Английская Википедия:Gleaves-class destroyer

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The Gleaves-class destroyers were a class of 66 destroyers of the United States Navy built 1938–42, designed by Gibbs & Cox.[1][2] The first ship of the class was Шаблон:USS. They were the destroyer type that was in production for the US Navy when the United States entered World War II.

The Gleaves class were initially specified as part of a 24-ship Шаблон:Sclass authorized in fiscal years 1938–40; however, Bethlehem Shipbuilding requested that the six ships designed by them use less complex machinery. Initially, Gleaves and Шаблон:USS, although designed by Gibbs & Cox and built by Bath Iron Works, were to follow the Benson design as modified by Bethlehem. This temporarily made Шаблон:USS the lead ship with more complex machinery, so the class was initially called the Livermore class, and this name persisted through World War II. However, it soon proved possible for Gleaves and Niblack to be built to the Livermore design.[3] Since Gleaves was completed before Livermore and had a lower hull number, the class is more correctly the Gleaves class. Eighteen of these were commissioned in 1940–41.[4] The remaining 48 “repeat Gleaveses” were authorized in 1940–42. These plus the 24 [5] "repeat Bensons" were also known at the time as the Bristol class, after Шаблон:USS. During World War II the Bensons were usually combined with the Livermores (more correctly the Gleaves class) as the Benson-Livermore class; this persisted in references until at least the 1960s.[6] The classes are now called the Benson-Gleaves class.[5] In some references both classes are combined and called the Benson class.[3] The Benson- and Gleaves-class destroyers were the backbone of the pre-war Neutrality Patrols and participated in every major naval campaign of the war.

Related classes

See: Benson-class destroyer#Related classes

Design

The Gleaves class was designed as an improved version of the Шаблон:Sclass with two stacks and a new "echeloned" machinery arrangement that featured alternating boiler and engine rooms, designed to give the ships a better chance at surviving torpedo damage. Loss of one compartment, or even two adjacent compartments, would no longer disable the entire propulsion system. This design was credited with the survival of Шаблон:USS after she was torpedoed by the Шаблон:Ship near Iceland in October 1941, before the US entered the war. The Benson-Gleaves class also introduced quintuple torpedo tube mounts. Their scantlings, or framing dimensions, were increased to carry the weight of the new machinery. This increased the ships' displacement by about seventy tons, to 1630 tons standard displacement.[3][7] Twenty ships (DD-493–497, 618–628, and 645–648) had square-faced bridges in an attempt to speed production.[4]

Engineering

The Gleaves class were all completed with Шаблон:Convert steam (references vary) superheated to Шаблон:Convert, double-reduction gearing, and cruising turbines.[4] The main steam turbines were designed and built by Westinghouse.[3][7][8]

Armament

The class was completed with four or five Шаблон:Convert dual purpose guns (anti-surface and anti-aircraft (AA)), controlled by a Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System as in the previous Sims class. The introduction of two centerline quintuple torpedo tube mounts in the Benson-Gleaves class was a significant improvement and was continued in subsequent World War II classes. This allowed a broadside of ten tubes with savings in space and weight compared to previous classes, which had twelve or sixteen tubes and an eight-tube broadside.[3] However, most of the Gleaves class spent most of the war with only five torpedo tubes equipped in favor of greater light anti-aircraft armament. This varied considerably in different ships as the war went on; for example, the specified pair of twin Шаблон:Convert guns were not widely available until mid-1942 and a quadruple [[1.1"/75 caliber gun|Шаблон:Convert gun]] mount and a Шаблон:Convert gun were temporarily substituted.[7] In 1945 sixteen ships (DD-423, 424, 429–432, 435, 437–440, 443, 497, 623, 624, and 628) were modified for maximum light AA armament as an anti-kamikaze measure, with four 5-inch guns, no torpedo tubes, twelve 40 mm guns in two quad and two twin mounts and four 20 mm guns in two twin mountings.[9][4] Photographs indicate that, as with most pre-1942 destroyers, the initial anti-submarine armament of two depth charge tracks was augmented with four or six K-gun depth charge throwers in 1941–42 on most ships.[10] In 1943 twelve ships (DD-493, 609, 620, 622, 623, 635, 637–639, and 646–648) were temporarily equipped with three Mousetrap ASW rocket launchers, but this was unsuccessful and the only such installation on post-1930 US destroyers. They were removed beginning in March 1944.[7][11]

Habitability

Chief petty officers had quarters in the forecastle. All other enlisted sailors had a bunk in large open living compartments astern of the engineering spaces. Beneath each tier of bunks were individual lockers with a wooden grate floor. As seawater entered the compartment during rough weather, the wooden grate was intended to lift the locker contents above the deck and allow the seawater to drain out as it sloshed over the deck when the ship rolled. No laundry was included in the original design, but a single washing machine was later installed in a compartment the size of a closet. Clothing could be washed and spun damp to be hung to dry wherever space allowed.[12]

DMS conversions

Twenty-four Gleaves-class ships were converted to destroyer minesweepers (DMS-19 through DMS-42) in 1944 and 1945.[7][13] Twelve Atlantic Fleet ships (DD-454–458, 461, 462, 464, 621, 625, 636, and 637) were converted in 1944, with the rest in the Pacific in 1945 (DD-489, 490, 493–496, 618, 627, and 632–635). Magnetic and acoustic minesweeping gear was fitted, with armament reduced to three 5 in guns, no torpedo tubes, two K-guns, four 40 mm guns in two twin mounts, and seven 20 mm guns on the Atlantic ships. The Pacific ships and Hobson had increased light AA armament, with eight 40 mm guns in two quad mounts and six 20 mm guns in two twin and two single mounts. Twelve DMS conversions were the only Benson-Gleaves-class ships retained in service postwar. However, they were judged ineffective in the Korean War due to requiring a large crew compared with purpose-built minesweepers, and were decommissioned in 1954–56.[13]

Service

Twenty-one were in commission when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. A total of sixty-six were built, of which eleven were lost to enemy action during World War II: Gwin, Meredith, Monssen, Bristol, Emmons, Aaron Ward, Duncan, Beatty, Glennon, Corry, and Maddox. Six of these were in the Pacific, two were off Normandy, and three were in the Mediterranean. Ingraham was lost in a collision with an oiler in 1942, and Turner was lost to an internal explosion in 1944.

Most were decommissioned and placed in the Reserve Fleet just following World War II. Twelve DMS conversions remained in commission into the 1950s, the last withdrawn from service in 1956.[4] Hobson was sunk in a collision with the aircraft carrier Шаблон:USS in 1952. Baldwin grounded while under tow and was scuttled in 1961 while out of commission, thus is not counted as a loss.

Eleven ships of the class were transferred to foreign navies 1949–1959; two to Greece, four to Turkey, one to Italy, two to Taiwan, and two to Japan.[14] On 19 October 1954 Шаблон:USS and Шаблон:USS were transferred to the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force where they served as JDS Asakaze and JDS Hatakaze, the latter was further transferred to Taiwan in 1970 as Hsien Yang to replace the ex-Rodman of the same name.[15]

Modernization was considered in the 1950s but not implemented except on the transferred ships.[16] Those ships not transferred to other countries were mostly sold for scrap in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[4]

Ships in class

Ships of the Gleaves destroyer class[4]
Name Hull no. Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate
Шаблон:USS DD-423 Bath Iron Works 16 May 1938 9 December 1939 14 June 1940 8 May 1946 Sold for scrap, 29 June 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-424 8 August 1938 18 May 1940 1 August 1940 June 1946 Sold for scrap, 16 August 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-429 6 March 1939 3 August 1940 7 October 1940 24 January 1947 Sold for scrap, 3 March 1961
Шаблон:USS DD-430 12 April 1939 14 September 1940 4 December 1940 3 June 1946 Transferred to Greece as Niki, 22 January 1951
Шаблон:USS DD-431 Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company 1 March 1939 7 March 1940 17 July 1940 3 May 1946 Transferred to Taiwan as Nan Yang, 16 February 1959
Шаблон:USS DD-432 9 March 1940 13 September 1940 7 March 1946 Sold for scrap, 6 October 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-433 Boston Navy Yard 1 June 1939 25 May 1940 15 January 1941 rowspan=2 Шаблон:N/a Sunk, Battle of Kolombangara, 13 July 1943
Шаблон:USS DD-434 24 April 1940 1 March 1941 Sunk by air attack near San Cristóbal, Solomon Islands, 15 October 1942
Шаблон:USS DD-435 Charleston Navy Yard 17 July 1939 7 August 1940 14 February 1941 4 February 1947 Sold for scrap, 12 June 1974
Шаблон:USS DD-436 Puget Sound Navy Yard 12 July 1939 16 May 1940 14 March 1941 Шаблон:N/a Sunk, First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 13 November 1942
Шаблон:USS DD-437 Bath Iron Works 9 October 1939 12 February 1941 7 May 1941 6 February 1947 Sold for scrap, 29 May 1974
Шаблон:USS DD-438 18 December 1939 11 November 1940 5 March 1941 20 May 1946 Transferred to Greece as Doxa, 22 January 1951
6 June 1950 22 January 1951
Шаблон:USS DD-439 Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company 18 March 1940 23 November 1940 31 January 1941 18 May 1946 Sold for scrap, 29 December 1966
Шаблон:USS DD-440 13 March 1941 15 March 1946 Sunk as target, 17 November 1970
Шаблон:USS DD-441 Boston Navy Yard 1 November 1939 31 May 1940 22 April 1941 4 March 1946 Sold for scrap, 29 June 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-442 3 June 1941 26 February 1946 Transferred to Italy as Aviere, 15 January 1951
17 July 1950 15 January 1951
Шаблон:USS DD-443 Charleston Navy Yard 15 November 1939 2 November 1940 29 May 1941 10 December 1945 Sold for scrap, 29 June 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-444 15 February 1941 19 July 1941 rowspan=2 Шаблон:N/a Sunk in collision with Шаблон:USS near the Azores, 22 August 1942
Шаблон:USS DD-453 Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company 20 December 1940 25 July 1941 22 October 1941 Sunk by Шаблон:GS near Algeria, 13 October 1943
Шаблон:USS DD-454 26 July 1941 28 November 1941 19 October 1954 Transferred to Japan as Asakaze, 19 October 1954
Шаблон:USS DD-455 16 December 1940 26 September 1941 22 December 1941 15 January 1955 Sold for scrap, 22 November 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-456 29 April 1942 28 July 1955 Transferred to Taiwan as Hsien Yang, 28 July 1955
Шаблон:USS DD-457 Bath Iron Works 14 November 1940 23 August 1941 5 December 1941 Шаблон:N/a Sunk by kamikazes near Okinawa, 6 April 1945
Шаблон:USS DD-458 3 September 1940 23 September 1941 26 January 1942 19 October 1954 Transferred to Japan as Hatakaze, 19 October 1954, later transferred to Taiwan as Hsien Yang, 6 August 1970
Шаблон:USS DD-461 Boston Navy Yard 6 January 1941 14 June 1941 13 January 1942 30 November 1945 Sold for scrap, 20 November 1946
Шаблон:USS DD-462 3 February 1942 24 February 1956 Sunk as target off Northeast Florida, 15 November 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-463 Charleston Navy Yard 4 September 1940 28 July 1941 18 December 1941 rowspan=3 Шаблон:N/a Sunk by shore-based gunfire off Carentan River, France, 6 June 1944
Шаблон:USS DD-464 14 November 1940 8 September 1941 22 January 1942 Sunk in collision with Шаблон:USS, 26 April 1952
Шаблон:USS DD-483 Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company 11 February 1941 22 November 1941 4 March 1942 Sunk by air attack off Guadalcanal, 7 April 1943
Шаблон:USS DD-484 21 March 1942 21 May 1946 Transferred to Turkey as Gelibolu, 28 April 1949
Шаблон:USS DD-485 31 July 1941 20 February 1942 16 April 1942 Шаблон:N/a Sunk, Battle of Cape Esperance, 12 October 1942
Шаблон:USS DD-486 29 April 1942 2 May 1946 Transferred to Turkey as Gaziantep, 10 June 1949
Шаблон:USS DD-487 15 September 1941 20 March 1942 13 May 1942 16 May 1946 Transferred to Turkey as Gemlik, 10 June 1949
Шаблон:USS DD-488 27 May 1942 17 May 1946 Transferred to Turkey as Giresun, 29 April 1949
Шаблон:USS DD-489 3 November 1941 3 May 1942 17 June 1942 27 May 1949 Sold for scrap, 27 October 1969
Шаблон:USS DD-490 3 July 1942 28 May 1949 Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-493
DMS-33
Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation 29 May 1941 8 March 1942 28 December 1942 15 February 1954 Sold for scrap, 7 August 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-494
DMS-34
26 May 1941 17 March 1942 27 January 1943 19 May 1955 Sold for scrap, 6 October 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-495
DMS-35
1 May 1941 5 April 1942 25 February 1943 17 August 1955 Sold for scrap, 6 October 1970
Шаблон:USS DD-496
DMS-36
30 April 1942 15 March 1943 27 May 1949 Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-497 5 June 1941 17 May 1942 31 March 1943 6 March 1946 Sunk as target near Puerto Rico, 4 December 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-618 Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company 26 February 1942 19 July 1942 11 September 1942 24 June 1949 Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-619 18 September 1942 11 April 1946 Sold for scrap, 25 May 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-620 25 March 1942 26 August 1942 8 October 1942 Шаблон:N/a Sunk by mine off Quinéville, France, 10 June 1944
Шаблон:USS DD-621 5 November 1942 23 May 1955 Sold for scrap, 25 May 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-622 7 May 1942 15 September 1942 31 October 1942 Шаблон:N/a Sunk by air attack off Sicily, 10 July 1943
Шаблон:USS DD-623 26 November 1942 January 1947 Sold for scrap, 18 July 1969
Шаблон:USS DD-624 Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation 19 July 1941 14 June 1942 30 April 1943 20 June 1946 Grounded at Montauk, New York 15 April 1961, scuttled 5 June 1961
Шаблон:USS DD-625 22 July 1941 28 June 1942 25 May 1943 2 November 1945 Sold for scrap, 16 April 1947
Шаблон:USS DD-626 10 September 1941 17 July 1942 1 July 1943 16 March 1946 Sold for scrap, 8 May 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-627 22 September 1941 15 July 1942 10 July 1943 18 May 1954 Sold for scrap, 7 August 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-628 27 September 1941 7 September 1942 16 August 1943 4 February 1946 Sold for scrap, 18 July 1969
Шаблон:USS DD-632 Boston Navy Yard 18 March 1941 27 September 1941 1 June 1942 27 April 1947 Sold for scrap, 22 February 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-633 23 June 1942 19 March 1947 Sunk as a target near Southern California, 27 October 1967
Шаблон:USS DD-634 14 June 1941 10 December 1941 4 August 1942 29 January 1947 Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-635 1 September 1942 17 May 1947 Sold for scrap, October 1970
Шаблон:USS DD-636 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 16 September 1941 12 February 1942 15 August 1942 8 November 1945 Sold for scrap, 10 January 1948
Шаблон:USS DD-637 15 September 1942 17 December 1955 Sunk as target near Puerto Rico, 3 June 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-638 Norfolk Naval Shipyard 26 August 1941 2 February 1942 20 December 1942 28 January 1946 Sunk as target, 24 May 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-639 17 February 1942 18 April 1942 7 February 1943 16 November 1945 Sold for scrap, 28 September 1947
Шаблон:USS DD-640 Charleston Navy Yard 1 May 1941 20 December 1941 7 May 1942 Шаблон:N/a Sunk by air attack off Algeria, 6 November 1943
Шаблон:USS DD-641 4 June 1942 6 February 1947 Sold for scrap, 8 May 1972
Шаблон:USS DD-645 Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company 23 July 1942 11 November 1942 15 December 1942 27 April 1946 Sold for scrap, 2 June 1970
Шаблон:USS DD-646 24 July 1942 11 January 1943 16 May 1946 Sold for scrap, 25 May 1973
Шаблон:USS DD-647 15 November 1942 28 February 1943 1 April 1943 6 May 1946 Sunk as target off Northeast Florida, 22 August 1974
Шаблон:USS DD-648 16 November 1942 15 April 1943 Шаблон:N/a Sunk by internal explosion near New York City, 3 January 1944

Film appearances

The 1954 movie The Caine Mutiny was filmed on Шаблон:USS and possibly Шаблон:USS. In the 1951 novel, Caine is a Шаблон:Sclass or Шаблон:Sclass destroyer minesweeper.

The destroyer shown in the opening and closing scenes of the movie musical On the Town is Шаблон:USS.

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Gleaves class destroyer Шаблон:WWII US ships

  1. Шаблон:Cite web
  2. Шаблон:Cite web
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Friedman1 не указан текст
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 Bauer and Roberts, pp. 188–191
  5. 5,0 5,1 Benson-Gleaves classes at DestroyerHistory.org
  6. Silverstone, pp. 126–135
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Gardiner and Chesneau, pp. 128–129
  8. USS Gleaves (DD-423) and USS Niblack (DD-424) General Information Book with as-built data at Destroyer History Foundation Шаблон:Webarchive
  9. Friedman, p. 107
  10. NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page
  11. Friedman, pp. 194–195
  12. Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. 13,0 13,1 Friedman, pp. 108–109
  14. Gardiner & Chumbley, pp. 160, 206, 222, 455, 469
  15. Gardiner & Chumbley, p. 222
  16. Friedman, pp. 107–108