Английская Википедия:Gladiolus

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Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword[1]) is a genus of perennial cormous flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae).[2]

Gladiolus Italicus, Behbahan
Gladiolus italicus, Behbahan

It is sometimes called the 'sword lily', but is usually called by its generic name (plural gladioli).[3]

The genus occurs in Asia, Mediterranean Europe, South Africa, and tropical Africa. The center of diversity is in the Cape Floristic Region.[4] The genera Acidanthera, Anomalesia, Homoglossum, and Oenostachys, formerly considered distinct, are now included in Gladiolus.[5]

Description

Gladioli grow from round, symmetrical corms[6] (similar to crocuses) that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.[7]

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath.[1] The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The flowers of unmodified wild species vary from very small to perhaps 40 mm across, and inflorescences bearing anything from one to several flowers. The spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce are the products of centuries of hybridisation and selection.

The flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.[8]

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules,[8] containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds.

Wild Gladiolus, Behbahan, Iran
Gladiolus italicus, Behbahan, Iran

These flowers are variously coloured, ranging from pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.[9]

Ecology

The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthophorini bees,[10] but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and Hawk-moths, long-tongued flies and several others.[11] In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolus can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, they are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many popular garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.[12]

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing,[13] and gladiolus thrips.[14]

Horticulture

Wild Gladiolus Italicus Bulbs of Different Ages/Sizes (from Behbahan)
Wild Gladiolus italicus corms of different ages and sizes (from Behbahan)

Gladioli have been extensively hybridized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties.[9] The main hybrid groups have been obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: 'Grandiflorus', 'Primulines' and 'Nanus'. They can make very good cut flowers for display.[9]

The majority of the species in this genus are diploid with 30 chromosomes (2n=30) but the Grandiflora hybrids are tetraploid and possess 60 chromosomes (2n=4x=60). This is because the main parental species of these hybrids is Gladiolus dalenii which is also tetraploid and includes a wide range of varieties (like the Grandiflora hybrids).[9]

Gallery

Cultivation

In temperate zones, the corms of most species and hybrids should be lifted in autumn and stored over winter in a frost-free place, then replanted in spring. Some species from Europe and high altitudes in Africa, as well as the small 'Nanus' hybrids, are much hardier (to at least Шаблон:Convert) and can be left in the ground in regions with sufficiently dry winters. 'Nanus' is hardy to Zones 5–8. The large-flowered types require moisture during the growing season, and must be individually staked as soon as the sword-shaped flower heads appear. The leaves must be allowed to die down naturally before lifting and storing the corms. Plants are propagated either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from seed. In either case, they take several years to get to flowering size. Clumps should be dug up and divided every few years to keep them vigorous.[14]

They are affected by thrips, (thrip simplex),[14][15] and wasps Dasyproctus bipunctatus, which burrow into the flowers causing them to collapse and die.[16]

Numerous garden cultivars have been developed, of which ‘Robinetta’ (a G. recurvus hybrid), with pink flowers, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[17][18]

In culture

Species

The genus Gladiolus contains about 300 species, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families had over 276 species in 1988,[9] Шаблон:As of, it accepted 300 species.[27]

There are 260 species of Gladiolus endemic to southern Africa,[6] and 76 in tropical Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia.[28]

The genus Gladiolus has been divided into many sections. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed. Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Known hybrids include:

Шаблон:See also


References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

  • G. R. Delpierre and N. M. du Plessis (1974). The winter-growing Gladioli of Southern Africa. Tafelberg-Uitgewers Beperk 120 colour photographs and descriptions.
  • Peter Goldblatt (1996). A monograph of the genus Gladiolus in tropical Africa (83 species). Timber Press
  • Peter Goldblatt, J. C. Manning (1998). Gladiolus in southern Africa: Systematics, Biology, and Evolution, including 144 watercolor paintings. Cape Town: Fernwood Press.

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Goldblatt, P. &, J.C. Manning. Gladiolus in Southern Africa : Systematics, Biology, and Evolution. Fernwood Press, Cape Town; 1998.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Trevor R. Hodkinson and John A.N. Parnell (Editors) Шаблон:Google books
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 William Berman Шаблон:Google books
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 A. Mujib (Editor) Шаблон:Google books
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ David J. Carter Шаблон:Google books
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Ramon Albajes, Maria Lodovica Gullino, Joop C. van Lenteren and Yigal Elad (Editors) Шаблон:Google books
  16. ↑ Arnold S. Menke Шаблон:Google books
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Dame Edna Everage and gladioli
  23. ↑ Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle (Paris, 1819), pp. 315–316; Julius Billerbeck, Flora classica (Leipzig, 1824), p. 13; "L'origine dei maccheroni," Archivo per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari 17 (1898), vol. 36, p. 428.
  24. ↑ Ancient sources on phasganion, xiphion and gladiolus, generally called "corn-flag" by historical botanists, include Theophrastus, Historia Plantarum 7.12.3; Dioscorides, De Materia Medica E 2.101; Pliny, Natural History 21.107–115; Pseudo-Apuleius, Herbarius 79, as cited by Andrew Dalby, Food in the Ancient World from A to Z (Routledge, 2003), p. 105, characterizing Pliny's entry on the plant as "confused." The correspondence of ancient plant names to modern species is always uncertain. Both the Greek xiphion and the Latin word gladiolus ("little sword") come from a word meaning "sword."
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV media
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Rina Kamenetsky and Hiroshi Okubo (Editors) Шаблон:Google books
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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