Английская Википедия:Giraffe radar

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox radar

The Saab (formerly Ericsson Microwave Systems AB) Giraffe Radar is a family of land and naval two- or three-dimensional G/H-band (4 to 8 GHz) passive electronically scanned array radar-based surveillance and air defense command and control systems. It is tailored for operations with medium- and Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD) missile or gun systems, or for use as gap-fillers in a larger air defense system.

The radar gets its name from the distinctive folding mast which when deployed allows the radar to see over nearby terrain features such as trees, extending its effective range against low-level air targets. The first systems were produced in 1977. By 2007, some 450 units of all types are reported as having been delivered.

The Serbian Military Technical Institute purchased a licence for the Giraffe 75 and is producing a new model with several modifications. The radar is installed on the chassis of FAP 2026, and the Serbian designation is M85 "Žirafa".[1]

Файл:Žirafa.jpg
A Serbian Army M85 "Žirafa", on the chassis of a FAP 2026

Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS) in May 2014 unveiled two new classes of active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—three land-based systems (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A and Giraffe 8A) and two naval variants (Sea Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 4A) in X- and S-band frequencies—to complement its existing surface radar portfolio.[2]

Description

Giraffe is a family of G/H (formerly C-band) frequency agile, low to medium altitude pulse doppler air search radars and combat control centers which can be used in mobile or static short to medium range air defense applications. Giraffe is designed to detect low-altitude, low cross-section aircraft targets in conditions of severe clutter and electronic countermeasures. When equipped as an air-defense command center, Giraffe provides an air picture to each firing battery, using man portable radio communication.

Giraffe uses Agile Multi-Beam (AMB), which includes an integrated Command, control and communication (C3) system. This enables Giraffe to act as the command and control center in an air defense system. It can also be integrated into a sensor net for greater coverage. It is normally housed in a single 6m long shelter, mounted on an all-terrain vehicle for high mobility. The shelter can be augmented with Nuclear, Biological and Chemical protection and light layers of armor to protect against small arms and fragmentation threats.

Variants

Шаблон:Anchor Passive electronically-scanned array

Giraffe 40

This is a short-range (Шаблон:Convert instrumented) air defense radar with command and control capability. It employs a folding antenna mast that extends to a height of Шаблон:Convert when deployed and can be integrated with an Interrogation Friend or Foe (IFF) capability. Coverage is stated to be from ground level to Шаблон:Convert in altitude. In Swedish service, the radar is designated PS-70 and PS-701. It provides target data to RBS-70 SHORADS missiles and 40 mm Bofors guns. A more powerful version with a 60 kW transmitter is known commercially as Super Giraffe, and is in Swedish service as the PS-707. These radars are no longer marketed.

Giraffe 50AT

This is the model used in the Norwegian NALLADS air defense system. It combines the radar and RBS-70 missiles with 20 mm anti-aircraft guns to provide low-level air defense for the combat brigades of the Norwegian army. Mounted on a BV-206 all-terrain tracked vehicle, this version has an instrumented range of Шаблон:Convert. The antenna extends to a height of Шаблон:Convert. The system can control up to 20 firing units of guns or missiles or a combination of both. The Command and Control system features fully automatic track initiation, target tracking, target identification (IFF), target classification and designation, hovering helicopter detection threat evaluation and handling of "pop-up" targets. It can exchange data with Giraffe 75 or AMB systems as part of a larger network.

Giraffe 75

This features a Шаблон:Convert antenna mast and is normally carried on a 6x6 5-ton cross-country truck which carries the radar and command and control shelter. The instrumented range is Шаблон:Convert and altitude coverage extends from ground-level to Шаблон:Convert. An optional add-on unit extends the radar's coastal defense capabilities. In Swedish service the radar is designated PS-90.[3] In the Greek Air Force, the Giraffe 75 is used in combination with Contraves (now Rheinmetall defense) Skyguard/Sparrow fire control systems. 1 Giraffe typically controls 2 Skyguard systems, each with 2 twin 35 mm GDF-005 guns and 2 Sparrow surface-to-air missile launchers.

Файл:Giraffe S 3D radar.jpg
1988, a Republic of Singapore Air Force's Giraffe S 3D radar on display at Paya Lebar Air Base

Giraffe S

Optimized as a mobile radar for un-manned remote-controlled applications as a "gap-filler" in air defense early warning systems concentrating on small, low-flying targets over a long distance. It can be employed as a coastal surveillance radar where targets are small surface vessels and sea-skimming missiles or aircraft. A new antenna extends range coverage to Шаблон:Convert, with altitude coverage from ground level to Шаблон:Convert. The antenna mast extends to Шаблон:Convert.

Giraffe AMB

Giraffe Agile Multi Beam is a digital antenna array radar. It provides multi-beam 3-Dimensional air coverage at 5.4 to 5.9 GHz. It has instrumented ranges of Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. The altitude coverage is extended from ground-level to Шаблон:Convert with 70-degree elevation coverage. The data rate is 1-scan per-second. Its maintained pulse density suppresses high cluttering in adverse weather conditions. Ultra-low antenna side-lobes combined with pulse-to-pulse and burst-to-burst frequency agility provides some resistance to jamming.

As in previous Giraffe radars, automatic hovering helicopter detection is provided, as is a rocket, artillery and mortar locating function, allowing the radar to detect incoming rounds and give 20 seconds or more of warning before impact. Giraffe AMB is the principal sensor of the Swedish RBS 23 BAMSE air defense missile system, and is available for many other applications. The Giraffe AMB can be delivered with ground surveillance options fitted.[1]. A skilled crew can deploy the radar in around 10 minutes and recover it in around 6 minutes.

Файл:Sea GIRAFFE 3 D radar on Polish Corvette.PNG
A Sea Giraffe 3-D radar on a Polish corvette

ARTE 740

This is a coastal defense radar based on the Giraffe 75 antenna and Giraffe AMB processing system, optimized for surface and low-altitude coverage for the Swedish Amphibious Forces, formerly the Coastal Artillery. It is mounted on a MOWAG Piranha 10x10 armored vehicle. 6 systems are in service.

Sea Giraffe AMB

Saab's Sea Giraffe AMB is the naval variant of their Giraffe radar with 3D AMB technology. It can detect air and surface targets from the horizon, up to a height of Шаблон:Convert at elevations up to 70°. It can simultaneously handle multiple threats approaching from different directions and altitudes, including diving anti-ship missiles. It is specialized for rapidly detecting small, fast moving targets at all altitudes and small surface targets in severe clutter.

The radar has an instrumented range of Шаблон:Cvt.[4] Its roles include:

  • Air surveillance and tracking
  • Surface surveillance and tracking
  • Target identification for weapon systems
  • High-resolution splash spotting

The Sea Giraffe AMB is installed on the Republic of Singapore Navy's upgraded Шаблон:Sclass and US Navy's Шаблон:Sclass of littoral combat ships, and has the designation AN/SPS-77(V)1 for LCS 2 and 4, AN/SPS 77(V)2 for LCS 6-22, AN/SPS-77(V)3 multi-mode naval radar, and AN/SPS-77(V)4 for LCS 24 and beyond.[5] It has also been chosen for the Royal Canadian Navy's new Protecteur-class Joint Support Ships.[6]

Шаблон:Anchor Active electronically-scanned array

Файл:Sea Giraffe 4A AESA long range surveillance radar on aft mast of HTMS Bhumibol Adulyadej (FFG-471) right front view at JMSDF Yokosuka Naval Base November 3, 2022.jpg
AESA antenna of the Sea Giraffe 4A on board Шаблон:HTMS

In May 2014, Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS) unveiled two new classes of active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—three land-based systems (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A and Giraffe 8A) and two naval variants (Sea Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 4A).

Giraffe 8A

At the top end of the range is the Giraffe 8A, a long-range IEEE S-band (NATO E/F) 3D sensor that can be produced in fixed, transportable and fully mobile configurations.

Intended primarily for remote operation as part of an integrated air defence network, Giraffe 8A can also be operated locally. It has an instrumented range of Шаблон:Cvt and an altitude capability of more than Шаблон:Cvt, bringing true long-range air defence capability to the Saab radar family for the first time.

Giraffe 8A produces 15 stacked beams to provide elevation coverage from ground level to more than 65°. It can operate in a continuous 360° scan mode, rotating mechanically at 24Шаблон:Nbsprpm, or can be steered electronically across an operator-specified sector of 40° to 100°. More than 1,000 air defence tracks can be maintained, and the system also has anti-ballistic missile capability, in which case more than 100 tracks can be followed.

Saab has paid special attention to Giraffe 8A's electronic counter-countermeasures properties. The radar generates very low sidelobes and incorporates sophisticated frequency agility in pulse-to-pulse, burst-to-burst and scan-to-scan regimes. It also switches and staggers pulse repetition frequency and transmits random jitter to further confuse countermeasures. It automatically selects the least jammed frequencies and can transmit intermittently or randomly. The radar offers a passive detection and tracking capability against jammers.

Giraffe 4A

While the Giraffe 8A occupies the high end of the family, Saab has introduced new radars in the medium-range category in the form of Giraffe 4A and Sea Giraffe 4A for naval use.[7] Employing similar S-band technology to the larger radar, Giraffe 4A offers true 3D multirole capability, combining the air defence and weapon locating tasks in a single unit. Able to be airlifted in a single C-130 load, Giraffe 4A can be deployed by two people in less than 10 minutes. It can operate as a standalone.

The Swedish armed forces designation for the G4A radar is PM24.[8]

Giraffe 1X

To complete its new line-up, Saab has introduced two short-range radars, Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 1X.[9] Working in the IEEE X-band (NATO I-band), Giraffe 1X is intended primarily as a highly mobile radar that can work with very short-range air defence systems in the battlefield or at sea.

Weighing less than Шаблон:Cvt, Giraffe 1X can be mounted on a small vehicle or vessel or in fixed installations such as on a building or a mast. The radar has a sense-and-warn function and can be optionally configured for weapon location.[10]

Users

Operators

Variant operators

Passive electronically scanned array (PESA) variants

Шаблон:Main

Active electronically scanned array (AESA) variants

Шаблон:Main

See also

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Tidskrift: Artilleri och luftvärn - Artilleri-Tidskrift nr1 2021 sida nr:6 https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr1_2021
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ https://www.mod.gov.rs/eng/tekst/16303/ministar-vulin-razvoj-sistema-pasars-i-modernizacija-radara-zirafa-vazni-su-za-vojsku-srbije-16303
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
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