Английская Википедия:Giovanni Andrea II Angeli
Шаблон:Infobox royalty Giovanni Andrea II Angelo Flavio Comneno (Latin: Joannes Andreas Angelus Flavius Comnenus;Шаблон:Sfn 1634 – 8 April 1703) was the Grand Master of the Constantinian Order of Saint George from 1687 to 1698. Giovanni Andrea's family, the Angelo Flavio Comneno, claimed descent from the Angelos dynasty of Byzantine emperors, and Giovanni Andrea also claimed the titles "Prince of Macedonia" and "Duke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo". The last male member of his family, Giovanni Andrea was the last grand master descended from the order's founder, Andrea Angeli. In 1687, Giovanni Andrea sold the position of grand master to Francesco Farnese, the Duke of Parma, and thereafter lived as a castellan in Piacenza.
Biography
Giovanni Andrea was born in 1634,Шаблон:Sfn as the third and youngest son of Andrea Angeli, who in turn was the youngest son of the grand master Girolamo I Angeli (1505–1591).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Giovanni Andrea's family, the Angelo Flavio Comneno, claimed descent from the Angelos dynasty of Byzantine emperors.Шаблон:Sfn In the mid-15th century, Andrea's uncles Andrea and Paolo were officially acknowledged as descendants of the Angelos emperors by Pope Paul III (Шаблон:Reign1534–1549) and founded the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn a chivalric order with invented Byzantine connections.Шаблон:Sfn
Grand master
As the last living male member of his family,Шаблон:Sfn Giovanni Andrea became the Grand Master of the Constantinian Order of Saint George upon the death of his older brother, Girolamo II Angeli, in 1687.Шаблон:Sfn Though he was the second of his name to serve as the head of his family (thus in modern times being enumerated as Giovanni Andrea II), Giovanni Andrea claimed the style Giovanni Andrea IX, enumerating himself after an invented sequence of ancestors.Шаблон:Sfn
Giovanni Andrea's tenure as grand master saw a continuation of the warm relationship between his ancestors and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (Шаблон:Reign1658–1705), who recognized Giovanni Andrea's accession to grand master, and he also established warm relations with John III Sobieski, King of Poland (Шаблон:Reign1674–1696). Through financial aid from his monarchical acquaintances, Giovanni Andrea successfully established a small regiment of soldiers, which was sent to fight the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War under a commanding officer directly appointed by Giovanni Andrea. Giovanni Andrea was also a friend of Leopold's third wife, Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg; preserved in the archives of the Constantinian Order are a 1687 letter to Girolamo II and Giovanni Andrea, informing them of recent victories against the Ottomans, as well as a 1692 letter to Giovanni Andrea with christmas greetings.Шаблон:Sfn
Sale of the Constantinian Order
Already relatively old and childless, without living male relatives, Giovanni Andrea made several attempts to relinquish his position as grand master to a sovereign or state in exchange for an appropriate pension. Failed attempts were made to grant the position and the order to the Republic of Venice, Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire and Gustav, Duke of Zweibrücken. Giovanni Andrea eventually found his candidate: Francesco Farnese, the Duke of Parma, who was eager to increase his status and glory.Шаблон:Sfn Farnese was enormously wealthy, but hoped that the dignity of grand master, in the case of the Constantinian Order viewed as a potent symbol of royal status, would bring him greater prestige than his current rank as the ruler of two small duchies.Шаблон:Sfn To further cement his claim in the eyes of the nobility of Europe, Francesco produced a family tree showcasing his descent from the Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos through a female line, an actual genuine line of descent (though Francesco was far from alone in Europe as a female-line descendant of Isaac), though Farnese also embellished the genealogy by linking himself to Constantine the Great. The genealogy was meant to cement Farnese not only as a purchaser of the rank of grand master, but also as someone who could legitimately claim to succeed Giovanni Andrea.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1698, Giovanni Andrea granted the rights to the grand mastership of his order to Francesco Farnese, the Duke of Parma.Шаблон:Sfn Farnese's rights were confirmed both by Pope Innocent XII and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.Шаблон:Sfn Giovanni Andrea's documents of the cession of the order, dated to 11 January 1698, to Farnese also specify that Farnese was granted "every right" pertaining to Giovanni Andrea to the "cities, jurisdictions, feudatories and lordships in parts of Dalmatia, Macedonia and Albania, occupied by the Turkish sultan".Шаблон:Sfn Farnese's assumption of these claims led to his later energetic participation in crusading plans drawn up by Prince Eugene of Savoy, Farnese hoping to become king of Albania, or perhaps even Byzantine emperor, in the case of a successful crusade against the Ottomans.Шаблон:Sfn Though some of the high-ranking members of the Constantinian Order initially opposed Farnese's accession, the confirmations by the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor eased the transition of power.Шаблон:Sfn
Later life and death
Giovanni Andrea lived out his last years in "considerable comfort" in Piacenza, one of Farnese's fiefs, with the title of castellan. He died on 8 April 1703 and was buried in the church of San Marco in the city's castle.Шаблон:Sfn Giovanni Andrea's death extinguished the male line of his family.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Giovanni Andrea's widow,Шаблон:Sfn Virginia Giovanna Mandricardi,Шаблон:Sfn died on 30 November 1724. The last living member of the Angelo Flavio Comneno family, Giovanni Andrea's niece Laura, died in 1756, rendering the family entirely extinct.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Laura died as a nun in the convent of the Holy Spirit in Piacenza under the name "Maria Costanzo della Croce".Шаблон:Sfn Through surviving documents it is apparent that Laura had actually wished to marry and had not wanted to become a nun, but had been forced to by Francesco Farnese, who did not want to risk her having children; a potential future generation of rivals to his claim.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Angelo Flavio Comneno Шаблон:Byzantine forgers
