Английская Википедия:Giorgio Baglivi

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox scientist Giorgio Baglivi (Шаблон:Lang-la;Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Lang-hr; September 8, 1668 – June 15, 1707), born Шаблон:Nowrap and sometimes anglicized as Шаблон:Nowrap was a Croatian-Italian physician and scientist. He made important contributions to clinical education, based on his own medical practice. His De Fibra Motrice advanced the "solidist" theory that the solid parts of organs are more crucial to their good functioning than their fluids,Шаблон:Sfnp against the traditional belief in four humors. Baglivi, however, advocated against doctors relying on any general theory rather than careful observation. He was "a distinguished physiological researcher fascinated by the nerves, his microscopic studies enabled him to distinguish between smooth and striated muscles and distinct kinds of fibres."

Life

Giorgio was born to Blasius Armeno and Anna de Lupis on September 8, 1668,Шаблон:Sfnp in RagusaШаблон:Sfnp (now Dubrovnik, Croatia). His mother was Croatian, while his father was possiblyШаблон:Sfnp of Armenian descentШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn His parents were respectable but poor merchants who both died in 1670, after the birth of Giorgio's younger brother Jacob (Шаблон:Lang-la).Шаблон:Sfnp The brothers were originally raised by their uncle and educated at Ragusa's Jesuit college.Шаблон:Sfnp

At 15, the brothers moved to Lecce in Apulia, where they took the name of his adoptive father, a wealthy physicianШаблон:Sfnp named Pietro Angelo Baglivi.Шаблон:Sfnp Giorgio studied first at the universities of Salerno, then successively at Padua and BolognaШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp and possibly also Naples.Шаблон:Sfnp He attended Lorenzo Bellini's lectures in PisaШаблон:Sfnp and worked in hospitals in Padua and Venice, Florence, and Bologna and travelled to the Dutch Republic and England from 1688 to 1692.Шаблон:Citation needed As early as 1685, Baglivi began experimenting with animals, injecting different substances into dogs' jugular veins and examining the life cycle of tarantulas.Шаблон:Sfnp Between 1689 and 1691, he performed many autopsies and dissected animals including lions, deer, tortoises, and snakes.Шаблон:Sfnp He studied dura mater through observing injured men and experimenting on dogs and also investigated toxic drugs.Шаблон:Sfnp Observing discrepancies between his research and clinical practice, he criticized doctors for following theoretical systems slavishly instead of relying more strongly on observation. (This would later be the central theme of his 1696 book On Medical Practice.)Шаблон:Sfnp

He served as an assistant to Marcello Malpighi in Bologna in 1691, and followed him to Rome the next year when Malpighi was named chief personal physician ("archiater") to the pope.Шаблон:Sfnp Under Malpighi, Baglivi performed experiments on the circulation of blood in frogs; he also injected various medicines into dogs' veins and spinal canals and experimented on their pneumogastric nerves.Шаблон:Sfnp He utilized a microscope to study the structure of muscles and the brain.Шаблон:Sfnp Following Malpighi's death in 1694, Baglivi performed his autopsy and gave a thorough description of the cerebral apoplexy that killed him.Шаблон:Sfnp While in Rome, he befriended Bellini, Lancisi, Redi, Tozzi, and Trionfetti. In 1695, he became second physician to Pope Шаблон:Nowrap and, in 1696, was elected professor of anatomy at the College of Sapienza.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp He received memberships in Rome's Academy of the Arcadians (1699) and the Tuscan Fisiocriti (1700).Шаблон:Sfnp He continued as a personal physician to Шаблон:Nowrap and was named the Sapienza's professor of theoretical medicine in 1701.Шаблон:Sfnp He continued his observations by microscope as professor of theoretical medicine at the Sapienza, as well as examining the properties of saliva, bile, and blood.Шаблон:Sfnp His lectures, demonstrations, and consultations became famed across Europe:Шаблон:Sfnp he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in England in July 1698,Шаблон:Sfnp a member of the Holy Roman Empire's Academy of the Curious in 1699,Шаблон:Sfnp and an "honorary member" of the French Academy.Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:When For a time he was surrounded in controversy following charges of plagiarism by Antonio Pacchioni, but Baglivi successfully defended the primacy of his own work.Шаблон:Sfnp

He died in Rome on June 15, 1707.Шаблон:Sfnp

Works

Baglivi's writings bear strong similarities to Santorio Santorio and defend biomechanicism, making him one of the iatrophysicists.Шаблон:Sfnp Being inclined towards mathematics and quantification in medicine, Baglivi viewed the physiological processes in mechanical terms, behaving like the parts of a machine. A collection of his Latin writings were published in quarto in 1704.Шаблон:Sfnp Subsequently, his collected works were reprinted in more than 20 editionsШаблон:Citation needed (including an octavo edition in 1788)Шаблон:Sfnp and were translated into Italian, French, German, and English. His personal correspondence in Latin and Italian is held at the National Central Library in Florence, Italy; the Waller Collection at the university library in Uppsala, Sweden;Шаблон:Sfnp and at McGill University's Osler Library in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Anchor

• De praxi medica ad priscam observandi rationem ravocanda (Rome, 1696; trans. as The Practice of Physick at London, 1704)
• De fibra motrice, et morbosa, nec non de experimentis, ac morbis salivae, bilis, et sanguinis (Perugia, 1700)
• Specimen quatuor libroum de fibra motrice et morbosa (Rome, 1702)
• Canones de medicina solidorum ad rectum statices usum (Rome, 1704)
• Opera omnia medico-practica et anatomica (Lyons, 1704; new enlarged ed., 1710; ed. by C.G. Kuhn at Leipzig, 1827-1828)

See also

• List of Italians and notable Ragusans
• Dubrovnik
• Dalmatia

References

Bibliography

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• A. Toscano, Une leçon d’histoire de la médecine: Giorgio Baglivi, un médecin entre Italie, Arménie et Croatie, in "Scienze e Ricerche" , n. 40, 1° novembre 2016, ISSN: 2283-5873, pp. 10–17, https://www.academia.edu/29542864/Une_le%C3%A7on_d_histoire_de_la_m%C3%A9decine_Giorgio_Baglivi_un_m%C3%A9decin_entre_Italie_Arm%C3%A9nie_et_Croatie_in_Scienze_e_Ricerche_n_40_1_novembre_2016_ISSN_2283_5873_pp_10_17
• A. Toscano, Giorgio Baglivi. The Italian Work of an Armenian Physician born in Croatia, in "Scienze e Ricerche", n. 15, 15 ottobre 2015, pp 43–53, ISSN 2283-5873, https://web.archive.org/web/20160506164611/http://www.scienze-ricerche.it/?page_id=5260
• A. Toscano, Catalogo delle carte di Giorgio Baglivi conservato nella Waller Samling presso Universitetsbiblioteket "Carolina Rediviva" di Uppsala, in "Nuncius", Anno IX (1994), fasc.2, 1994
• A. Toscano (ed.), Giorgio Baglivi, Carteggio (1679-1704). Conservato nella Waller Collection presso la University Library “Carolina Rediviva” di Uppsala, “Archivio della Corrispondenza degli Scienziati Italiani” ): Leo S. Olschki, Firenze 1999
• A. Toscano, Giorgio Baglivi e la Comunità scientifica europea tra razionalismo e illuminismo, in Atti del Convegno: Alle origini della biologia medica. Giorgio Baglivi tra le due sponde dell’Adriatico, in “Medicina nei secoli”, n.s., vol. 12, n. 1 (2000), p. 49-79
• A. Toscano, Mirabilis Machina. Il "perpetuum mobile" attraverso il 'De statice aeris' ed il ‘De fibra Motrice et Morbosa’ di Giorgio Baglivi, 2 voll., Edizioni Brenner, Cosenza 2004, 2013
• A. Toscano, ‘Il Movimento agente universale’. Il moto armonico del cosmo e la macchina dei fenomeni vitali: Giorgio Baglivi ed il ‘De statice aeris’, Anna Toscano-www.storiadellascienza.it, 2008,
• A. TOSCANO, Perpetuum Mobile. The ‘De Fibra Motrice et Morbosa ’and The ‘De Statice Aeris’ by Giorgio Baglivi in the European Scientific Community between Galileanism and Enlightenment. Collection of essays, Brenner Editore, Cosenza, 2013
• A. TOSCANO, “In natura non esiste nulla di più antico del moto”. Dal moto armonico del Cosmo alla meccanica dei fenomeni vitali: G. Baglivi ed il ‘De statice aeris’, lecture submitted to INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR -HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN MEDICINE – GIORGIO (ÐURO) BAGLIVI, DUBROVNIK 28–30 June 2007, organized by: University of Zagreb; Centre for Mediterranean Studies – Dubrovnik; History of Medicine and Health Institute - University of Geneva; Medical School - University of Zagreb, in A. TOSCANO, Perpetuum Mobile. The ‘De Fibra Motrice et Morbosa’ and The ‘De Statice Aeris’ by Giorgio Baglivi in the European Scientific Community between Galileanism and Enlightenment. Collection of essays, Brenner Editore, Cosenza, 2013
• A. TOSCANO, La storia, la geografia e i remedi nella medicina di Giorgio Baglivi tra il XVII ed il XVIII secolo, lecture submitted to INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM - THE HISTORY OF PATHOCOENOSIS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA:DISEASES, ENVIRONMENT, CIVILIZATIONS- Dubrovnik, 3–5 May 2010, organized by: History of Medicine and Health Institute - University of Geneva, Centre for Mediterranean Studies – Dubrovnik, in A. TOSCANO, Perpetuum Mobile. The ‘De Fibra Motrice et Morbosa’ and The ‘De Statice Aeris’ by Giorgio Baglivi in the European Scientific Community between Galileanism and Enlightenment. Collection of essays, Brenner Editore, Cosenza, 2013 ;
• A. TOSCANO, La diffusione delle idee scientifiche dal Sud dell’Italia al Sud della France nel XVIII secolo: il pensireo medico di Giorgio Baglivi nella Facoltà di Medicina di Montpellier, lecture submitted to 126e Congrès des Sociétés historiques et scientifiques - Terres et hommes du Sud, Toulouse 9- 14 avril 2001, A. TOSCANO, Perpetuum Mobile. The ‘De Fibra Motrice et Morbosa’ and The ‘De Statice Aeris’ by Giorgio Baglivi in the European Scientific Community between Galileanism and Enlightenment. Collection of essays, Brenner Editore, Cosenza, 2013.

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