Английская Википедия:German torpedo boat T24

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The German torpedo boat T24 was one of fifteen Type 39 torpedo boats built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during World War II. Completed in 1942, the boat was briefly assigned to Norway in early 1943 before she was transferred to France in July. T24 was unsuccessfully attacked by Allied motor torpedo boats and aircraft during her voyage down the English Channel and then came to the aid of a convoy being attacked by Allied destroyers. Later that year she escorted blockade runners and Axis submarines through the Bay of Biscay. The boat played a minor role in the Battle of the Bay of Biscay and was lightly damaged during the action of 26 April 1944. During the subsequent battle, T24 sank a Canadian destroyer and was damaged when she later struck a mine. She played a minor role in the Battle of Ushant in June and was then damaged defending a convoy in August in the Bay of Biscay. T24 was sunk off the French coast later that month by Allied fighter-bombers.

Design and description

Шаблон:Main The Type 39 torpedo boat was conceived as a general-purpose design, much larger than preceding German torpedo boats.[1] The boats had an overall length of Шаблон:Convert and were Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline. They had a beam of Шаблон:Convert, a draft of Шаблон:Convert at deep load and displaced Шаблон:Convert at standard load and Шаблон:Convert at deep load.[2] Their crew numbered 206 officers and sailors.[3] The Type 39s were fitted with a pair of geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller, using steam from four high-pressure water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce Шаблон:Convert which was intended give the ships a maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.[4]

As built, the Type 39 ships mounted four [[10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun|Шаблон:Cvt SK C/32]] guns in single mounts protected by gun shields; one forward of the superstructure, one between the funnels, and two aft, one superfiring over the other. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by four [[3.7 cm SK C/30|Шаблон:Cvt SK C/30]] AA guns in two twin-gun mounts on platforms abaft the rear funnel, six [[2 cm FlaK 30/38/Flakvierling|Шаблон:Cvt C/38]] guns in one quadruple mount on the aft superstructure and a pair of single mounts on the bridge wings. They carried six above-water Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships and could also carry 30 mines; the full complement of 60 mines made the ships top-heavy which could be dangerous in bad weather. For anti-submarine work the boats were fitted with a S-Gerät sonar and four depth charge launchers. The Type 39s were equipped with a FuMO 21Шаблон:Refn radar. In January–February 1944 the single 2 cm mounts in the bridge wings were replaced by quadruple mounts and FuMB7Шаблон:Refn "Naxos" and FuMB8 "Wanz G" radar detectors were installed.[5]

Construction and career

Originally ordered as a Type 37 torpedo boat on 30 March 1939, T24 was reordered on 10 November 1939 from Schichau. The boat was laid down on 21 September 1940 at their Elbing, East Prussia, shipyard as yard number 1483, launched on 13 September 1941 and commissioned on 17 October 1942.

After working up until March 1943, she was briefly deployed to Norway for escort duties before returning to Germany for a brief refit at Kiel. On 3 July T24 and her sister Шаблон:Ship departed for Western France, via the English Channel. On the morning of 5 July, the sisters were unsuccessfully attacked by three Dutch-manned motor torpedo boats and shelled by British coastal artillery. After reaching Boulogne harbor, they were attacked by Hawker Typhoon fighters on 6 July which were equally unsuccessful. The boats sailed shortly after midnight on 7 July, bound for Le Havre where they arrived without being attacked. On the night of 9/10 July, on passage between Saint-Malo and Brest, they were tasked to provide distant cover for a convoy that was escorted by five minesweepers off Ushant. The convoy was attacked by the British destroyers Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMS and the Norwegian-manned Шаблон:HMS which sank one of the minesweepers and damaged another before T24 and T25 could arrive. The sisters heavily damaged Melbreak before the Allied ships disengaged. Now assigned to the 4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, the torpedo boats were tasked to help escort U-boats through the Bay. On 2 August T24, T25 and their sister Шаблон:Ship, responding to a distress call from another submarine, rescued survivors from the submarine Шаблон:GS. From 29 to 31 August, the same three boats escorted the Шаблон:Ship through the Bay to Lorient.[6]

Battle of the Bay of Biscay

Файл:German freighter burning in Bay of Biscay Dec 1943.jpg
Alsterufer burning after a RAF attack

Шаблон:Main On 24–26 December T24 was one of the escorts for the Шаблон:GRT blockade runner Шаблон:MV through the Bay of Biscay.[7] Another blockade runner, the Шаблон:GRT refrigerated cargo ship Шаблон:MV, trailed Osorno by several days and four destroyers of the 8th Destroyer Flotilla and the six torpedo boats of the 4th Flotilla set sail on 27 December to escort her through the bay. The Allies were aware of these blockade runners through their Ultra code-breaking efforts and positioned cruisers and aircraft in the Western Atlantic to intercept them in Operation Stonewall. A Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bomber from No. 311 Squadron RAF sank Alsterufer later that afternoon.[8]

Файл:Battle of the Bay of Biscay 28 December 1943 map.png
Map of the Battle of Biscay

The German ships were unaware of the sinking until the following afternoon and continued onward to the rendezvous point. They had been spotted by an American Liberator bomber on the morning of the 28th and the British light cruisers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS, which were assigned to Stonewall, maneuvered to intercept them. By this time, the weather had gotten significantly worse and the German ships were steaming for home, hampered by the rough seas that threw spray over their forward guns which made them difficult to operate. In addition the spray severely reduced visibility and hampered the rangefinders and sights for the guns and torpedoes. Using her radar, Glasgow was the first to open fire at 13:46 at a range of Шаблон:Convert with Enterprise following a few minutes later. About that time, the destroyers began firing back with guns and torpedoes; the latter all missed and one hit was made on Glasgow at 14:05. Kapitän zur See Hans Erdmenger, commander of the 8th Flotilla, decided to split his forces and ordered the destroyers Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and T22, T25 and T26 to reverse course to the north at 14:18. The cruisers pursued the northern group and sank Z27, T25 and T26. All of the ships in the southern group, including T24, were able to successfully disengage.[9]

Subsequent activities

Шаблон:Main On the night of 21/22 April 1944, the 4th Flotilla, now consisting of T24 and her sisters Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship, transferred from Cherbourg to Saint-Malo. After laying a minefield off the Sept-Îles on the north coast of Brittany on the night of 25/26 April, the flotilla was engaged by an Allied force that consisted of the light cruiser Шаблон:HMS and the destroyers Шаблон:HMS, Шаблон:HMCS, Шаблон:HMCS and Шаблон:HMCS off the Île de Batz. The Allied ships were engaged by German coastal artillery without effect and Korvettenkapitän Franz Kohlauf, the flotilla's commander,[10] headed west in search of the Allied ships, but the Germans were spotted first by Black PrinceШаблон:'s radar at a range of Шаблон:Convert at 02:07. They detected the Allied ships shortly afterwards and reversed course. The Allied ships were faster than the torpedo boats and had closed the range to Шаблон:Convert by 02:20 when Black Prince began firing star shells. The destroyers began firing at T24 and T27 at a range of Шаблон:Convert as Black Prince hung back in support until one of her forward turrets jammed. The Allied fire was accurate and one shell struck T27 at 02:31 and reduced her speed to Шаблон:Convert; Kohlauf ordered her into Morlaix Bay and the Allies lost her radar reflection amongst the rocks of the bay. T24 had fruitlessly fired her aft torpedo tubes at her pursuers and was then hit by two shells in her superstructure that started fires that were quickly doused. She fired her remaining torpedoes to no effect at 02:54 and, about that same time, a shell disabled T29Шаблон:'s rudder. Ashanti and Huron concentrated on T29 while Haida and Athabaskan continued their pursuit of T24. They disengaged before T24 reached Saint-Malo, and returned to help sink T29.[11]

After emergency repairs, T27 joined T24 in Saint-Malo during the night of 26/27 April. The sisters departed Saint-Malo bound for Brest on the night of 28/29 April and were spotted by British coastal radar. They were intercepted by Haida and Athabaskan off Île Vierge. Haida opened the engagement by firing a star shell at 04:12; the Germans laid a smoke screen in response and turned away. The sisters fired all of their torpedoes as they turned, T24 firing three off the wrong side of the boat, but one of the others hit Athabaskan. Shortly afterwards, she blew up, probably from a magazine explosion, and sank at 04:42. Haida pursued T27, badly damaging her. While maneuvering, T27 accidentally ran aground and the Canadian destroyer continued to engage until she started a large fire and then returned to the site where Athabaskan had sunk to rescue survivors. T24 and a pair of minesweepers failed in their attempt to pull T27 off and then T24 rescued 47 survivors from Athabaskan on the way to Brest. She struck a mine en route, but was only damaged.[12] The 4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla was then disbanded and the boat was assigned to the 8th Destroyer Flotilla. After repairs, T24 was ordered to Cherbourg on 19 May, but struck another mine and was under repair for the next several weeks.[12]

On the night of 8/9 June, the four ships of the 8th Flotilla set out from Brest for Cherbourg, but were intercepted by eight Allied destroyers of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla in the Battle of Ushant. The German ships had been spotted first and the British opened fire, with the Germans responding with a four-torpedo salvo from each destroyer that missed when the Allied ships turned to evade them; T24, the trailing ship in the formation, did not fire because she had no visible targets. The British fire was extremely effective, with Шаблон:Ship, immediately ahead of the torpedo boat, badly damaged only moments after firing her first salvo. The range was so close that both sides engaged with their Шаблон:Convert or 3.7 cm anti-aircraft guns which appreciably added to the damaged suffered by Z24. The Allied ships hit the German destroyer five times before she was able to lay smoke and disengage, followed by T24. Haida and Huron pursued the pair until they passed over a British minefield and lost track of the German ships after the Canadian ships were forced to detour around it. After Haida and Huron broke off their pursuit, Z24 and T24 reversed course after hearing from the flotilla commander until they could see star shells bursting on the horizon and then Z24Шаблон:'s captain received permission to return to Brest.[13]

Файл:Z24 & T24 under aerial attack, 25 Aug 1944.jpg
T24 (foreground) and Z24 under attack, 25 August

On the night of 14/15 August, T24, two minesweepers and Sperrbrecher 157 were escorting the aircraft repair ship Richthofen when they were attacked by the light cruiser Шаблон:HMS and the destroyers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMCS off Les Sables d'Olonne. The torpedo boat laid a smoke screen and near missed Iroquois with her torpedoes. She was hit once by Iroquois, but the Allied ships sank Sperrbrecher 157, set Richthofen on fire, badly damaged one minesweeper and forced the other one to beach herself. Iroquois was lightly damaged during the attack. Off Le Verdon-sur-Mer on 24 August, T24 and Z24 were attacked by rocket-firing Bristol Beaufighter fighter-bombers from No. 236 Squadron RAF and No. 404 Squadron RCAF. They sank T24 with the loss of 18 dead at Шаблон:Coord and so severely damaged Z24 that she foundered the following day. The squadrons lost 17 aircraft to all causes during the attack.[14]

Notes

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Citations

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References

Further reading

External links

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  1. ↑ Whitley 1991, p. 52
  2. ↑ Gröner, p. 195
  3. ↑ Sieche, p. 239
  4. ↑ Whitley 1991, pp. 54, 203
  5. ↑ Friedman, p. 205; Whitley 1991, pp. 52–55; Whitley 2000, p. 73
  6. ↑ Hervieux, p. 96; Rohwer, pp. 256–257, 259, 269; Whitley 1991, pp. 144–145, 212
  7. ↑ Whitley 1991, p. 149
  8. ↑ Rohwer, pp. 294–295; Whitley 1991, p. 149
  9. ↑ Hervieux, p. 98; Rohwer, p. 295; Whitley 1991, pp. 149–153
  10. ↑ O'Hara, p. 203
  11. ↑ Hervieux, p. 99; Rohwer, pp. 317–318; Whitley 1991, pp. 156–157
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Hervieux, p. 100; Rohwer, pp. 318, 324; Whitley 1991, pp. 157, 159
  13. ↑ Hervieux, p. 100; Rohwer, p. 332; Whitley 1991, pp. 158–161
  14. ↑ Gröner, p. 195; Hervieux, p. 100; Rohwer, p. 347; Whitley 1991, pp. 162–163
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