Английская Википедия:Ghaghara
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:RedirectШаблон:ConfuseШаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Infobox river The Karnali River, called Ghaghara River in India, Mapcha Tsangpo in Tibet, and the lower Ghaghara in Awadh called Sarayu River,[1] is a perennial trans-boundary river that originates in the northern slopes of the Himalayas in the Tibetan Plateau, cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India. Together they form the Ghaghara River, a major left-bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of Шаблон:Cvt, it is the longest river in Nepal. The total length of the Ghaghara up to its confluence with the Ganges at Revelganj in Bihar is Шаблон:Cvt.[2] It is the largest tributary of the Ganges by volume and the second largest by length after Yamuna.
Course
The Karnali rises in the northern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an elevation of about Шаблон:Convert above sea level. The river flows south through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River. The Шаблон:Convert Seti River drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali River in Doti District north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the Шаблон:Convert long Bheri, rises in the western part of Dhaulagiri Himalaya and drains the eastern part of the catchment, meeting the Karnali near Kuineghat in Surkhet.[3]
Cutting southward across the Sivalik Hills, it splits into two branches, the Geruwa on the left and Kauriala river on the right near Chisapani to rejoin south of the Indian border and form the proper Ghaghara. Other tributaries originating in Nepal are the West Rapti, the Kali (or Mahakali) and the little Gandak. It flows southeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states to join the Ganges downstream of the town of Chhapra, after a course of Шаблон:Convert. Saryu river is stated to be synonymous with the modern Karnali river or as a tributary of it.
Karnali River exposes the oldest part of the Sivalik Hills of Nepal. The remnant magnetization of siltstones and sandstones in this group suggests a depositional age of between 16 million and 5.2 million years.[4]
Basin
The Karnali River Basin lies between the mountain ranges of Dhaulagiri in Nepal and Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand. Dhaulagiri II, elevation Шаблон:Convert, is the highest point of the entire basin. In the north, it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas. The basin formed by the river has a total catchment area of Шаблон:Convert, of which 45 percent is in India.[5]
Tributaries
Chhoti Gandak is a groundwater-fed meandering river originating near Dhesopool, Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh. It travels a distance of about Шаблон:Convert and joins Ghaghara near Guthani, Siwan district of Bihar. The Chhoti Gandak River Basin is located between 26°00' to 27°20' N latitude and 83°30' to 84°15' E longitude. Right bank tributaries are Khekhra, Hirna, Jethan, Maun, Duhari, Kanchi and Koilar rivers; Khanua river joins from the left bank. The discharge of Chhoti Gandak is mainly controlled by rain, which is very high during the monsoon season and low during the summers. It has been observed that whenever precipitation is high in the catchment areas, there is flood in the downstream part of the Chhoti Gandak River Basin. The region exhibits upland terrace surface, river valley terrace surface, present-day river channel with narrow flood plains, natural levee, and point-bar deposits. All these geomorphic features are depositional in nature and made up of alluvium of different ages.[6][7][8][9]
The main tributaries of the Karnali are Seti and Bheri.[10]
Administrative zones and districts
In Nepal, the Karnali Province is the largest zone with about Шаблон:Convert area. Its administrative center is Jumla. The zone is divided into the five districts of Dolpa, Humla, Jumla, Kalikot and Mugu.[11]
The Karnali Province has the lowest population density in Nepal. There are no large settlements on the banks of the river, which is only crossed near Chisapani by the Mahendra Highway. This region is now connected by karnali highway and now due to various hydro electricity projects this area is being developed. Now a 900 MW project is going to be constructed in this river
In India, the administrative districts in the Ghaghra catchment are Ambedkar Nagar, Ayodhya, Gonda, Azamgarh, Barabanki, Basti, Ballia, Bahraich, Deoria, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Sant Kabir Nagar, Lakhimpur Kheri, Mau, Sitapur of Uttar Pradesh and Siwan district in Bihar.
Important towns in India include Akabarpur, Ayodhya, Bahraich, Barabanki, Basti, Deoria, Barhalganj, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Sitapur, Siddharthnagar, Saint Kabir Nagar, Kamhariya, Rajesultanpur and Tanda in Uttar Pradesh and Chapra, Siwan, and Sonepur in Bihar.
The Ghaghra River is locally known as "Saryu" or "Sarayu" in the city of Ayodhya.[1]
Protected areas
Шаблон:Unreferenced section Bardia National Park is the largest and most undisturbed protected area in the Karnali River basin, covering Шаблон:Convert on the southern slopes of the Sivalik Hills. It is bordered in the south by the Babai River, and to the west by the Girwa River, a tributary of the Karnali. At Chisapani Gorge, the swift-flowing Karnali River emerges from the Shiwalik Range onto the broad plain and flows purposefully through the semi-tropical jungle. The park is famous for two Asian elephant herds, several deer species, gaur, nilgai, Himalayan tahr, serow and goral. The Karnali supports the endangered mugger crocodile, the gharial, a few remaining South Asian river dolphins and the golden mahseer.
Other protected areas include Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.
Endangered species
The Karnali provides the upper range for the Gangetic river dolphin (Platanista gangetica), the largest freshwater mammals found on the Indian subcontinent. They are considered vulnerable species under CITES Appendix 1 and are classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2004). The river dolphins are legally protected animals in Nepal as endangered mammal and fall under Schedule I of the protected list of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973. Living at the upstream range limit, dolphins in the Karnali River are particularly vulnerable to threats from habitat degradation. Dolphins need deep pools of water. They are often found in places where human activities are most intense and they are sometimes accidentally caught by the local people who live in the lower Karnali basin. The Karnali River supports the last potentially viable population of the Ganges river dolphin in Nepal. These dolphins are at their farthest upstream range and isolated by the Girijapur Barrage (a low gated dam), located about Шаблон:Convert downstream of the Nepal–India border.[12]
A high dam has been planned for some time just upstream of the dolphins' current (or at least recent) range in the Karnali River, Nepal. If built, this structure would almost certainly eliminate the small amount of dolphin habitat in Nepal's last river with a potentially viable dolphin population. Disturbance and environmental degradation associated with geotechnical feasibility studies and bridge and road construction for the dam already may have contributed to a decline in the number and range of dolphins or susu above the Nepal-India border.[13] The Ghaghara is the furthest upstream in the dolphin range.
Other important protected areas and their biological and religious significance are a) Khaptad NP at Шаблон:Convert, Dhorpatan HR at Шаблон:Convert, and WR (1976) at Kanchanpur at Шаблон:Convert in the Terai Sal.[14]
Irrigation
India
The Sarda Sahayak Irrigation Project uses the combined flows from the rivers Ghaghara and Sarda in the Girija Barrage built across the Ghaghara river below a catchment area of Шаблон:Convert. This barrage is situated about Шаблон:Convert downstream of Khatria Ghat Rly station and Шаблон:Convert from the international border to Nepal in Bahraich district. It is linked to the Lower Sarda Barrage (built across the Sarda river, with a catchment area of Шаблон:Convert, about Шаблон:Convert northeast of Lakhimpur Kheri Rly station in Lakhimpur Kheri district) via a link canal from Girija Barrage to the Lower Sarda Barrage which is Шаблон:Convert long and is designed to divert a discharge of Шаблон:Convert from Gandak to Sarda river.
The feeder channel taking off from the Lower Sarda Barrage is Шаблон:Convert long, feeds the five branches of Dariyabad, Barabani, Haideganj, RaeBareil and Purva, and is designed to carry a discharge of Шаблон:Convert. The Sarda Sahayak feeder channel meets the Haidergarh branch at Шаблон:Convert and Raibareli branch at Шаблон:Convert. The entire canal system is considered the largest in Asia and designed to provide irrigation to a Culturalable Command Area (CCA) of Шаблон:Convert covering 14 districts in 168 blocks with a gross command area of Шаблон:Convert.
On account of high silt flows during the flood season, Sarda Sahayak supplies (from Karnali) are suspended for 100 days between June and October, when the Lower Sarda Canal (feeder canal) draws water from the Sarda River, which is then flooded.[15]
In the past the Karnali River was considered to be attractive for the development of navigation right from the Indo–Nepal border to the confluence of this river and the Ganges. The lower reach of this river—called the Ghaghra in India—was used in the past for navigation by steamers. Apart from in the foothills of the Himalayas where most of the streams were simply fast-moving water throughout the greater part of the year and not navigable when flowing rapidly, most of the rivers with steadier currents had boats on them. The Ganges, the Ghaghra, the Yamuna, the Gomti, the Sharda and the Rapti were the most important navigable rivers in the Northwestern provinces and Oudh.Шаблон:Citation needed
Many trade items such as timber, food grains, sugar, indigo, cotton seed, poppy seed and mustard seed were transported by boats. April, May and June were the most suitable months and were a busy trading period. Different kinds of cargo boats were used on the Ganges, the smaller ones were known as always, while the larger ones were known as Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Citation needed
In the latter half of the 19th century when the railways came into existence, the significance of waterways as inland trade routes declined, as the railways were faster and safer. With the exception of eastern parts of Bengal where abundance of water in the natural network of channels sustained and continued to provide a suitable mode of transport of goods and people, the railways had almost entirely replaced the waterways as communication lines throughout the country by the end of the 19th century.[16]
The possibilities for further extension of the steamer services to the north had also been explored in the past. The Central Water and Power Commission of the Government of India had carried out hydrographical survey of the Karnali River from the Bahramghat to the confluence of this river and the Ganges a distance of Шаблон:Convert. This survey was done in the years 1943–53 to explore the possibility of improvement and extension of navigation on this river by powered crafts. These surveys revealed that there were only 5 shoals under Шаблон:Convert at low water between Burhaj and Bahramghat a distance of about Шаблон:Convert. The minimum depth was Шаблон:Convert. These depths were available without any river conservancy works. All other conditions of navigable channel such as the width and current of flow etc. were also found to be very favourable. The low water stage in this river is only for a short duration. There is a great urgency to carry out detailed study of the Karnali river to develop modern inland waterway by applying various channel improvement technologies.[17]
See also
References
External links
- Ghaghara River marked on OpenStreetMap
- Nepal River Conservation Trust: The Karnali River
- A very short description of Ghaghra River
- Karnali Bridge in Far-Western Nepal
Шаблон:Waters of South Asia Шаблон:Hydrography of Nepal Шаблон:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gautam, P., Fujiwara, Y. (2000) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal. Geophysical Journal International, Volume 142, Issue 3: 812-824. download pdf
- ↑ West Seti Hydroelectric Project (2007) Karnali Basin Cumulative Impact Assessment. Report by West Seti Hydro Limited, Kathmandu, Nepal download pdf Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Bhardwaj, V., Singh, D.S., Singh, A.K. (2010) Hydrogeochemistry of Ground water and anthopogenic control over dolomatization reaction in alluvial sediments of the Deoria district: Ganga Plain India. Environmental Earth Sciences 59:1099-1109. Abstract
- ↑ Bhardwaj, V., Singh, D.S., Singh, A.K. (2010) Water Quality of the Chhoti Gandak River using Principal Component Analysis, Ganga Plain, India. Journal of Earth System Sciences, 119 (1) pp 1-12. download pdf
- ↑ Bhardwaj, V., Singh, D.S., Singh, A.K. (2009) Environmental repercussions of cane-sugar industries on the Chhoti Gandak river basin, Ganga Plain, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. (DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-1281-2). Abstract
- ↑ Singh, D.S., Awasthi, A., Bhardwaj, V. (2009) Control of Tectonics and Climate on Chhoti Gandak River Basin, East Ganga Plain, India. Himalayan Geology, Vol 30 (2) 2009, pp 147-154.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Free-flowing rivers
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite iucn
- ↑ I
- ↑ Parajuli, U. (2003) Water sharing Conflicts between Countries, and Approaches to resolving them. WASSA Project Reports, Volume 3 download pdf Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Wafed - NepalШаблон:Dead link
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