Английская Википедия:German torpedo boat T1
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsThe German torpedo boat T1 was the lead ship of her class of a dozen torpedo boats built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during the late 1930s. Completed in late 1939, she was assigned to escort minelayers as they laid their minefields in the English Channel in September 1940. The boat participated in an abortive attempt to attack several convoys off the Scottish coast two months later. T1 ran aground in January 1941 and was under repair until July. The following month she was placed in reserve and was reactivated in June 1942 for duty with the Torpedo School. In April 1944 the boat returned to active duty and was assigned to the Baltic Sea area. She escorted a bombardment mission in January 1945 and was sunk during an air raid on 9 April while refitting.
Design and description
The Type 35 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Kriegsmarine to design a fast, ocean-going torpedo boat that did not exceed the Шаблон:Cvt displacement limit of the London Naval Treaty because such small ships did not count against the national tonnage limit.[1] The boats had an overall length of Шаблон:Convert and were Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline. After the bow was rebuilt in 1941 to improve seaworthiness, the overall length increased to Шаблон:Convert.[2] The ships had a beam of Шаблон:Convert, and a mean draft of Шаблон:Convert at deep load and displaced Шаблон:Convert at standard load and Шаблон:Convert at deep load.[3] Their crew numbered 119 officers and sailors.[4] Their pair of geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller, were designed to produce Шаблон:Convert using steam from four high-pressure water-tube boilers[2] which would propel the boats at Шаблон:Convert. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.[3]
As built, the Type 35 class mounted a single [[10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun|Шаблон:Cvt SK C/32]] gun on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a single [[3.7 cm SK C/30|Шаблон:Cvt SK C/30]] anti-aircraft gun superfiring over the 10.5 cm gun and a pair of [[2 cm FlaK 30/38/Flakvierling|Шаблон:Cvt C/30]] guns on the bridge wings. They carried six above-water Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes in two triple mounts and could also carry 30 mines (or 60 if the weather was good). Many boats exchanged the 3.7 cm gun for another 2 cm gun, depth charges and minesweeping paravanes before completion. Late-war additions were limited to the installation of radar, radar detectors and additional AA guns, usually at the expense of the aft torpedo tube mount.[5]
As late as April 1944, T1 had neither received radar nor had her anti-aircraft suite augmented. In mid-July the boat exchanged her rear torpedo mount for a 3.7 cm AA gun. No further information is available on any other modifications she might have received before her loss in 1945.[6]
Construction and career
T1 was ordered on 16 November 1935 from Schichau, laid down at their Elbing, East Prussia, shipyard on 14 November 1936[7] as yard number 1380,[2] launched on 17 February 1938 and commissioned on 1 December 1939. Plagued with mechanical problems, the boat was working up until September 1940.[7] T1 escorted a minelaying mission in the English Channel on 6–7 September as part of the 1st Torpedo Boat Flotilla with her sister ships Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and the torpedo boat Шаблон:Ship. Five days later, T1, the torpedo boat Шаблон:Ship, T2 and T3 were ordered to proceed to France. They were attacked enroute by a British light bomber that damaged T2 and forced her to return to Germany for repairs. T1Шаблон:'s stay in France was brief and she was ordered to return home a few days later. By November the 1st and 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotillas had transferred to Stavanger, Norway. German aerial reconnaissance had located two coastal convoys in early November that the Kriegsmarine estimated would pass Kinnaird Head, Scotland, during the early morning of 7 November. Both flotillas, consisting of T1 and her sisters, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship, sailed on 6 November in an attempt to pass through a gap in the British minefields and intercept the convoys around 02:00 the following morning. The British had extended their minefields further north unbeknownst to the Germans and T6 struck a mine shortly after midnight and sank. T7 and T8 rescued the survivors and the operation was abandoned. T1 formed part of the escort for the commerce raider Шаблон:Ship through Norwegian waters in early December.[8]
T1 ran aground off Kristiansand on 22 January 1941 and temporary repairs were made at the shipyard in Horten; the ship was ordered to proceed for permanent repairs at Warnemünde once one engine could be operated, but the repairs were actually made in Gotenhafen and lasted until July. She was reduced to reserve on 15 August[9] that lasted through June 1942. That month, she was recommissioned and assigned to the Torpedo School. In November 1943 the boat began a long refit that lasted through March 1944.[2][7] In April 1944, the four oldest of the sisters, including T1, were assigned to a training unit as they lacked radar and a reinforced anti-aircraft armament. This arrangement did not last long as the German situation in the east deteriorated and they began convoy escort duties throughout the Baltic a few months later. As of 14 August the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla consisted of nine Type 35s, including T1. She was damaged by an attack by Soviet aircraft while docked in Libau, Latvia, on 9 October.[10] The ship escorted the heavy cruiser Шаблон:Ship as the latter ship supported a German counterattack against advancing Soviet forces near Cranz, East Prussia, on 29–30 January 1945. T1 was refitting in Kiel as of March[11] and sank after being hit by two or three bombs during a Royal Air Force attack on Kiel on the night of 9 April with the loss of nine crewmen. Her wreck was demolished on 20 May 1946.[2][7][12]
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
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External links
- ↑ Whitley 1991, pp. 47–49
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Gröner, p. 193
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Whitley 1991, p. 202
- ↑ Sieche, p. 237
- ↑ Whitley 1991, pp. 49–51; Whitley 2000, p. 71
- ↑ Whitley n.d., p. 21
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Whitley 1991, p. 209
- ↑ Rohwer, pp. 39, 48; Whitley 1991, p. 114; Whitley n.d., pp. 7–8
- ↑ Whitley n.d., pp. 8–9
- ↑ Whitley n.d., pp. 21–22
- ↑ Whitley n.d., p. 23
- ↑ Rohwer, pp. 387, 408
