Английская Википедия:Gilles Binchois

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Файл:DufayBinchois.jpg
Binchois (right) holding a small harp and Guillaume Du Fay (left) beside a portative organ in a Шаблон:Circa Illuminated manuscript copy of Martin le Franc's Le champion des damesШаблон:Refn

Gilles de Bins dit Binchois (also Binchoys; Шаблон:Circa – 20 September 1460) was a Franco-Flemish composer of early Renaissance music. A central figure of the Burgundian School, Binchois and his colleague Guillaume Du Fay were deeply influenced by the contenance angloise style of John Dunstaple. His efforts in consolidating a 'Burgundian tradition' would be important for the formation of the Franco-Flemish School. One of the three most famous composers of the early 15th century, Binchois is often ranked behind Du Fay and Dunstable by contemporary scholars, but his works were still widely cited, emulated and used as source material after his death.Шаблон:Sfn

Described by the musicologist Anthony Pryer as a "supreme miniaturist", he generally avoided large scale works, and is most admired for his shorter secular chansons.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this, it is thought that considerably more of his sacred music survives than secular music, creating a 'paradoxical image' of the composer.Шаблон:Sfn Reflecting on his style, the Encyclopædia Britannica comments that "Binchois cultivated the gently subtle rhythm, the suavely graceful melody, and the smooth treatment of dissonance of his English contemporaries".Шаблон:Sfn

Life and career

Early life

The composer's full name is Gilles de Bins dit Binchois,Шаблон:Sfn consisting of the byname 'Gilles de Binche' (also spelled 'Gilles de Bins') and the dit name Binchois (also spelled 'Binchoys').Шаблон:Sfn Obituary records from St Vincent, Soignies name his parents as Johannes and Johanna de Binche, usually identified with Jean de Binch (Шаблон:Died in?) and his wife Jeanne, née Paulouche (Шаблон:Died in?).Шаблон:Sfn His parents were of the upper class in Mons and probably from the town of Binche; his father was a councillor to Duke William IV of Hainault and later Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut.Шаблон:Sfn The elder Binchois was also a councillor for the Ste Waudru church of Mons, and built a chapel for the St Germain church.Шаблон:Sfn Their son Gilles Binchois was probably born in Mons, the same city in which the composer Orlande de Lassus would be born a century later.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

Nothing for certain is known about Binchois until 8 December 1419, when he is known to have been the organist at Ste Waudru in Mons.Шаблон:Sfn It is possible that Gilles Binchois received an early musical education near the court of Mons, and like other composers of his time, he probably trained as a chorister in his youth, perhaps at St Germain.Шаблон:Sfn An account from Шаблон:Ill (1880) which refers to the chorister Jean de Binche at Cambrai Cathedral has often been misinterpreted as referring to Binchois.Шаблон:Sfn There is no evidence that Binchois was a chorister at Cambrai in his youth.Шаблон:Sfn

Records from 28 July 1423 indicates that he soon moved to Lille.Шаблон:Sfn Around this time he may have been a soldier, as indicated by a line in the funeral motet Deploration for Binchois, composed in his memory by Johannes Ockeghem.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Binchois might have served under the Englishman William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who was in France for the Hundred Years' War.Шаблон:Sfn This association is evidenced by a 1426 document which records that the Duke of Suffolk commissioned the otherwise unknown rondel Ainsi que a la foiz m’y souvient from a 'Binchoiz'.Шаблон:Sfn

Burgundian court

Файл:Jan van Eyck 092.jpg
Léal Souvenir by Jan van Eyck (1432). According to Erwin Panofsky, this could be the likeness of Binchois, though this is disputedШаблон:Sfn

Sometime during the late 1420s Binchois joined the court chapel choir of Burgundy; the exact date is unknown due to chapel's lost employment records from 1419 to 1436.Шаблон:Sfn A 1427 disposition from Guillaume Benoit which includes Binchois' name suggests he was there by then, though this is uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn He was certainly in the chapel when he wrote Nove cantum melodie—one of his only datable compositions—on the 18th of January 1431, as it was for the baptism of Anthony, bastard of Burgundy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The musicologist Fallows notes that "he must have been there some years earlier since the list of 1436 places him as fifth chaplain in order of seniority within the choir".Шаблон:Sfn The Burgundian court under Philip the Good was perhaps the most lively and prominent court of the area; its members compared it to that of Alexander The Great.Шаблон:Sfn The musicologist Reinhard Strohm commented that Philip's court of "eclectic and flamboyant culture typified the feudal aspirations of the age".Шаблон:Sfn

Among the residents of the court was the painter Jan van Eyck, who, according to the art historian Erwin Panofsky, may have portrayed Binchois in the Léal Souvenir portrait, though there is no widespread agreement for this.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Binchois was associated with the leading composer of his day, Guillaume Du Fay.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They likely met during a meeting at Chambéry of the Burgundian and Savoy courts in February 1434.Шаблон:Sfn However, the only certain meeting of the composers was in March 1449, when Du Fay resided with Binchois in Mons for a convocation of canons.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Aside from Du Fay, important composer contemporaries of Binchois included John Dunstaple, Lionel Power, Hugo de Lantins and Arnold de Lantins.Шаблон:Sfn

The Burgundian chapel choir was unique in allowing its members to become clergy without being ordained as a priest;Шаблон:Sfn in 1437 Binchois became a subdeacon.Шаблон:Sfn Probably due to Philip's favor, he held prebends for at least four churches until his death: St Donatian, Bruges (from 7 January 1430); Ste Waudru, Mons (from 17 May 1437); St Vincent, Soignies (from 1452); and St Pierre, Cassel (from 21 May 1459).Шаблон:Sfn He was also made honorary court secretary in 1437 by Phillip, who paid for a now-lost work by him on 29 May 1438, Passions en nouvelle maniere.Шаблон:Sfn It is possible that Binchois had some experience in medicine, since he attended to a duchess's toothache in July 1437.Шаблон:Sfn The choir's attendance records are fairly thorough, and indicate that Binchois did not travel much on his own.Шаблон:Sfn

Final Soignies years

He eventually retired in Soignies by February 1453, receiving a substantial pension until his death, presumably for his long years of excellent service to the Burgundian court.Шаблон:Sfn In 1452 he became provost of the collegiate church of St Vincent.Шаблон:Sfn Around this time Soignies grew its reputation for musical excellence; Guillaume Malbecque and Johannes Regis were active there, while the contemporary writers Jacobus Lessabaeus and Lodovico Guicciardini praised the town's musical standard.Шаблон:Sfn Binchois may have been involved in the well known 1454 Feast of the Pheasant in Lille, as the motet Lamentatio sanctae matris ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae was performed, which may be by Binchois, but is usually ascribed to Du Fay.Шаблон:Sfn On 20 September 1460 Binchois died in Soignies; his will mentions otherwise unknown family members, including his brothers Andri de Binch and Ernoul de Binch.Шаблон:Sfn Upon his death Ockeghem wrote a deploration, Mort, tu as navré de ton dart,Шаблон:Sfn and Fallows has suggested that Du Fay composed the rondeau En triumphant in 1460 for his colleague's death.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

Music

Шаблон:External media

Binchois is often considered to be among finest melodists of the 15th century; reflecting on his style the Encyclopædia Britannica comments that "Binchois cultivated the gently subtle rhythm, the suavely graceful melody, and the smooth treatment of dissonance of his English contemporaries".Шаблон:Sfn His tunes appeared in copies decades after his death, and were often used as sources for Mass composition by later composers.Шаблон:Sfn Most of his secular songs are rondeaux, which became the most common song form during the century.Шаблон:Sfn Binchois' melodies are generally independent of the rhyme scheme of the verses they are set to, an approach which was uncommon by 15th century European composers.Шаблон:Sfn

Like Du Fay, Binchois was deeply influenced by the contenance angloise style of the English composer John Dunstaple.Шаблон:Sfn The court of Philip had generally good relations with the English, and had established both diplomatic and cultural links with their northern neighbor; his court was open to English diplomats, businessmen and musicians.Шаблон:Sfn

About half of his extant secular music is found in the manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Canon. misc. 213.Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

Modern musicologists generally hold Binchois, along with Du Fay and John Dunstable as the three major European composers of the early 15th-century.Шаблон:Sfn Binchois, however, is usually ranked below the other two.Шаблон:Sfn Du Fay is often considered the leading European composer of his lifetime,Шаблон:Sfn and both had a longer career and produced more works than Binchois.Шаблон:Sfn While Dunstaple was described by the musicologist Margaret Bent as "probably the most influential English composer of all time."Шаблон:Sfn Reflecting on this, Fallows contends that regardless, "the extent to which [Binchois's] works were borrowed, cited, parodied and intabulated in the later 15th century implies that he had more direct influence than either [Du Fay or Dunstaple]".Шаблон:Sfn

The 20th century saw two major publications of music by Binchois: the musicologist Wolfgang Rehm edited a 1957 edition of his secular works, while a 1992 edition of his religious music was edited by Philip Kaye.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Notes

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Citations

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Sources

Further reading

See Шаблон:Harvtxt and Шаблон:Harvtxt for extensive bibliographies

External links

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