonier was sighted and attacked with a single torpedo, which hit amidships, sinking her within 10 minutes in position Шаблон:Coord.[4] The crew had immediately abandoned ship and all but four out of 47 survived.

Two days later, on 14 December U-96 sank the British motor ship Western Prince of Шаблон:GRT in position Шаблон:Coord with two torpedoes.[5] Later that day, at 21:02, U-96 fired at the British steamer Empire Razorbill,[6] trying to stop her. After six rounds from her deck gun which resulted in three hits, U-96 abandoned the attack on the armed merchantman due to bad weather.

On 18 December, U-96 encountered the Dutch motor tanker Pendrecht and attacked her with a single torpedo at 16:15. The ship was hit astern but remained afloat.[7] The crew, which had initially abandoned the ship, was able to re-board and sail her to Rothesay escorted by a British destroyer. U-96, which had lost contact during the night, remained in the general area, encountering a British battleship and her escorts, but could not attack.

After 26 days at sea, U-96 arrived in Lorient in occupied France on 29 December, having sunk five ships for a total of Шаблон:GRT and damaging a further two ships for a total of Шаблон:GRT.[8]

Second patrol

On 9 January 1941, U-96 departed Lorient for her second war patrol. She returned to the waters west of Scotland, where she attacked the British Шаблон:SS of Шаблон:GRT early in the morning of 16 January. Three torpedoes were launched by U-96 in the space of two hours, finally sinking the ship in position Шаблон:Coord at 06:16.[9] One hundred and six passengers and crew perished, while 143 survivors were picked up by British destroyers.

The next day, U-96 encountered the un-escorted British passenger steamer Шаблон:SS of Шаблон:GRT. A first torpedo was launched at 07:45, hitting the ship amidships, causing her to stop. A second torpedo hit the ship astern 20 minutes later, but still did not sink. Two more torpedoes were needed before Almeda Star sank in position Шаблон:Coord, three minutes after the fourth and last torpedo was launched at 13:55.[10] All passengers and crew, in total 360, were lost.

U-96 returned to base on 22 January 1941 and once more docked in Lorient after 14 days at sea, sinking two ships for a total of Шаблон:GRT.[11]

Third patrol

On 30 January 1941, U-96 left Lorient for her third war patrol in the North Atlantic. Two weeks into the patrol, she sighted a straggler from convoy HX 106 s, the British motor tanker Clea. The U-boat attacked shortly after 15:00 with a single torpedo, which hit Clea amidships, snapping her in half and setting the wreck on fire. The two halves were then sunk with artillery.[12] Later the same day, another tanker, Arthur F. Corwin, of Шаблон:GRT, was sighted. The tanker had already been hit by torpedoes from Шаблон:GS, and was lagging behind the same convoy as Clea. U-96 launched two more torpedoes into the burning wreck, sinking her in position Шаблон:Coord. [13] All 59 crew members perished in the attack. In the morning, escorts of HX 106 spotted and attacked U-96 with four depth charges, but the U-boat escaped without damage.

At 02:27 on 18 February, the British Шаблон:SS of Шаблон:GRT, part of HX 107 s, was attacked with a torpedo. A second torpedo sank the ship twelve minutes later.[14] Black OspreyШаблон:'s crew of 36 abandoned ship in heavy weather, however, only eleven survivors were picked up two days later.

On 21 February a Focke Wulf "Condor" of I./KG 40 attacked and damaged a straggler from convoy OB 287, the 6,999 GRT Scottish Standard, killing five of her crew. The crew abandoned ship and 39 survivors were picked up by an escort, Шаблон:HMS. On the next day, 22 February, U-96 came upon the abandoned tanker. Although there was a destroyer patrolling the area, U-96 was able to launch two torpedoes, sinking Scottish Standard in position Шаблон:Coord.[15] Following the second explosion, HMS Montgomery pursued the U-boat for five hours, dropping 37 depth charges without causing serious damage.

On 23 February 1941, U-96 made contact with convoy OB 288, and proceeded to attack in conjunction with Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, Шаблон:GS, and Шаблон:GS as well as the Шаблон:Ship. The U-boats sank nine ships, including one escort, three of which were claimed by U-96.[16]

The first, the British 5,457 GRT cargo ship Anglo-Peruvian, was mistaken for an auxiliary cruiser and attacked with two torpedoes at 23:27. The ship sank within three minutes after being hit[17] with the loss of 29 of her crew in position Шаблон:Coord. The 17 survivors were later picked up by a British merchant ship. Later the same night, at 01:16 on 24 February, the unescorted British Шаблон:SS of Шаблон:GRT was attacked with a single torpedo. The ship sank 25 minutes after being hit by the torpedo at the stern.[18] All 35 crew members were lost in the attack.[19] An hour after Linaria was attacked, U-96 attacked the British Шаблон:SS of Шаблон:GRT, hitting the ship amidships. Six hours later, U-96 launched a second torpedo at the wreck, that had been abandoned by the crew, which included the commodore of OB 288, Rear Admiral R.A.A. Plowden, DSO. There were no survivors.[20]

After escaping the attack of an escort, Шаблон:HMS, U-96 made for port in St. Nazaire, France, where she arrived after 30 days at sea on 28 February, having sunk seven ships for a total of Шаблон:GRT.[21] Upon arrival the commander of U-96, Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock, was presented with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, which he had been awarded two days before. The Wehrmachtbericht had announced on 25 February that Lehmann had sunk 55,600 tons on his last patrol, and a total of 125,580 tons of Allied shipping since taking command of U-96.

Fourth patrol

On 12 April 1941 U-96 set to sea again for her fourth war patrol. On 16 April, the U-boat made contact with convoy OB 309 and was immediately attacked by an escort, HMS Rockingham, resulting in some damage to the boat. On 28 April, U-96 encountered her sister U-95 in contact with convoy HX 121. At 19:25 U-96 launched three torpedoes against three tankers in the convoy. The first ship to be hit, Oilfield, a British motor tanker of Шаблон:GRT,[22] went up in flames upon being hit, all but eight of her crew of 55 perished in the attack.[23] The second ship, the Norwegian tanker Caledonia, was hit in the engine room, killing seven crew members there. A further five crew members were killed when they drifted into the burning wreck of Oilfield nearby after jumping overboard. The rest of the crew survived when the rescue ship Zaafaran picked up 25 survivors in a lifeboat.[24] The third ship sunk that day, the British steamship Port Hardy of Шаблон:GRT, was hit accidentally when the third torpedo missed its target.[25] Before the torpedo hit, U-96 was forced to submerge, as an escort, the Flower-class corvette Шаблон:HMS arrived on the scene. Port Hardy lost one crew member in the attack, while 97 passengers and crew were picked up by Zaafaran.[26]

Shortly after 13:00 the next day, a slightly damaged U-96 was attacked by an aircraft, a Lockheed Hudson from No. 233 Squadron RAF, but the bombs did not cause any further damage. In the evening of 1 May, U-96 unsuccessfully attacked an unescorted freighter, before making contact with another convoy on 4 May. Contact was lost the next day, however. On 7 May, U-96 was spotted by a Short Sunderland shortly after noon, and over the course of two and a half hours, 32 bombs were dropped. Another air attack occurred a week later, on 14 May, when a four-engine aircraft dropped three bombs on the U-boat.[27]

Early on 19 May, the British steamship Empire Ridge of Шаблон:GRT, crossed U-96Шаблон:'s path Шаблон:Convert west of Bloody Foreland (Ireland). Mistaking her for a 9000 GRT tanker, U-96 launched two torpedoes.[28] Empire Ridge broke in half when the torpedoes hit, taking with her 31 of a crew of 33.[29]

After 41 days at sea, U-96 returned to Saint Nazaire on 22 May, having sunk four ships for a total of Шаблон:GRT.[30]

Fifth patrol

The fifth war patrol started on 19 June 1941, when U-96 left Saint Nazaire for the North Atlantic again. Two weeks into the patrol, U-96 made contact with a small convoy. The boat was about Шаблон:Convert north of the Azores on 5 July 1941 when she found the survey vessel Шаблон:HMS leading an armed merchant cruiser (AMC) HMS Cathay and Шаблон:SS, a cargo and passenger liner of Шаблон:GRT that had been converted into a troop ship. Also escorting the small convoy were three Шаблон:Sclass2s: Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS. U-96 was under the impression that she had hit the survey ship and the AMC; instead, she had struck Anselm twice, sinking her and killing 254 people. StarwortШаблон:'s ASDIC was not working, but Lavender and Petunia counter-attacked with depth charges. The U-boat was seriously damaged and forced to curtail her patrol.Шаблон:Sfn

After 21 days at sea, U-96 arrived in Saint Nazaire, having sunk one ship of Шаблон:GRT.[31]

Sixth patrol

On 2 August 1941, U-96 left for her sixth patrol in the North Atlantic. On 12 August, the U-boat was part of group Greenland. Two weeks later, on 28 August, she joined group Prince-Elector. In early September, U-96 belonged to group Seawolf before returning to base. On 12 September she entered St.Nazaire after 42 days at sea, without attacking any ships.[32]

Seventh patrol

On 27 October, U-96 left for her seventh patrol with journalist Lothar-Günther Buchheim aboard and joined group Stoßtrupp three days later. The next day, 31 October, the group made contact with convoy OS 10. U-96 launched four torpedoes at a long range, one of which struck the Dutch Шаблон:SS. The ship went down half an hour after being hit, taking nine of her crew of 56 with her.[33] Following the attack, the sloop Шаблон:HMS arrived on the scene and forced U-96 under water with gun fire. The U-boat escaped the barrage of 27 depth charges unscathed.[34] The next day, U-96 encountered two more of the escorts, Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS, but managed to escape again.

The U-boat spent November patrolling the North Atlantic as part of groups Störtebecker and Benecke, until secretly entering the neutral port of Vigo, Spain, and being resupplied by the interned German Шаблон:MV on 27 November. After leaving Vigo, U-96 made for the Strait of Gibraltar, with orders to enter the Mediterranean. However, late on 30 November the U-boat was spotted by a Fairey Swordfish of 812 Naval Air Squadron and heavily damaged by two bombs dropped by the aircraft. Unable to reach her destination, U-96 made for the port of Saint Nazaire. On the way she encountered the Spanish Шаблон:SS, which returned from South America, after delivering a group of Jewish refugees to the Dutch colony of Curaçao, when Brazil denied them entry.[35] When U-96Шаблон:'s torpedo missed, the ship was stopped and her papers checked.[36] On 6 December 1941, after 41 days at sea, U-96 returned to Saint Nazaire, having sunk one ship of Шаблон:GRT.[37]

Eighth patrol

The boat's eighth patrol saw success when she operated off the Canadian east coast. She sank Lake Osweya near Halifax on 20 February 1942. She was only Шаблон:Convert from her target when the torpedo was launched.

She sank Torungen off Nova Scotia on 22 February and attacked Kars later the same day. The latter ship broke in two following the torpedo's impact. The bow section quickly sank, but the stern section was beached and declared a total loss.

The submarine's final victory this time out came on 9 March when she sank Tyr about Шаблон:Convert from Halifax.

Ninth and tenth patrols

For the ninth patrol, U-96 left St. Nazaire on 23 April 1942 and returned 73 days later, on 1 July without attacking anything.

On the tenth patrol, the boat damaged F. J. Wolfe on 10 September 1942 (although this ship was able to keep up with her convoy). U-96 also sank Sveve on the same day, as well as Elisabeth van Belgie. It also sank Deläes on the 11th.

Eleventh patrol

The boat's final operational patrol commenced with her departure from Saint Nazaire on 26 December 1942. Crossing the Atlantic for the last time, she then came back to the eastern side and after transferring a sick crew-member to Шаблон:GS on 3 January 1943, arrived at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) on 8 February.

After active service

She spent most of the rest of the war as a training vessel. She was decommissioned on 15 February 1945 in Wilhelmshaven.

When US Eighth Air Force attacked Wilhelmshaven on 30 March 1945, U-96 was sunk in Hipper basin. The remains of the U-boat were broken up after the war.Шаблон:Sfn

In popular culture

Books

During 1941, war correspondent Lothar-Günther Buchheim joined U-96 for her seventh patrol. His orders were to photograph and describe the U-boat in action for propaganda purposes. Over 5,000 photographs, most of them taken by Buchheim, survived the war. From his experiences, he wrote a short story, "Die Eichenlaubfahrt" (The Oak-Leaves Patrol) and a 1973 novel which was to become an international best-seller, Das Boot (The Boat), followed in 1976 by U-Boot-Krieg (U-boat War), a nonfiction chronicle of the voyage.

Film

Шаблон:Main In 1981 Wolfgang Petersen created the critically acclaimed film Das Boot based on Buchheim's novel of the same name with several alterations to the plot and characters. Both the novel and the film had a much darker ending than in reality, where the U-boat returns to port only to be destroyed during an air raid with many of her crew killed or wounded. In reality, U-96 survived war service, being decommissioned in February 1945 and converted into a training vessel. U-96 was sunk one month later in March by Allied bombs. The same replica of U-96 was used in Steven Spielberg's 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, but has the number U-26, which in reality was a Type IA U-boat.Шаблон:Citation needed

Video games

Шаблон:Main In 2019, Deep Water Studio released the video game UBOAT in early access. UBOAT gives the player command of U-96 during the Second World War.[38]

U-96 is also featured as one of the five playable submarines in the video game Wolfpack released by Usurpator AP into early access in 2019.[39]

The U-boat is also featured in the mobile game Azur Lane in an anthropomorphised form.

Wolfpacks

U-96 took part in eleven wolfpacks:

  • Hammer (5–12 August 1941)
  • Grönland (12–27 August 1941)
  • Kurfürst (28 August – 2 September 1941)
  • Seewolf (2–10 September 1941)
  • Stosstrupp (30 October – 4 November 1941), with Buchheim present on board
  • Störtebecker (5–19 November 1941)
  • Benecke (19–22 November 1941)
  • Hecht (11 May – 18 June 1942)
  • Stier (29 August – 2 September 1942)
  • Vorwärts (3–25 September 1942)
  • Jaguar (10–20 January 1943)

Summary of raiding history

U-96 conducted eleven patrols, sinking 27 ships totalling Шаблон:GRT and damaging four others totalling Шаблон:GRT. She also caused one vessel of Шаблон:GRT to be declared a total loss.

Date Ship Nationality Tonnage
(GRT) 		Convoy Fate[40] Location Deaths
11 December 1940 Rotorua Шаблон:Flagcountry 10,890 HX 92 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
11 December 1940 Towa Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,419 HX 92 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
12 December 1940 Macedonier Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,227 HX 92 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
12 December 1940 Stureholm Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,575 HX 92 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
14 December 1940 Empire Razorbill Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,118 OB 257 Damaged Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
14 December 1940 Western Prince Шаблон:Flagcountry 10,926 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
18 December 1940 Pendrecht Шаблон:Flagcountry 10,746 OB 259 Damaged Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
16 January 1941 Шаблон:SS Шаблон:Flagcountry 14,118 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
17 January 1941 Шаблон:SS Шаблон:Flagcountry 14,936 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
13 February 1941 Arthur F. Corwin Шаблон:Flagcountry 10,516 HX 106 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
13 February 1941 Clea Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,987 HX 106 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
18 February 1941 Шаблон:SS Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,589 HX 107 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
22 February 1941 Scottish Standard Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,999 OB 287 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
23 February 1941 Anglo-Peruvian Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,457 OB 288 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
24 February 1941 Linaria Шаблон:Flagcountry 3,385 OB 288 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
24 February 1941 Sirikishna Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,458 OB 288 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
28 April 1941 Caledonia Шаблон:Flagcountry 9,892 HX 121 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
28 April 1941 Oilfield Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,516 HX 121 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
28 April 1941 Port Hardy Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,897 HX 121 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
19 May 1941 Empire Ridge Шаблон:Flagcountry 2,922 HG 61 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
5 July 1941 Шаблон:SS Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,954 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
31 October 1941 Bennekom Шаблон:Flagcountry 5,998 OS 10 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
19 February 1942 Шаблон:MV Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,965 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
20 February 1942 Lake Osweya Шаблон:Flagcountry 2,398 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
22 February 1942 Kars Шаблон:Flagcountry 8,888 HX 175 Total Loss Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
22 February 1942 Torungen Шаблон:Flagcountry 1,948 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
9 March 1942 Tyr Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,265 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
10 September 1942 Elisabeth van Belgie Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,241 ON 127 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
10 September 1942 F.J. Wolfe Шаблон:Flagcountry 12,190 ON 127 Damaged Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
10 September 1942 Sveve Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,313 ON 127 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
11 September 1942 Delães Шаблон:Flagcountry 415 Sunk Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align
25 September 1942 New York * Шаблон:Flagcountry 4,989 RB 1 Damaged Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Align

*Sunk the next day by Шаблон:GS with all hands lost.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

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