Английская Википедия:Ghadir Khumm
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox event Шаблон:Muhammad The Ghadīr Khumm (Шаблон:Lang-ar) was a gathering of Muslims to attend a sermon delivered by the Islamic prophet Muhammad on 16 March 632 CE. The gathering is said to have taken place by the ghadir (pool) in the wadi of Khumm, located near the then settlement of al-Juhfa on the path between Mecca and Medina, where Muhammad halted the large caravan of Muslims who had accompanied him in the Farewell Pilgrimage, his only Hajj ritual.
In the sermon, made shortly before his death in June 632, Muhammad made a declaration in favor of Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, uttering the words, "He whose Шаблон:Transliteration I am, Ali is his Шаблон:Transliteration." Шаблон:Transliteration is a polysemous Arabic word, which can mean 'patron', 'master', 'leader', or 'friend', depending on its context. Shia Muslims believe this sermon to be a clear designation of Ali to lead the Muslim community after Muhammad and celebrate the anniversary of the event as Eid al-Ghadir. The Sunni community meanwhile regards the declaration as a simple affirmation of Muhammad's esteem for Ali.
Etymology
Ghadir Khumm refers both to the gathering of Muslims for Muhammad's sermon and its location, which was a pond (Шаблон:Transliteration) fed by a nearby spring in a wadi known as Khumm, situated between the cities of Mecca and Medina.Шаблон:Sfn The pond was located near the settlement of al-Juhfa,Шаблон:Sfn a strategic trijunction where routes from Medina, Egypt, and Iraq intersected.Шаблон:Sfn
The word Шаблон:Transl has been translated as 'deceiver', and the valley was so named because the water of its pond was saline and unfit for consumption.Шаблон:Sfn At the time of the event, the original inhabitants of the region, namely, the Banu Khuza'a and the Banu Kinana tribes, had already abandoned the area due to its poor pasturage and harsh climate.Шаблон:Sfn Before Muhammad's address there, the location was likely never used as a caravan stop.Шаблон:Sfn In Shia sources, the harsh environment of Ghadir Khumm is seen as emphasizing the urgency of Muhammad's divine task as he sought the largest audience for his address before the pilgrims parted ways.Шаблон:Sfn
Background
Шаблон:See also Ten years after Muhammad's migration to Medina and on the last days of Dhu al-Qadah, Muhammad performed the Hajj rituals in Mecca shortly before his death in 632 CE.Шаблон:Sfn This Hajj ceremony has become known as the Farewell Pilgrimage.Шаблон:Sfn In a sermon in Mecca (at Arafat),Шаблон:Sfn and possibly again at the Ghadir Khumm,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muhammad alerted Muslims about his impending death. After the Hajj, he embarked on the return journey from Mecca to Medina, accompanied by an entourage of Muslims. The announcement at the Ghadir Khumm took place during the return journey among a congregation of these Muslims,Шаблон:Sfn possibly numbering in the tens of thousands.Шаблон:Sfn
The sermon
At the Ghadir Khumm, Muhammad called the Muslim caravan to a halt ahead of the noon congregational prayer, before the pilgrims parted their ways,Шаблон:Sfn and then asked for a dais to be raised.Шаблон:Sfn After the prayer,Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad delivered a sermon to a large number of Muslims in which he emphasized the importance of the Qur'an and his Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit, his family).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His statement is widely reported by Sunni and Shia authorities, and the version that appears in Шаблон:Transl, a canonical Sunni collection of hadiths, reads,
Known as the [[Hadith al-Thaqalayn|hadith of the Шаблон:Transl]], Muhammad might have repeated this statement on multiple occasions,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and indeed several similar variants of this hadith can be found in Sunni sources.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the version that appears in Шаблон:Transl, another canonical Sunni source, also includes the warning, "Be careful how you treat the two [treasures] after me."Шаблон:Sfn Taking Ali by the hand, Muhammad then asked if he was not Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lit) the believers than themselves,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn evidently a reference to verse 33:6 of the Qur'an.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When they affirmed,Шаблон:Sfn he declared,
which is known as the hadith of the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) in Shia.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad might have repeated this sentence three or four more times, as reported in Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He then continued, "O God, befriend the friend of Ali and be the enemy of his enemy," according to some versions,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn including the Sunni Шаблон:Transl and the Shia Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni scholars Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in) and Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Шаблон:Died in) relate that Muhammad's companion Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon and told him, "You have now become Шаблон:Transliteration of every faithful man and woman."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Historicity
The historicity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely disputed within the Muslim community,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn as its recorded tradition is "among the most extensively acknowledged and substantiated" in classical Islamic sources.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, several variations exist in the early sources,Шаблон:Sfn and there is a significant weight of different accounts.Шаблон:Sfn The narrative of the Ghadir Khumm is, for instance, preserved in Chronology of Ancient Nations by the Sunni polymath al-Biruni (Шаблон:Died in), which survives in an early fourteenth-century Ilkhanid copy by Ibn al-Kutbi.Шаблон:Sfn The Shia inclination of those responsible for this copy is evident from its illustrations of Ali, including one entitled The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:Sfn
Accounts of the Ghadir Khumm appear elsewhere in both Sunni and Shia sources, and these accounts have occasionally been used interchangeably without sectarian prejudice.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the Shia scholar Abdul Hosein Amini (Шаблон:Died in) relied on Sunni and Shia sources to list over a hundred companions and eighty-four Шаблон:Transliteration who had recounted the event, most of whom are now counted among Sunnis.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Similar efforts were undertaken by the Shia authors Hamid H. Musavi (Шаблон:Died in) and Hussein A. Mahfouz (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Other early accounts of the event include those by the Shia-leaning historian al-Ya'qubi (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and by the Sunni scholars Ibn Hanbal, Ibn Kathir,Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Asakir (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn al-Tirmidhi (Шаблон:Died in), al-Nasa'i (Шаблон:Died in), Ibn Maja (Шаблон:Died in), Abu Dawud (Шаблон:Died in), Ibn al-Athir (Шаблон:Died in), Ibn Abd al-Barr (Шаблон:Died in), Ibn Abd Rabbih (Шаблон:Died in), and Jahiz (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn
Some Sunni historians, such as al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in), Ibn Hisham (Шаблон:Died in), and Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in), have nonetheless made little or no mention of the Ghadir Khumm,Шаблон:Sfn perhaps because the event supports the Shia legitimist claims,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or perhaps they wanted to avoid angering their Sunni rulers by supporting the Shia cause.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Consequently, Western authors, whose works were based on these authors, also make little reference to the Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:Sfn Even though the Ghadir Khumm is absent from Шаблон:Transl, its author narrates how Muhammad publicly dismissed some complaints about the conduct of Ali in Yemen in the same "chronological slot" as the Ghadir Khumm. The Islamicist Maria M. Dakake thus suggests that al-Tabari deliberately replaced the Ghadir Khumm tradition with another one that praised Ali but lacked any spiritual and legitimist implications in favor of Shia.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, in the ninth-century Baghdad, some among the Sunni group Ahl al-Hadith apparently denied the event,Шаблон:Sfn which may have prompted al-Tabari to refute their claims in his nonextant book Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or in his unfinished Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Similarly, as a senior employee of the Shia Buyid dynasty, the Shia theologian Sharif al-Radi (Шаблон:Died in) does not mention the Ghadir Khumm in his Шаблон:Transl, possibly to avoid the ire of the Sunni Abbasids.Шаблон:Sfn
Links to the Qur'an
Шаблон:Main articles In Shia and some Sunni sources,Шаблон:Sfn two verses of the Qur'an are associated with the Ghadir Khumm: verse 5:3, which announces the perfection of Islam, and verse 5:67, which urges Muhammad to fulfill his divine instructions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The latter, sometimes known as the [[Verse of tabligh|verse of Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lit), has been linked to the Ghadir Khumm by the Sunni exegetes al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Razi (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and the Shia exegete al-Qumi (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn among others.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The verse of Шаблон:Transl warns Muhammad,
Revealed before the Ghadir Khumm, according to the Shia, this verse spurred Muhammad to deliver his announcement about Ali, which he had delayed fearing the reaction of some of his companions.Шаблон:Sfn Sunnis offer different views, one of which connects this verse to Muhammad's criticism of Jews and Christians.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, the verse of Шаблон:Transl is highly likely linked to the events that followed the Farewell Pilgrimage, including the Ghadir Khumm, because chapter ([[surah|Шаблон:Transliteration]]) five of the Qur'an is often associated with Muhammad's final years in Medina.Шаблон:Sfn Verse 5:3 of the Qur'an, also known as the [[Verse of ikmal al-din|verse of Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lit), is similarly connected to the Ghadir Khumm in some Sunni reports by al-Tabari and the Sunni exegete al-Baghdadi (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and by the Shia exegete al-Tusi (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn among others.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In contrast, most Sunni commentators associate this verse with the Farewell Pilgrimage,Шаблон:Sfn and this is also the opinion of al-Ya'qubi.Шаблон:Sfn Among various Sunni views, the verse of Шаблон:Transl may refer to the establishment of the rites for Hajj during the Farewell Pilgrimage or the closure of Islamic legislation with the revelation of dietary instructions in the remainder of this verse, although some injunctions about Шаблон:Transliteration were possibly revealed after this verse.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The verse of Шаблон:Transl includes the passage,
Other literary references
The Ghadir Khumm has also been preserved in the Arabic literature.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The earliest such instance is a disputed poem attributed to Hassan ibn Thabit (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who accompanied Muhammad during the pilgrimage.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the poem is quoted by the prominent Shia theologian al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn The poem appears also in some other Shia and Sunni sources, according to the Islamicist Husain M. Jafri (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Included in this poem is the verse, "Stand up, O Ali, for I find only you to be an imam and a guide after I [Muhammad] depart."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In regards to its authenticity, Mohammad A. Amir-Moezzi, another expert, does not find this attribution problematic,Шаблон:Sfn while Jafri considers it highly improbable that these events would have passed unrecorded by Ibn Thabit, who was the "official poet-reporter of Muhammad."Шаблон:Sfn By contrast, the Islamicists Josef Horovitz (Шаблон:Died in) and Ignác Goldziher (Шаблон:Died in) reject the veracity of this poem.Шаблон:Sfn The Shia al-Kumayt ibn Zayd (Шаблон:Died in) is another early poet who composed verses on the same theme.Шаблон:Sfn
Historical references
On one occasion during his caliphate, Ali is known to have asked Muslims to come forward with their testimonies about the Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In doing so, he may have publicly laid claim to a spiritual and political authority greater than others, particularly his predecessors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muhammad's statement at the Ghadir Khumm, "O God, befriend the friend of Ali and be the enemy of his enemy," was likely the standard formula for pledging allegiance at that time.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, Ali and his son Hasan both demanded a similar pledge from their supporters during their caliphates.Шаблон:Sfn The hadith of the Шаблон:Transl is also cited by Ammar ibn Yasir, a companion of Muhammad, to support the legitimacy of Ali's caliphate in the account of the Shia historian Ibn A'tham al-Kufi (ninth century) of the negotiations before the Battle of Siffin (657). This might be the earliest such reference in historical sources.Шаблон:Sfn
Interpretation
Шаблон:Transliteration
While the authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested, its interpretation is a source of controversy between Sunni and Shia.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transliteration is a polysemous Arabic word, the meanings of which have varied in different periods and contexts.Шаблон:Sfn The Arabic root Шаблон:Transl of the word Шаблон:Transl describes affinity and proximity between two parties,Шаблон:Sfn and the word itself can therefore have opposite meanings, namely, 'master', 'leader', 'patron', 'beloved', 'supporter', 'freed slave', 'friend', 'client', and 'neighbor'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Before the Islamic era, the term may have applied to any form of tribal association,Шаблон:Sfn whereas, in the Qur'an and hadith literature, the word Шаблон:Transl and its cognate Шаблон:Transl can mean 'Lord', 'master', 'trustee', 'guardian', 'helper', 'protecting friend', 'freed slave', and (spiritual or material) 'heir'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In the context of the Ghadir Khumm, the interpretation of the word Шаблон:Transliteration tends to be split along sectarian lines. Shia sources interpret this word as meaning 'leader', 'master', and 'patron', Шаблон:Sfn while Sunni accounts of this sermon tend to offer little explanation,Шаблон:Sfn or interpret the hadith as a statement of love or support,Шаблон:Sfn or substitute the word Шаблон:Transliteration with its cognate Шаблон:Transliteration (of God, Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Shias therefore view the Ghadir Khumm as the investiture of Ali with Muhammad's religious and political authority (Шаблон:Transl),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn while Sunnis regard the event as an indication of the rapport between the two men,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or that Ali should execute Muhammad's will.Шаблон:Sfn At any rate, the correct interpretation of the polysemous word Шаблон:Transl depends on its context.Шаблон:Sfn In his sermon, Muhammad may have employed the word Шаблон:Transl synonymously to his earlier word Шаблон:Transl ('in charge of the believers more than themselves', Шаблон:Transl). This then supports the Shia interpretation of the word Шаблон:Transl in the sense of authority (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Alternatively, the Sunni theologian al-Baqillani (Шаблон:Died in) rejects any connection between the immediate uses of Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transliteration by Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn
Shia view
For Shia Muslims, the Ghadir Khumm signifies the investiture of Ali with the guardianship (Шаблон:Transl) of the Muslim community after Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, for them this was his most public announcement about the succession of Ali.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Shia accounts describe how Umar and other companions visited Ali after the sermon to congratulate and pledge their allegiance to him, even addressing him as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Literal translation).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
For Shias, the dramatic announcement at the Ghadir Khumm to thousands of Muslims in the heat of day hardly supports its Sunni interpretation of love (Шаблон:Transl) and support (Шаблон:Transl) for Ali.Шаблон:Sfn These two are also the obligations of every Muslim towards other Muslims, not just Ali.Шаблон:Sfn While the Sunni Ibn Kathir considers the Ghadir Khumm a response to complaints about Ali during his expedition to Yemen,Шаблон:Sfn the Shia jurist Ibn Shahrashub (Шаблон:Died in) argues that Muhammad had earlier dismissed those objections.Шаблон:Sfn As for the various meanings of the word Шаблон:Transl, the standard practice in Shia theology is to eliminate all those meanings in the hadith one by one until only the meaning of authority remains.Шаблон:Sfn
Sunni view
Among Sunni Muslims, the Ghadir Khumm is not associated with the succession to Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, the event is often connected to Ali's campaign in Yemen, from which he had just returned prior to the Farewell Pilgrimage. Ali is said to have strictly imposed the Islamic guidelines for the distribution of booty and that reportedly angered some soldiers. Ibn Kathir, for instance, sides with Ali in his account of the episode but also suggests that the Ghadir Khumm sermon was simply intended as a public declaration of Muhammad's love and esteem for Ali in light of the earlier events.Шаблон:Sfn
For Sunnis, it is also unimaginable that most companions would act wrongly and ignore a clear appointment of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, some suggest that the Muslim community did not act as if they had heard about such an appointment,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and thus consider this designation improbable.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By contrast, Shias believe that the community deliberately ignored the designation of Ali,Шаблон:Sfn pointing to the designation of the second caliph Umar by his predecessor Abu Bakr,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn other historical evidence,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and that majority does not imply legitimacy in the Qur'an.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some have instead argued that Muhammad would have made such an important announcement earlier, during the Hajj, while others consider this tantamount to criticizing Muhammad's judgement.Шаблон:Sfn
Eid al-Ghadir
While 18 Dhu al-Hijjah is not a significant day on the Sunni calendar, Shia Muslims celebrate this day as the Eid al-Ghadir, the day on which Islam was completed as a religion by the appointment of Ali as Muhammad's successor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Shias honor the holiday by making pilgrimages to the city of Karbala in Iraq.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
See also
Шаблон:Columns-list Шаблон:Portalbar
Footnotes
References
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