Английская Википедия:Gertrud Baer

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Gertrud Baer (1890–1981) was a German Jewish women's rights and peace activist. One of the founding members of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, she served as the executive secretary of the German branch of WILPF beginning in 1921 and co-chair of the international organization from 1929 to 1947. Throughout World War II, though leadership was shared, Baer was the primary leader of the organization. At the end of the war, she became the first WILPF consultant to the United Nations and held that post until 1972.

Early life

Gertrud Baer was born on 25 November 1890 in Halberstadt, in the Province of Saxony of the Kingdom of Prussia to the Jewish couple, Sara (née Stern) and Gustav Baer. Her father, of long-established family from Halberstadt of doctors and teachers. He was a metalwork dealer. Her mother was the daughter of the Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Шаблон:Ill, and his wife Jeanette (née Adler).Шаблон:Sfn Baer's maternal great-grandfather was Nathan Marcus Adler who had served as the Chief Rabbi of the British Empire and his father Mordechai Baer Adler, who had been the Chief Rabbi of Hanover.Шаблон:Sfn

Baer was the oldest sibling in the family, which relocated to Hamburg when she was around two years old. Younger siblings Erna (1892–1967), Walter (born 1894), Harriet (1896–1956), and Jeanette (1903–1944) were all born in Hamburg. Jeanette was murdered at Auschwitz during the Holocaust.Шаблон:Sfn She was influenced by her mother's involvement in the German bourgeois women's movement and accompanied her to meetings. At one of those meetings, she met Lida Gustava Heymann and with her, worked at the first women's house in Hamburg.Шаблон:Sfn Baer completed her early schooling and trained to be a teacher studying in Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich and Neuchâtel, Switzerland.Шаблон:Sfn

Career

Completing her training, Baer began her career as a teacher in Hamburg.Шаблон:Sfn During World War I Baer relocated to Munich and became involved with Heymann, Anita Augspurg and Helene Stöcker in the Pacifist Movement.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1915, she attended International Congress of WomenШаблон:Sfn held in The Hague, where the first ideas were launched for women to form the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. That meeting was followed-up in 1919 with the formation of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF),Шаблон:Sfn which Baer immediately joined, served in various positions with the German branch of WILPF from its founding year.Шаблон:Sfn Between 1918 and 1919, Baer set up a women's council in the Munich Ministry of Social Affairs, for the newly created Bavarian Soviet Republic.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She also participated in the summer courses on Internationalism, sponsored by WILPF in the early 1920s.Шаблон:Sfn Between 1919 and 1933, she worked for the women’s journals Die Frau im Staat (The Woman in the State) and Die Friedenswarte (Peace Watch).Шаблон:Sfn

In 1922, Baer, who had been executive secretary of the German WILPF for a year, made her first trip to the United States.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She missed her meeting with President Harding, when immigration detained her because of her membership in the Communist Party of Germany and fears that she had insufficient funds to support herself while in the country.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Released after the intervention of Jane Addams, Baer, when speaking at a later meeting, urged women to join in the peace movement and anti-war demonstrations.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Giving lectures with members from Britain and France, Baer urged the United States to withdraw troops from Latin America, to release political prisoners, and to recognize the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn Along with Heymann and Frida Perlen, Baer led the efforts to reconcile German and French women in the interwar period. One such initiative was a tree planting held in 1926 in northern France. Baer also served as vice president of the German Peace Cartel and traveled widely in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn

Returning to the United States in 1924 to attend the WILPF International Conference, Baer urged that Hitler be taken as a serious threat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1929, she succeeded Jane Addams as the International Chair of the WILPF,Шаблон:Sfn but due to the volume of work to be done, it was decided that the responsibilities Addams had carried were to be shared with Emily Greene Balch and Clara Ragaz.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When Hitler took over Germany in 1933, Baer fled the country and obtained citizenship in Czechoslovakia.Шаблон:Sfn WILPF leadership called an emergency meeting and gave her asylum, hiring her to work full-time to prepare for their next conference.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When the Nazis seized and occupied the country, she then fled to Geneva.Шаблон:Sfn Upon Addams death in 1935, it was decided to have Baer, Ragaz and Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann, continue the shared responsibilities as WILPF chairs.Шаблон:Sfn Making her third trip to the United States that year, Baer participated in a disarmament conference, appealing for the nations of the world to work together for peace.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1939, Baer, the monitor for WILPF of the Economic Council of the League of Nations, was sent to the United States. The Council had been moved to Princeton, New Jersey and it was deemed necessary for Baer to relocate for safety concerns. From there, she served as the primary leader of the WILPF, throughout the war, preparing the circular communications that quarterly were sent to international branches.Шаблон:Sfn The chair was still shared by Baer and Ragaz, but British pacifist Kathleen Innes, had replaced Ramondt-Hirschmann in 1937 as the third member.Шаблон:Sfn The three women sent a letter to President Roosevelt urging him to allow refugees into the country.Шаблон:Sfn In 1940, Baer became American citizen, though she returned to Geneva permanently in 1950.Шаблон:Sfn Having kept alive the contacts and the organization, at the end of the war, Baer became the first WILPF consultant to the United Nations and held that post until 1972.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the initiatives she was involved in were urging the World Health Organization to investigate what effect atomic tests and specifically radiation posed to the population. Beginning in 1955, she stressed the need to utilize solar energy, rather than pursue nuclear power,Шаблон:Sfn and in a 1960 campaign urged rural education through radio broadcasting.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1965, at the fiftieth anniversary convention for the creation of WILPF, Baer expressed her frustration that the organization had moved away from its feminist roots, reminding members that until full equality in all spheres of life had been attained, women would remain at risk.Шаблон:Sfn The following year, as an observer to the UN NGO Forum held in Rome, Baer again spoke about the links between feminism and pacifism, while urging self-determination for Viet Nam.Шаблон:Sfn At the close of the 1960s, Baer was still committed to the organization, pressing for membership to be expanded to include young people and those outside mainstream organizations.Шаблон:Sfn She pressed for disarmament and worked to get the superpowers to agree to passage of the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.Шаблон:Sfn Ahead of her time in many ways, Baer's ideas preceded both second-wave feminism and the 1980s rebirth of the peace movement.Шаблон:Sfn In 1977, a documentary film by Michaela Belger, entitled Gertrud Baer. Ein Leben für die Gleichberechtigung der Frau, für Frieden und Freiheit (Gertrud Baer: A Life for the Equal Rights of Woman, for Peace and Freedom) was released to honor Baer's work.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

Baer died on 15 December 1981 in Geneva.Шаблон:Sfn The seminars WILPF holds annually to train new members were renamed in 1981 as the Gertrude Baer Young Women’s Summer Seminars, in her honor.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Citations

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Bibliography

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