Английская Википедия:Ghurid campaigns in India

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Ghurid campaigns in India were a series of invasions for 31 years (1175–1206) by the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor (Шаблон:Reign) in the last quarter of the twelfth and early decade of the thirteenth century which lead to the widespread expansion of the Ghurid empire in the Indian subcontinent.

Muhammad of Ghor incursions into India started as early as 1175 and thenceforth continued to lead his armies in the Indian subcontinent until his assassination near the Indus on March 15, 1206. During these invasions, Muhammad conquered the Indus Basin from the Ghaznavids and other Ismāʿīlīya rulers and penetrated into the Gangetic doab after defeating a Rajput Confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan near Tarain avenging his earlier rout at the same battlefield. While the Ghurid empire was short lived and fell apart in 1215, Mu'izz al-Din's watershed victory in the Second Battle of Tarain established a permanent Muslim presence and influence in the Indian subcontinent.

During his campaigns in India, Mu'izz al-Din extirpated several local dynasties which included the Isma'ilis of Multan, Ghaznavids of Lahore, Chauhans of Ajmer, Tomaras of Delhi, Jadauns of Bayana and possibly the Gahadavalas of Kannauj as well.

Background

Шаблон:South Asia in 1175 During the later half of the twelfth century, the Šansabānī (Ghurids), a Persianate dynasty of presumably Tajik originШаблон:Sfn which was centred in present-day Afghanistan began their political expansion amidst the collapse of the Ghaznavids who were considerably weakened in their struggle with the Seljuk Empire.Шаблон:Sfn In 1163, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad succeeded as the Ghurid Sultan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In a decade, Ghiyath defeated the Ghuzz Turks and annexed Ghazna and stationed his brother Muhammad of Ghor in Ghazna which was used by him as a base for further inroads into India.Шаблон:Sfn Ghiyath al-Din with his centre in Firuzkuh confronted the Khwarazmian Empire for the Ghurid expansion in Central Asia while Muhammad, motivated by the exploits of Mahmud of Ghazni began raiding in the Indian Subcontinent from 1175.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Persian accounts only mentioned a few invasions by the Ghurids prior to their decisive victory of Tarain.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Contray to the Persian authorities, the local Hindu and Jain works claimed that the "Mleccha Ghori" (barbarian) was defeated several times before the First Battle of Tarain.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn While these accounts vastly exaggerate the number of Ghurid invasionsШаблон:Efn in order to magnify the scale of native resistance, though the Ghurids generals after their occupation of Punjab in 1186, possibly began to raid into the territories of north but were fended off by the Rajput chiefs.[1]

Campaign timeline

This list illustrates the significant events that occurred as a result of the Ghurid campaigns in India.

Name of conflict (time)

Ghurid commander(s) Opponent Outcome
Capture of Multan
(1175) 		Muhammad of Ghor Local Isma'ilis
  • Khafif
 Ghurid Victory
First Battle of Kasahrada
(1178) 		Muhammad of GhorШаблон:WIA Rajput confederacy Rajput Victory
  • Ghurids retreat.
Capture of Peshawar
(1179) 		Muhammad of Ghor Ghaznavids
  • (unknown)
 Ghurid Victory
  • Peshawar annexed to Ghurid empire.
Capture of Debal
(1182) 		Muhammad of Ghor Soomra dynasty
  • (unknown)
 Ghurid Victory
Capture of Lahore
(1186) 		Muhammad of Ghor Ghaznavids Ghurid Victory
First Battle of Tarain
(1191) 		Rajput confederacy Rajput Victory
  • Ghurids retreat.
Second Battle of Tarain
(1192) 		Rajput confederacy Ghurid Victory
Battle of Bagar
(1192) 		Qutbuddin Aibak Chahamana Subordinate Ghurid Victory
  • Jatwan was killed in the battle.
Capture of Bulandshahr
(1192) 		Qutbuddin Aibak Dor Rajputs Ghurid Victory
Revolt of Hariraja
(1192–94) 		Qutbuddin Aibak Rajputs Ghurid Victory
Capture of Delhi
(1193) 		Qutbuddin Aibak Tomara Rajputs
  • Tomara King
 Ghurid Victory
  • Complete decline of Tomara dynasty.
  • Delhi becomes the centre of Ghurids in India.[2]
Capture of Koil
(1193) 		Qutbuddin Aibak Dor Rajputs Ghurid Victory
Battle of Chandawar
(1194) 		Rajputs of Gahadavala dynasty Ghurid Victory
  • Banaras captured by Ghurids.
Siege of Bayana
(1195) 		Jadaun Rajputs Ghurid Victory
  • Kumarpala surrenders.
  • Bayana annexed to Ghurid empire.
Siege of Gwalior (1196) Kachchhpahata Rajputs Ghurid Victory
  • Sulakshanapala surrenders
  • End of Kachchhapaghata dynasty
  • Gwalior annexed to Ghurid empire.
Second Battle of Kasahrada Ghurid Empire
  • Qutubuddin Aibak
  • Asaduddin Arsalan Qulji
  • Sarfuddin Muhammad Chirak
  • Nasiruddin Hussain
  • Jahan Pahalwan
 Rajput confederacy Ghurid Victory
Mher rebellion
(1197) 		Qutbuddin Aibak Rajput confederacy and Mhers Ghurid Victory
Capture of Badaun
(1197) 		Qutbuddin Aibak Rashtrakuta Rajputs
  • Rashtrakuta chief of Badaun
 Ghurid Victory
Conquest of Bihar
(1200) 		Bakhtiyar Khalji States and inhabitants of Bihar Ghurid Victory
Siege of Kalinjar
(1203) 		Chandela Rajputs Ghurid Victory
Ghurid invasion of Bengal
(1203) 		Bakhtiyar Khalji Sena dynasty Ghurid Victory
  • Lakshman Sena retreat to southeast Bengal
  • Most of the part of Bengal annexed to Ghurid empire.
Ghurid invasion of Tibet
(1206) 		Bakhtiyar Khalji Tibetan chiefs Tibetan Victory
  • Ghurid army under Bakhtiyar Khalji was badly defeated by Tibetans.

Conquest of Multan and Uch

In 1175, Muhammad crossed the river Indus through the Gomal Pass instead of the Khyber Pass, as the former was a shorter route to make inroads into the coastal plain of Gujarat and for subsequent advance into the Peninsular India.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His first expedition was against the Isma'ilis (Shia sect) in Multan. The Isma'ili Emirate of Multan had been crushed by Mahmud of Ghazni in the early eleventh century, although the sect soon regained rule of Multan and even as far as the upper plain of Sindh and possibly Uch as well soon after his death in 1030.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They were defeated and Mu'izz al-Din captured Multan after a stiff resistance by the Qaramatians in 1175.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Uch

After capturing Multan, Muhammad marched to Uch (situated between Chenab and Jhelum river) which was annexed in 1176.Шаблон:Sfn

The exact event of the Ghurid conquest of Uch is contradictory among the contemporary and the later sources. The contemporary author Ibn al-Athir claimed that Uch was under the rule of the Bhati Rajputs.Шаблон:Sfn According to his account, when Muhammad besieged the fort, he made a proposal to the influential Rajput queen of Uch and promised to marry her, If she aids him in his conquest and put her husband to death. Ibn al-Athir further stated that she poisoned her husband and offered to marry her beautiful daughter to the Sultan instead on the condition that after the conquest of the fort, the Sultan will not plunder their royal treasure after the conquest of Uch. Muhammad agreed and married her daughter and converted her to Islam.Шаблон:Sfn This story is also repeated by the later chroniclers including Ferishta. However, the authenticity of this account is uncertain as the annals of the Bhattis themselves do not mentioned their rule in Uch.Шаблон:Sfn The territory of Uch, thus, was possibly ruled by another sect of the Ismāʿīlīyah monarchs before Mu'izz al-Din's conquest of the region.[4]

The forts of Multan and Uch were placed under Ali Kiramaj and Mu'izz returned to Ghazna.Шаблон:Sfn Within a short span, Mu'izz al-Din swiftly moved across the Indus and annexed most of the Sindh and its adjoining areas to facilitate his northward expansion.Шаблон:Sfn

Early invasion of Rajasthan

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Kasahrada.jpg
Location of the battle site in the present-day state of Rajasthan

After the conquest of Mulan and Uch, Muhammad from the lower Sindh marched into the present-day state of Rajasthan and Gujarat in Anhilwara. The city of Anhilwara was sacked by the Ġhaznāvid ruler Mahmud of Ghaznavid in 1026, who also desecrated the Somnath temple.Шаблон:Sfn However, the Solankis regained their influence under Kumarapala. On the eve of Ghurid invasion, Anhilwara was ruled by Mularaja IIШаблон:Efn who marshalled a formidable army of the Rajput veterans which included the Chahamana ruler of Nadol Kelhanadeva, Chahamana ruler of Jalore Kirtipala who was founder of the Jalore line of the Chahamanas and the Parmar ruler Dharavarsha of Abu. The Ghurids were famished in their long march from the arid desert of Rajasthan. In the ensuring battle, the Ghurid troops were thoroughly routed by the Rajput host and Muhammad of Ghur barely managed to escape alive.[5][6]

The debacle of Kayadhara, made Muhammad change his route, who thence turned towards the Ghaznavids of Lahore.Шаблон:Sfn

Campaign against Ghaznavids

In 1180 or thereabouts, Muhammad marched towards Peshawar and annexed it where the Soomra ruler acknowledged his authority. Afterwards, he turned his attention towards Lahore which was under the possession of Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik who was not capable enough to offer a military resistance considered treaty. He accepted the Ghurid supremacy and further sent his son Malik Shah along with some elephants as hostage for the future conducts.Шаблон:Sfn

However, the treaty was for a short while as Muhammad again marched upon Lahore in 1184/1185. On the Ghurid advance, Khusrau Malik shut himself inside the city walls. Muhammad though, captured Sialkot in 1185.Шаблон:Sfn He returned to Ghazni after erecting a fortress in Sialkot.Шаблон:Sfn The advancement of Ghurids in Sialkot, lead to a response from Khusrau Malik who besieged the fort in 1185. However, the Ghurid governor of Sialkot managed to defy the Ghaznavid advance. Khusrau Malik, thus, returned to Lahore after a futile effort.Шаблон:Sfn

On the report of Ghaznavid advance in Silakot, Muhammad advanced from Ghazna with 20,000 cavalry to eradicate the Ghaznavids. As the Ghurids laid siege to Lahore, Khusrau Malik was hard pressed and soon the garrison capitulated. Khusrau Malik was brought out of his castle in accordance with negotiations but was treacherously imprisoned by Mu'izz al-Din and later executed along with all of his family in 1191Шаблон:Sfn or possibly by 1186 itself.Шаблон:Sfn Thus, Mu'izz al-Din overthrew the Ghaznavids by 1186.Шаблон:Sfn

After the campaigns against the Ghaznavids, Muhammad captured the upper Indus plain and most of Punjab to march into the Northern India.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Invasion of the Doab

Шаблон:Main Muhammad marched from Ghazni and captured Bhatinda in 1190[7] which was under the control of the Chahamana (Chauhan) Rajput clan who emerged as the leading power of northern India in the later twelfth century.[8] The Chahamana ruler of Ajmer, Prithviraj Chauhan (c. 1166–1192), aided by his Rajput allies gathered a vast army of 100,000 lancers and advanced to dislodge the Ghurid garrison in Bhatinda.[9][10] In a decisive battle fought north of Delhi in Tarain, the outnumbered Ghurid forces were completely routed by the forces of Prithviraj.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad was himself wounded in personal combat with Govind Rai of Delhi. However, he was carried away from the battlefield by a Khalji stripling.Шаблон:Sfn The Rajputs, however did not chase the Ghurids in their retreat and followed up their victory by laying siege to the fort of Tabarhind (under possession of Mu'izz's general Qazi Ziauddin Tulaki) which was captured after a long siege of thirteen months.[11]

Файл:The last stan of Rajputs against Muhammadans.jpg
The last stand of Rajputs portraying the Second Battle of Tarain

After the disaster of Tarain, Muhammad began his preparations to advance once more in the Chahamana kingdom and took an oath that he will not "visit his wife" and "change his clothes" till he avenge his defeat.Шаблон:Sfn He raised a vast army of Tajik, Turkic and Afghan troopers and advanced again in 1192 with an army consisting of 120,000 to 130,000 horsemen.Шаблон:Sfn In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192), Prithviraj Chauhan fell for Muhammad Ghori's diplomatic deception, accepting a truce. However, Ghori exploited the opportunity, launching a surprise attack before sunrise, leading to Prithviraj's defeat and Ghori's decisive victory [12] after the final assault by their contingent of 10,000 mounted archers under Husain Kharmil which decided the issue.[13][14]

Govindaraja of DelhiШаблон:Sfn along with the Guhila Samant Singh of Mewar were among the slains.Шаблон:Sfn Prithviraj was captured and summarily executed. The Ghurids penetrated into the core kingdom of the Chahamanas and annexed whole of their Sapādalakṣa territory including Ajmer.Шаблон:Sfn However, the Ghurids, as corroborated by the numismatic evidences, reinstated Prithviraja's minor son Govindaraja IV as their de facto ruler on the condition of tributary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Ghurids followed their victory by sacking Ajmer in the course of which they massacred several civilians, took many as slaves and destroyed several Hindu temples of Ajmer.[15]

The decisive battle of Tarain is regarded as a landmark event in the Medieval India, which led to the destruction of Rajput powers for a while and laid the foundation of the Muslim rule in the Indian Subcontinent.Шаблон:Sfn

Further campaigns

Шаблон:See also Mu'izz al-Din after his triumpth in Tarain, limited his presence in India to centralize himself in the Ghurid expansion in Transoxiana.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the Jamuna with an army of 50,000 troopers to confront the Gahadavala king Jayachandra who held his sway over extensive territories in the present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. In a decisive battle fought near the modern day Chandawar, the Gahadavalas managed to kept the Ghurid forces at bay until a chance arrow killed Jayachandra and his armies were routed.[16]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Ghurids pillaged the holy city of Kāshí after capturing Kannauj and destroyed many Hindu temples there.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Afterwards, Muhammad marched towards India again in 1196 and captured the territory of Bayana from the Jadaun Rajputs after a brief siege to guard the southern flank of Delhi.Шаблон:Sfn The newly conquered territory was placed under his senior slave Bahauddin Turghil who further laid siege to the Gwalior fort and annexed it after subjugating the Parihar ruler.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[17]

Muhammad's slave commanders continued the expansion of the Ghurid empire and raided the Rajput strongholds in the Doab, Rajasthan, Malwa and uptil Kalinjar in the Ganga Valley. In the decade of the 1200s, another lieutenant of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji expanded the Ghurid influence in west of the Ganges Basin in states of Bihar and Bengal. He defeated the Sena king of Bengal Lakshmana Sena and expanded as far as Lakhnauti in Bengal.[18]

Final campaign

Шаблон:See also In March 1203, his brother died in Herat due to illness and Muhammad succeeded him as the sole ruler of the Ghurid dynasty. In 1204, he suffered a sharp reverse near the river Oxus against the combined forces of Qara Khitai (Western Lio) and the Kara-Khanid Khanate contingent led by Tayangu (as aid of Alauddin Shah) which lead to the loss of most of the Khurasan (except Herath and Balkh) and initiated a number of rebellions in his empire.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:The murder of Muhammad Ghori, A.D. 1206.jpg
Depiction of Mu'izz al-Din's assassination

The Hindu Khokhars rebelled by cutting Muhammad's supply line between Lahore and Ghazna. According to the 16th-17th century chronicler Firishta, the Khokhars were a "disgraced race" who considered "slaying of Muslims as the path to paradise".Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad dispatched a force under his slave Illtutmish to suppress the revolt, although he later himself marched for his last campaign into India in late 1205. In the ensuring battle, the Khokhars were routed after Qutb ud-Din Aibak or Illtutmish arrived with a contingent from Lahore.Шаблон:Sfn After the battle, Mu'izz al-Din ordered a general massacre of the Khokhars and further enslaved many of them.Шаблон:Sfn

On his way back to Ghazna, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus in Dhamyak by the Ismāʿīlīyah Muslims on 15 March 1206.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn After his death, his empire collapsedШаблон:Sfn as his successors were forced to acknowledge the suzerenity of Alauddin Shah of Khwarazm who overthrew them by 1215.Шаблон:Sfn However, his slave generals after a brief struggle sustained his conquests in north India and established the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.Шаблон:Sfn

Footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "We know that Muhammad Ghuri captured both Uch and Multan in 1175, but the history of the former city is less clear. Some Muslim authors, beginning with Ibn al-Athir, state that Uch was held by the Bhatti Rajputs, but the Bhatti annals do not record their ever having held Uch"
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb:"Rai Bhim Deo of Gujarat collected his Rajput veterans and after a stiff battle, in which most of the invaders were slain drove Shihabuddun away from his kingdom"
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb:"Muhammad of Ghor advanced against Gujarat in AD 1178, which was then ruled by the Chalukyan ruler Bhima II (?Mularaj II?). The bravery and spirited fight put up by him and his allies (among them Kelhan of Nadol, his younger brother, Kirtipal Chauhan, founder of the Jalore line, and the Parmar ruler of Abu, King Dharavarsha, forced the enemy back from the vicinity of Abu, in Rajasthan. According to the Sundha Inscription, this decisive battle took place at Kasahrada, near Abu."
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb:"In 1191, Ghori fought the Rajput confederacy of one lakh Rajput calvalrymen led by Prithviraj at place called Tarain"
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Leading an alliance of Rajput Rajas, Prithviraja defeated Mu izz-al Din Muhammad Ghauri in first battle of Tarain (1191). The next year in another contest with Muhammad Ghauri at the same battlefield, Prithviraj was defeated, taken prisoner and killed."
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Mahmud Ghori had raised 120,000 cavalry."
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army"
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain as Turkish military forces sought to extirpate local ruling houses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century"
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin"
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "This campaign saw Muhammad in control of Lahore and led to visions of further conquests in India. An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges Plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier. The Rajputs gathered together as best they could, not forgetting internal rivalries and jealousies. Prithviraja defeated Muhammad Ghuri at the first battle at Tarain, north of Delhi, in 1191.Muhammad sent for reinforcements and, in 1192, a second battle was fought at the same place. Prithviraja was defeated and the kingdom of Delhi fell to Muhammad, who pressed on and concentrated on capturing the capitals of Rajput kingdoms with the assistance of his General, Qutub ud-din Aibak. Another General, Muhammad Bhaktiyar Khilji, moved to the east where he defeated the Sena King of Bengal. Although Muhammad was assassinated in 1206, this did not lead to the withdrawal of Turkish interests in India. Muhammad had been determined to retain his Indian possessions and his successors had equally ambitious visions of ruling in northern India"
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Ghurid_campaigns_in_India&oldid=14931693