Английская Википедия:German units of measurement
The units of measurement of German-speaking countries consist of a variety of units, with varying local standard definitions. While many were made redundant with the introduction of the metric system, some of these units are still used in everyday speech and even in stores and on street markets as shorthand for similar amounts in the metric system. For example, some customers ask for one pound (ein Pfund) of something when they want 500 grams.
The metric system became compulsory on 1 January 1872, in Germany and on 1 January 1876, in Austria.[1]
Some obsolete German units have names similar to units that were traditionally used in other countries, and that are still used in a limited number of cases in the United Kingdom (imperial units) and fully in the United States (United States customary units).
German system
Before the introduction of the metric system in German, almost every town had its own definitions of the units shown below. Often towns posted local definitions on a wall of the city hall. For example, the front wall of the old city hall of Rudolstadt (still standing) has two marks which show the “Rudolstädter Elle”, the proper length of the Elle in that city. Supposedly by 1810 there were 112 different standards for the Elle around Germany. Шаблон:Citation needed
“...the measure of cloth, for example, was elle which in each region stood for a different length. An elle of textile material brought in Frankfurt would get you 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm...”
Length
Meile (mile)
A German geographic mile (geographische Meile) is defined as Шаблон:Frac equatorial degrees, equal to Шаблон:Convert. A common German mile, land mile, or post mile (Gemeine deutsche Meile, Landmeile, Postmeile) was defined in various ways at different places and different times. After the introduction of the metric system in the 19th century, the Landmeile was generally fixed at Шаблон:Convert (the Reichsmeile), but before then there were many local and regional variants (of which some are shown below):
| Some kinds of Meile | ||
|---|---|---|
| Place | Distance in metres (feet) |
Notes |
| Breslau (Wrocław) | Шаблон:Convert | Used in all Silesia[2][3] |
| Bavaria (Bayern) | Шаблон:Convert | Connected to a Шаблон:Frac equatorial degree as 25,406 Bavarian feet. |
| Württemberg | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Reichsmeile | Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert |
'imperial mile' – New mile when the metric system was introduced. Prohibited by law in 1908. |
| Anhalt | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Denmark, Prussia | Шаблон:Convert | 24,000 Prussian feet. Also known as "(Dänische/Preußische) Landmeile". In 1816, king Frederick William III of Prussia adopted the Danish mile at Шаблон:Convert, or 24,000 Prussian feet. |
| Saxony (Sachsen) | Шаблон:Convert | In the 17th–18th century or so, Шаблон:Convert = 32,000 (Saxon) feet; later Шаблон:Convert (as in Prussia and the rest of Germany). |
| Schleswig-Holstein | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Baden | Шаблон:Convert | 8889 m before 1810, Шаблон:Convert before 1871 |
| Hesse-Kassel | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Lippe-Detmold | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Saxony (Sachsen) | Шаблон:Convert | 32,000 (Saxon) feet (in the 19th century Шаблон:Convert see above). |
| Westfalia (Westfalen) | Шаблон:Convert | but also Шаблон:Convert |
| Oldenburg | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Rhineland (Rheinland) | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Palatinate (Pfalz) | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Osnabrück/France | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Wiesbaden | Шаблон:Convert | |
Wegstunde
One hour's travel, used up to the 19th century. In Germany Шаблон:Frac Meile or Шаблон:Convert. After 1722 in Saxony Шаблон:Frac post mile = 1000 Dresden rods = 4531 m.[4] In Switzerland Шаблон:Convert.
Fuß (foot)
The Fuß or German foot varied widely from place to place in the German-speaking world, and also with time. In some places, more than one type of Fuß was in use. One source from 1830[5] gives the following values:
Rute (rod)
The Rute or Ruthe is of Carolingian origin,Шаблон:Citation needed and was used as a land measure. Many different kinds of Ruthe were used at various times in various parts of the German-speaking world. They were subdivided into differing numbers of local Fuß, and were of many different lengths. One source from 1830[5] lists the following:
| Some kinds of Ruthe | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Place | Name | Local equivalent | Metric (Imperial/US) equivalents |
| Aachen (Aix-la-Capelle) | Feldmeßruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Baden | Ruthe | 10 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Basel, Canton of | Ruthe | 16 Fuss | Шаблон:Convert |
| Bern, Canton of | Ruthe | 10 Fuss | Шаблон:Convert |
| Braunschweig (Brunswick) | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Bremen | Ruthe | 8 Ellen or 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Calenberg | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Cassel, Hessen | Ruthe | 14 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Hamburg | Geestruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Hamburg | Marschruthe | 14 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Hannover | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Lever, Oldenburg | Ruthe | 20 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Mecklenburg | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Nuremberg, Bavaria | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Oldenburg | Ruthe | 20 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Prussia, Rheinland | Ruthe | 12 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Saxony | Ruthe | 16 Leipziger Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Württemberg | Reichsruthe | 10 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Württemberg | old Ruthe | 16 Fuß | Шаблон:Convert |
| Zürich, Canton of | Ruthe | 10 Fuss | Шаблон:Convert |
| Except where noted, based on Niemann (1830).[5] The value of the local Fuß also varied widely. | |||
Klafter
Шаблон:Main Originally 6 feet, after introduction of the metric system 10 feet.Шаблон:Dubious Regional variants from Шаблон:Convert in Baden to Шаблон:Convert in Switzerland.
Lachter
Шаблон:Main The Lachter was the most common unit of length used in mining in German-speaking areas. Its exact length varied from place to place but was roughly between Шаблон:Convert.
Elle (ell)
Distance between elbow and fingertip. In the North, often 2 feet, In Prussia Шаблон:Frac feet, in the South variable, often Шаблон:Frac feet. The smallest known German Elle is Шаблон:Convert, the longest Шаблон:Convert.
Zoll (inch)
Usually Шаблон:Frac foot, but also Шаблон:Frac and Шаблон:Frac.
Linie
Usually Шаблон:Frac inch, but also Шаблон:Frac.
Volume
Quent
Being 1/5 of any measure
Malter
Is a larger volumen unit of around one large sack of wheat a person could carry. However, the exact volumetric size and weight was locally very different in each feudal state. For more details, see [1].
Klafter
Шаблон:Main For firewood, Шаблон:Convert
Nösel
In general, the Nösel (also spelled Össel) was a measure of liquid volume equal to half a Kanne ("jar," "jug," "bottle," "can"). Volume often varied depending on whether it was beer or wine. Its subdivisions were the Halbnösel ("Half-Nösel") and the Viertelnösel ("Quarter-Nösel).
An Ahm was a measure used for wine or beer. An Eimer ("Bucket") was a container that was a fifth of an Ahm. A Viertel ("Fourth") was a fourth of an Eimer. A Stübchen ("Cozy Room") also a Stauf was a measure of wine or beer that was equal to 2 Kannen. It was the approximate amount of wine or beer that could serve an entire room in a tavern. A Kanne was a measure of wine or beer large enough to fill a humpen (tankard) or krug (wine flagon or beer pitcher). A Quartier ("quarter-measure") was a fourth of a Stübchen. A Nösel was a cup or mug of wine or beer.
Actual volumes so measured, however, varied from one state or even one city to another. Within Saxony, for example, the "Dresden jar" held approximately Шаблон:Convert, so a nösel in Dresden was about Шаблон:Convert. The full volume of a "Leipzig jar" measured Шаблон:Convert; the Leipzig nösel was therefore Шаблон:Convert.
- Шаблон:Frac Ahm = Шаблон:Frac Eimer = Шаблон:Frac Viertel = Шаблон:Frac Stübchen / Stauf = Шаблон:Frac Kannen = Шаблон:Frac Quartiers = 1 Nösel = 2 Halbnöseln = 4 Viertelnöseln
The nösel was used in minor commerce, as well as in the household to measure meal, grain, and such. These units of measure were officially valid in Saxony until 1868, when the metric system was introduced. Nevertheless, the old measures have continued in private use for decades.
One modification was introduced in Thuringia. There, the nösel was, by extension, also a measure of area; namely, the area of land which could be sown with one nösel of seed — or about Шаблон:Convert
Weight
Pfund
- Pfund (Prussia): Шаблон:Val
- Zollpfund: Шаблон:Val
Mark
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Frac Pfund. Equal to Шаблон:Val (Cologne).
Unze
Шаблон:Frac of a Pfund. Roughly equal to Шаблон:Val.
Loth
Шаблон:Frac of a Pfund, or Шаблон:Frac of a Mark. Equal to Шаблон:Val (Prussia).
Quentchen
Шаблон:Frac of a Pfund. Roughly equal to Шаблон:Val.
Quint
Шаблон:Frac of a Pfund. Roughly equal to Шаблон:Val.
Pfennig
Шаблон:Frac of a Pfund. Roughly equal to Шаблон:Val.
Gran
Шаблон:Frac of a Pfund. Roughly equal to Шаблон:Val.
See also
References
Bibliography
- François Cardarelli: Encyclopedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins. Springer, Berlin 2003. Шаблон:ISBN
- Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr: Alte Masse, Münzen und Gewichte. . Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim/Wien/Zürich 1987. (Lizenzausgabe von VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig 1986) Шаблон:In lang
- Wolfgang Trapp: Kleines Handbuch der Maße, Zahlen Gewichte und der Zeitrechnung. Von . Reclam Stuttgart, 2. Auflage 1996. Шаблон:ISBN Шаблон:In lang
- Günther Scholz, Klaus Vogelsang: Kleines Lexikon: Einheiten, Formelzeichen. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1991 Шаблон:ISBN Шаблон:In lang
- Johann Christian Nelkenbrechers Taschenbuch eines Banquiers und Kaufmanns: enthaltend eine Erklärung aller ein- und ausländischen Münzen, des Wechsel-Courses, Usos, Respect-Tage und anderer zur Handlung gehörigen Dinge; mit einer genauen Vergleichung des Ellen-Maaßes, Handels-, Gold- und Silber-Gewichts, auch Maaße von Getreide und flüssigen Sachen derer fürnehmsten europäischen Handels-Plätze. Nachdruck der Ausgabe 1769: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Düsseldorf 2004. Шаблон:ISBN Шаблон:In lang
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
Шаблон:Systems of measurement Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокkrugerне указан текст - ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Harvp
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