Английская Википедия:Gewisse
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox country
The Gewisse (Шаблон:IPA-ang Шаблон:Respell; Шаблон:Lang-la) were a tribe or ruling clan of Anglo-Saxon England. Their first location, mentioned in early medieval sources was the upper Thames region, around Dorchester on Thames.Шаблон:Sfn However, some scholars suggest that the Gewisse had origins among the ancient Britons, at Cair-Caratauc (Old Sarum) in Wiltshire. According to Saxon folklore, the Gewisse were the founders of the Kingdom of Wessex .
Etymology
The name was first documented as Gewissorum in the eighth century as an ethnonym of the West Saxons.[1] Its origin is uncertain. The Old English adjective ġewisse means "reliable" or "sure",Шаблон:Sfn and its corresponding noun means "certainty". Eilert Ekwall proposed that the similarity in toponymy between the kingdoms of the Gewisse and Hwicce suggests a common origin,[2] and an analysis by Richard Coates concluded that Hwicce was of Brittonic origin.[3]
Several linguists believe the word (in the form it has come down to us) is not the result of a normal linguistic development, and that attempts to deduce its evolution are problematic without accounting for same:[4]
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle presents an eponymous ancestor figure, named Giwis,[5] which is an example of non-historical founding myths.
The Winchester (or Parker) Chronicle has "...Cynric, son of Cerdic, son of Elesa, son of Gewis, son of Wig, son of Freawine, son of Frithugar, son of Brand, son of Beldeg, son of Woden, son of Finn, son of Godwulf, son of Geats..." listed as descent from Cerdic of Wessex. This manuscript does not present Gewis as eponymous, but in the Parker Manuscript's current state, is reconstructed from both apparently missing pages of the work, as well as a later fire, long after the manuscript had been recorded and disseminated. According to the Stanford Library, the Provenance of the manuscript is as follows [16]: Шаблон:Blockquote
History
Evidence of Germanic settlements appearing around Abingdon and Dorchester on Thames in the 6th and 7th centuries[6] has been used to make assumptions about the origins of the Ġewisse, presuming them to be Germanic mercenaries that may have been settled in the region after the end of the Roman occupation to protect a border region between Britons.[7] Another theory holds that the name of the tribe and its founding house is Brittonic and that they originated from the area that would become Old Sarum.[8]
The early Saxon myths say that the Gewisse captured Searobyrig (Old Sarum) in AD 552 and Beranbyrig (Barbury Castle) from the Britons in 556.[9] Birinus converted the Gewisse to Christianity in AD 636 by baptising their king Cynegils and establishing the Diocese of Dorchester.[10] The Gewisse killed the three sons of Sæbert of Essex in about 620, defeated the Britons at the Battle of Peonnum in 660 and by 676 had sufficient control over what is now Hampshire to establish a see at Winchester.[11]
The conquests by the royal house of Gewisse in the 7th and 8th centuries led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Wessex,[12] and Bede treated the two names as interchangeable.[10] It was only during the reign of Cædwalla (685/6 – 688) that the title "king of the Saxons" began to replace "king of the Gewisse". Barbara Yorke has suggested that it was Cædwalla's conquest of the Jutish province and the South Saxons that led to the need for a new title to distinguish the expanded realm from its predecessor.[13] However, as there are no surviving documents to indicate how these people described themselves, the most that can be said is that by the time Bede was writing (early 8th century), the phrase "West Saxons" had come into use by scholars.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
- ↑ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, ed. & tr. B. Colgrave & R. A. B. Mynors, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969)
- ↑ Шаблон:Ekwall
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Doctor P.C.H. Schrijver, Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Celtic, Institute for Cultural Inquiry, University of Utrecht; Doctor Stefan Zimmer, Department of Celtic, University of Bonn; Professor Patrick Sims-Williams, Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies, The University of Wales, Aberystwyth; Dr Ben Guy, Research Associate, Latin Lives of the Welsh Saints Project, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. San Marino, Boydell Press, 2003.
- ↑ A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 6. Ed. Elizabeth Crittall. London: Victoria County History, 1962. British History Online. Web. 15 June 2022. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol6.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
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