Английская Википедия:Gilaks

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Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Gilaks (Gilaki: گيلٚکؤن, Шаблон:Lang-fa) are an Iranian[1][2] ethnic group native to the south of Caspian sea. They form one of the main ethnic groups residing in the northern parts of Iran. Gilak people, along with the closely related Mazandarani people,Шаблон:R comprise part of the Caspian people, who inhabit the southern and southwestern coastal regions of the Caspian Sea.Шаблон:R

They speak the Gilaki language, an Iranian language that is closely related to Mazandarani.Шаблон:R

History

Шаблон:Expand section The region south of the Caspian Sea, what is now called Gilan, was also referred to as Daylam.[3] and the inhabitants of the region were called the Daylamites.

Scholars suggest a link between the Gilaks and the Zazas. Zaza call themselves Dimlī or Dīmla, which derived from the world Daylam. Dimli is the name of the Zaza language.[4]

Файл:Mirza Kochak Khan.jpg
Mirza Kuchik Khan, Iranian twentieth-century revolutionary leader and the president of the Gilan Socialist Soviet Republic. He was the founder of a revolutionary movement based in the forests of Gilan in northern Iran that became known as the Jungle Movement of Gilan.

Culture

Economy

Gilaki people live both alongside the Alborz mountains, and in the surrounding plains. Consequentially, those living along the northern side of the Alborz mountains tend to raise livestock, while those living in the plains farm. Gilaks play an important role in provincial and national economy, supplying a large portion of the region's agricultural staples, such as rice, grains,[5] tobacco,[6] and tea.[7] Other major industries include fishing and caviar exports, and the production of silk.Шаблон:R[8] In addition to agricultural activities, Gilaks also control other principal sectors of commerce of the province of Gilan such as tourism, and share administrative and government positions with civil servants from other regions of Iran.

People

The population of Gilaks is estimated to be between 3[9] and 4 million[10] (2006 estimation).

They mainly live along the southwest coasts of the Caspian Sea and are one of the main ethnic groups that reside in the northern parts of Iran. The Gilaks are closely related to the neighboring Mazandarani, and other groups of Caucasus descent, such as Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis.[9]Шаблон:R

Distribution

Gilaks make up approximately 70% of the population in Gilan province.[11]

Gilaki, which has two main dialect types, eastern and western, with the Safidrūd River as the general border, is a member of the Caspian subgroup. [12] There are many subdialects of Gilaki, and, progressing to the east, it gradually blends into Mazandarani. The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki and Mazandarani. The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to a low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani, and so these dialects should probably be considered a third separate language group of the Caspian area.[13]

In Mazandaran, the Gilaks reside in the city of Ramsar and Tonekabon. There, though their dialects are influenced by Mazandarani, they are still considered dialects of the Gilaki language.[14][15] Furthermore, the eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of the Čālūs river.[16]

In Qazvin province, the Gilaks reside in the northern parts of the province, in Alamut.[17][18]

Apart from four Turkish-speaking villages higher up, the inhabitants of Alamut speak Gilaki and those of Rudbar Tati.[19]

Language

Шаблон:Main The Gilaki language is a member of the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages. It is the main language spoken amongst the Gilak people, although various regional and local dialects of the Gilaki language are common.[20] Gilak people are fluent in both the Gilaki language and standard Persian.[21] Persian is the official language of education in Iran, and since teachers are discouraged from using regional dialects and accents in class,[22] the Gilaki language is taught to children at home.

The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages)[23] share certain typological features with Caucasian languages.[23] However, with the growth of education and press, the differentiation between Gilaki language and other Iranian languages is likely to disappear.[21] Gilaki is closely related to Mazandarani and the two languages have similar vocabularies.[21] These two languages retain more than Persian does of the noun declension system that was characteristic of older Iranian languages.[21]

Genetics

Шаблон:See also The Gilaks and their closely related Mazandarani occupy the South Caspian region of Iran and speak languages belonging to the North-Western branch of Iranian languages. It has been suggested that their ancestors came from the Caucasus region, perhaps displacing an earlier group in the South Caspian.Шаблон:R Linguistic evidence supports this scenario, in that the Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages.Шаблон:R There have been patterns analyzed of mtDNA and Y chromosome variation in the Gilaki and Mazandarani.

Based on mtDNA HV1 sequences, the Gilaks and Mazandarani most closely resemble their geographic and linguistic neighbors, namely other Iranian groups. However, their Y chromosome types most closely resemble those found in groups from the South Caucasus.Шаблон:R A scenario that explains these differences is a south Caucasian origin for the ancestors of the Gilaki and Mazandarani, followed by introgression of women (but not men) from local Iranian groups, possibly because of patrilocality.Шаблон:R Given that both mtDNA and language are maternally transmitted, the incorporation of local Iranian women would have resulted in the concomitant replacement of the ancestral Caucasian language and mtDNA types of the Gilaki and Mazandarani with their current Iranian language and mtDNA types. Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA may be a more general phenomenon than previously recognized.

The Mazandarani and Gilaki groups fall inside a major cluster consisting of populations from the Caucasus and West Asia and are particularly close to the South Caucasus groups—Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis. Iranians from Tehran and Isfahan are situated more distantly from these groups.Шаблон:R

Haplogroups

The Gilaks display a high frequency of Y-DNA haplogroups R1b,[24] J2a, and G2a3b.Шаблон:R

Assimilated groups into the Gilak people

During the Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar eras, Gilan was settled by large numbers of Georgians, Circassians, Armenians and by other peoples of the Caucasus, whose descendants still live across Gilan.[25][26]

See also

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References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commonscatinline

Шаблон:Iranian peoples Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Iran

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ M. ʿAṭāʾī, “Gozāreš-e eqteṣādī dar bāra-ye berenj-e Gīlān wa sāyer-e ḡallāt-e ān/Economic Report on Rice and Other Cereals in Gilan,” Taḥqīqāt-e eqteṣādī 2/5-6, 1342 Š., pp. 64-148 (Pers. ed.), 1963, pp. 32-53 (Eng. ed.).
  6. ↑ Idem, “La culture du tabac dans le Gilân,” Stud. Ir. 9/1, 1980, pp. 121-30.
  7. ↑ Ehlers, “Die Teelandschaft von Lahidjan/Nordiran,” in Beiträge zur Geographie der Tropen and Subtropen. Festschrift für Herbert Wilhelmy, Tübingen, 1970, pp. 229-42.
  8. ↑ Carré; Rostami; Bazin, 1980, II, pp. 129-37;
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ The Geography of Guilan Province, Educational Ministry of Iran, 2006
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Borjan, "Dictionary of Languages"
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок CurrentBio0406 не указан текст
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ ^ Muliani, S. (2001) Jaygah-e Gorjiha dar Tarikh va Farhang va Tammadon-e Iran. Esfahan: Yekta [The Georgians’ position in the Iranian history and civilization]
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