Английская Википедия:Gleaves-class destroyer

The Gleaves-class destroyers were a class of 66 destroyers of the United States Navy built 1938–42, designed by Gibbs & Cox.^[1]^[2] The first ship of the class was Шаблон:USS. They were the destroyer type that was in production for the US Navy when the United States entered World War II.

The Gleaves class were initially specified as part of a 24-ship Шаблон:Sclass authorized in fiscal years 1938–40; however, Bethlehem Shipbuilding requested that the six ships designed by them use less complex machinery. Initially, Gleaves and Шаблон:USS, although designed by Gibbs & Cox and built by Bath Iron Works, were to follow the Benson design as modified by Bethlehem. This temporarily made Шаблон:USS the lead ship with more complex machinery, so the class was initially called the Livermore class, and this name persisted through World War II. However, it soon proved possible for Gleaves and Niblack to be built to the Livermore design.^[3] Since Gleaves was completed before Livermore and had a lower hull number, the class is more correctly the Gleaves class. Eighteen of these were commissioned in 1940–41.^[4] The remaining 48 “repeat Gleaveses” were authorized in 1940–42. These plus the 24 ^[5] "repeat Bensons" were also known at the time as the Bristol class, after Шаблон:USS. During World War II the Bensons were usually combined with the Livermores (more correctly the Gleaves class) as the Benson-Livermore class; this persisted in references until at least the 1960s.^[6] The classes are now called the Benson-Gleaves class.^[5] In some references both classes are combined and called the Benson class.^[3] The Benson- and Gleaves-class destroyers were the backbone of the pre-war Neutrality Patrols and participated in every major naval campaign of the war.

Design

The Gleaves class was designed as an improved version of the Шаблон:Sclass with two stacks and a new "echeloned" machinery arrangement that featured alternating boiler and engine rooms, designed to give the ships a better chance at surviving torpedo damage. Loss of one compartment, or even two adjacent compartments, would no longer disable the entire propulsion system. This design was credited with the survival of Шаблон:USS after she was torpedoed by the Шаблон:Ship near Iceland in October 1941, before the US entered the war. The Benson-Gleaves class also introduced quintuple torpedo tube mounts. Their scantlings, or framing dimensions, were increased to carry the weight of the new machinery. This increased the ships' displacement by about seventy tons, to 1630 tons standard displacement.^[3]^[7] Twenty ships (DD-493–497, 618–628, and 645–648) had square-faced bridges in an attempt to speed production.^[4]

Engineering

The Gleaves class were all completed with Шаблон:Convert steam (references vary) superheated to Шаблон:Convert, double-reduction gearing, and cruising turbines.^[4] The main steam turbines were designed and built by Westinghouse.^[3]^[7]^[8]

Armament

The class was completed with four or five Шаблон:Convert dual purpose guns (anti-surface and anti-aircraft (AA)), controlled by a Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System as in the previous Sims class. The introduction of two centerline quintuple torpedo tube mounts in the Benson-Gleaves class was a significant improvement and was continued in subsequent World War II classes. This allowed a broadside of ten tubes with savings in space and weight compared to previous classes, which had twelve or sixteen tubes and an eight-tube broadside.^[3] However, most of the Gleaves class spent most of the war with only five torpedo tubes equipped in favor of greater light anti-aircraft armament. This varied considerably in different ships as the war went on; for example, the specified pair of twin Шаблон:Convert guns were not widely available until mid-1942 and a quadruple [[1.1"/75 caliber gun|Шаблон:Convert gun]] mount and a Шаблон:Convert gun were temporarily substituted.^[7] In 1945 sixteen ships (DD-423, 424, 429–432, 435, 437–440, 443, 497, 623, 624, and 628) were modified for maximum light AA armament as an anti-kamikaze measure, with four 5-inch guns, no torpedo tubes, twelve 40 mm guns in two quad and two twin mounts and four 20 mm guns in two twin mountings.^[9]^[4] Photographs indicate that, as with most pre-1942 destroyers, the initial anti-submarine armament of two depth charge tracks was augmented with four or six K-gun depth charge throwers in 1941–42 on most ships.^[10] In 1943 twelve ships (DD-493, 609, 620, 622, 623, 635, 637–639, and 646–648) were temporarily equipped with three Mousetrap ASW rocket launchers, but this was unsuccessful and the only such installation on post-1930 US destroyers. They were removed beginning in March 1944.^[7]^[11]

Habitability

Chief petty officers had quarters in the forecastle. All other enlisted sailors had a bunk in large open living compartments astern of the engineering spaces. Beneath each tier of bunks were individual lockers with a wooden grate floor. As seawater entered the compartment during rough weather, the wooden grate was intended to lift the locker contents above the deck and allow the seawater to drain out as it sloshed over the deck when the ship rolled. No laundry was included in the original design, but a single washing machine was later installed in a compartment the size of a closet. Clothing could be washed and spun damp to be hung to dry wherever space allowed.^[12]

DMS conversions

Twenty-four Gleaves-class ships were converted to destroyer minesweepers (DMS-19 through DMS-42) in 1944 and 1945.^[7]^[13] Twelve Atlantic Fleet ships (DD-454–458, 461, 462, 464, 621, 625, 636, and 637) were converted in 1944, with the rest in the Pacific in 1945 (DD-489, 490, 493–496, 618, 627, and 632–635). Magnetic and acoustic minesweeping gear was fitted, with armament reduced to three 5 in guns, no torpedo tubes, two K-guns, four 40 mm guns in two twin mounts, and seven 20 mm guns on the Atlantic ships. The Pacific ships and Hobson had increased light AA armament, with eight 40 mm guns in two quad mounts and six 20 mm guns in two twin and two single mounts. Twelve DMS conversions were the only Benson-Gleaves-class ships retained in service postwar. However, they were judged ineffective in the Korean War due to requiring a large crew compared with purpose-built minesweepers, and were decommissioned in 1954–56.^[13]

Service

Twenty-one were in commission when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. A total of sixty-six were built, of which eleven were lost to enemy action during World War II: Gwin, Meredith, Monssen, Bristol, Emmons, Aaron Ward, Duncan, Beatty, Glennon, Corry, and Maddox. Six of these were in the Pacific, two were off Normandy, and three were in the Mediterranean. Ingraham was lost in a collision with an oiler in 1942, and Turner was lost to an internal explosion in 1944.

Most were decommissioned and placed in the Reserve Fleet just following World War II. Twelve DMS conversions remained in commission into the 1950s, the last withdrawn from service in 1956.^[4] Hobson was sunk in a collision with the aircraft carrier Шаблон:USS in 1952. Baldwin grounded while under tow and was scuttled in 1961 while out of commission, thus is not counted as a loss.

Eleven ships of the class were transferred to foreign navies 1949–1959; two to Greece, four to Turkey, one to Italy, two to Taiwan, and two to Japan.^[14] On 19 October 1954 Шаблон:USS and Шаблон:USS were transferred to the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force where they served as JDS Asakaze and JDS Hatakaze, the latter was further transferred to Taiwan in 1970 as Hsien Yang to replace the ex-Rodman of the same name.^[15]

Modernization was considered in the 1950s but not implemented except on the transferred ships.^[16] Those ships not transferred to other countries were mostly sold for scrap in the late 1960s and early 1970s.^[4]

Ships in class

Ships of the *Gleaves* destroyer class^[4]
Name	Hull no.	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Fate
Шаблон:USS	DD-423	Bath Iron Works	16 May 1938	9 December 1939	14 June 1940	8 May 1946	Sold for scrap, 29 June 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-424		8 August 1938	18 May 1940	1 August 1940	June 1946	Sold for scrap, 16 August 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-429		6 March 1939	3 August 1940	7 October 1940	24 January 1947	Sold for scrap, 3 March 1961
Шаблон:USS	DD-430		12 April 1939	14 September 1940	4 December 1940	3 June 1946	Transferred to Greece as Niki, 22 January 1951
Шаблон:USS	DD-431	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	1 March 1939	7 March 1940	17 July 1940	3 May 1946	Transferred to Taiwan as Nan Yang, 16 February 1959
Шаблон:USS	DD-432	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	1 March 1939	9 March 1940	13 September 1940	7 March 1946	Sold for scrap, 6 October 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-433	Boston Navy Yard	1 June 1939	25 May 1940	15 January 1941	rowspan=2 Шаблон:N/a	Sunk, Battle of Kolombangara, 13 July 1943
Шаблон:USS	DD-434	Boston Navy Yard	1 June 1939	24 April 1940	1 March 1941	Sunk by air attack near San Cristóbal, Solomon Islands, 15 October 1942
Шаблон:USS	DD-435	Charleston Navy Yard	17 July 1939	7 August 1940	14 February 1941	4 February 1947	Sold for scrap, 12 June 1974
Шаблон:USS	DD-436	Puget Sound Navy Yard	12 July 1939	16 May 1940	14 March 1941	Шаблон:N/a	Sunk, First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 13 November 1942
Шаблон:USS	DD-437	Bath Iron Works	9 October 1939	12 February 1941	7 May 1941	6 February 1947	Sold for scrap, 29 May 1974
Шаблон:USS	DD-438		18 December 1939	11 November 1940	5 March 1941	20 May 1946	Transferred to Greece as Doxa, 22 January 1951
Шаблон:USS	DD-438		18 December 1939	11 November 1940	6 June 1950	22 January 1951	Transferred to Greece as Doxa, 22 January 1951
Шаблон:USS	DD-439	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	18 March 1940	23 November 1940	31 January 1941	18 May 1946	Sold for scrap, 29 December 1966
Шаблон:USS	DD-440	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	18 March 1940	23 November 1940	13 March 1941	15 March 1946	Sunk as target, 17 November 1970
Шаблон:USS	DD-441	Boston Navy Yard	1 November 1939	31 May 1940	22 April 1941	4 March 1946	Sold for scrap, 29 June 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-442				3 June 1941	26 February 1946	Transferred to Italy as Aviere, 15 January 1951
Шаблон:USS	DD-442				17 July 1950	15 January 1951	Transferred to Italy as Aviere, 15 January 1951
Шаблон:USS	DD-443	Charleston Navy Yard	15 November 1939	2 November 1940	29 May 1941	10 December 1945	Sold for scrap, 29 June 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-444	Charleston Navy Yard	15 November 1939	15 February 1941	19 July 1941	rowspan=2 Шаблон:N/a	Sunk in collision with Шаблон:USS near the Azores, 22 August 1942
Шаблон:USS	DD-453	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	20 December 1940	25 July 1941	22 October 1941	Sunk by Шаблон:GS near Algeria, 13 October 1943
Шаблон:USS	DD-454		20 December 1940	26 July 1941	28 November 1941	19 October 1954	Transferred to Japan as Asakaze, 19 October 1954
Шаблон:USS	DD-455		16 December 1940	26 September 1941	22 December 1941	15 January 1955	Sold for scrap, 22 November 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-456		16 December 1940	26 September 1941	29 April 1942	28 July 1955	Transferred to Taiwan as Hsien Yang, 28 July 1955
Шаблон:USS	DD-457	Bath Iron Works	14 November 1940	23 August 1941	5 December 1941	Шаблон:N/a	Sunk by kamikazes near Okinawa, 6 April 1945
Шаблон:USS	DD-458	Bath Iron Works	3 September 1940	23 September 1941	26 January 1942	19 October 1954	Transferred to Japan as Hatakaze, 19 October 1954, later transferred to Taiwan as Hsien Yang, 6 August 1970
Шаблон:USS	DD-461	Boston Navy Yard	6 January 1941	14 June 1941	13 January 1942	30 November 1945	Sold for scrap, 20 November 1946
Шаблон:USS	DD-462	Boston Navy Yard	6 January 1941	14 June 1941	3 February 1942	24 February 1956	Sunk as target off Northeast Florida, 15 November 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-463	Charleston Navy Yard	4 September 1940	28 July 1941	18 December 1941	rowspan=3 Шаблон:N/a	Sunk by shore-based gunfire off Carentan River, France, 6 June 1944
Шаблон:USS	DD-464	Charleston Navy Yard	14 November 1940	8 September 1941	22 January 1942	Sunk in collision with Шаблон:USS, 26 April 1952
Шаблон:USS	DD-483	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	11 February 1941	22 November 1941	4 March 1942	Sunk by air attack off Guadalcanal, 7 April 1943
Шаблон:USS	DD-484		11 February 1941	22 November 1941	21 March 1942	21 May 1946	Transferred to Turkey as Gelibolu, 28 April 1949
Шаблон:USS	DD-485		31 July 1941	20 February 1942	16 April 1942	Шаблон:N/a	Sunk, Battle of Cape Esperance, 12 October 1942
Шаблон:USS	DD-486		31 July 1941	20 February 1942	29 April 1942	2 May 1946	Transferred to Turkey as Gaziantep, 10 June 1949
Шаблон:USS	DD-487		15 September 1941	20 March 1942	13 May 1942	16 May 1946	Transferred to Turkey as Gemlik, 10 June 1949
Шаблон:USS	DD-488		15 September 1941	20 March 1942	27 May 1942	17 May 1946	Transferred to Turkey as Giresun, 29 April 1949
Шаблон:USS	DD-489		3 November 1941	3 May 1942	17 June 1942	27 May 1949	Sold for scrap, 27 October 1969
Шаблон:USS	DD-490		3 November 1941	3 May 1942	3 July 1942	28 May 1949	Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-493 DMS-33	Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation	29 May 1941	8 March 1942	28 December 1942	15 February 1954	Sold for scrap, 7 August 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-494 DMS-34		26 May 1941	17 March 1942	27 January 1943	19 May 1955	Sold for scrap, 6 October 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-495 DMS-35		1 May 1941	5 April 1942	25 February 1943	17 August 1955	Sold for scrap, 6 October 1970
Шаблон:USS	DD-496 DMS-36		1 May 1941	30 April 1942	15 March 1943	27 May 1949	Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-497		5 June 1941	17 May 1942	31 March 1943	6 March 1946	Sunk as target near Puerto Rico, 4 December 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-618	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	26 February 1942	19 July 1942	11 September 1942	24 June 1949	Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-619		26 February 1942	19 July 1942	18 September 1942	11 April 1946	Sold for scrap, 25 May 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-620		25 March 1942	26 August 1942	8 October 1942	Шаблон:N/a	Sunk by mine off Quinéville, France, 10 June 1944
Шаблон:USS	DD-621		25 March 1942	26 August 1942	5 November 1942	23 May 1955	Sold for scrap, 25 May 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-622		7 May 1942	15 September 1942	31 October 1942	Шаблон:N/a	Sunk by air attack off Sicily, 10 July 1943
Шаблон:USS	DD-623		7 May 1942	15 September 1942	26 November 1942	January 1947	Sold for scrap, 18 July 1969
Шаблон:USS	DD-624	Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation	19 July 1941	14 June 1942	30 April 1943	20 June 1946	Grounded at Montauk, New York 15 April 1961, scuttled 5 June 1961
Шаблон:USS	DD-625		22 July 1941	28 June 1942	25 May 1943	2 November 1945	Sold for scrap, 16 April 1947
Шаблон:USS	DD-626		10 September 1941	17 July 1942	1 July 1943	16 March 1946	Sold for scrap, 8 May 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-627		22 September 1941	15 July 1942	10 July 1943	18 May 1954	Sold for scrap, 7 August 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-628		27 September 1941	7 September 1942	16 August 1943	4 February 1946	Sold for scrap, 18 July 1969
Шаблон:USS	DD-632	Boston Navy Yard	18 March 1941	27 September 1941	1 June 1942	27 April 1947	Sold for scrap, 22 February 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-633		18 March 1941	27 September 1941	23 June 1942	19 March 1947	Sunk as a target near Southern California, 27 October 1967
Шаблон:USS	DD-634		14 June 1941	10 December 1941	4 August 1942	29 January 1947	Sold for scrap, 27 August 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-635		14 June 1941	10 December 1941	1 September 1942	17 May 1947	Sold for scrap, October 1970
Шаблон:USS	DD-636	Philadelphia Naval Shipyard	16 September 1941	12 February 1942	15 August 1942	8 November 1945	Sold for scrap, 10 January 1948
Шаблон:USS	DD-637	Philadelphia Naval Shipyard	16 September 1941	12 February 1942	15 September 1942	17 December 1955	Sunk as target near Puerto Rico, 3 June 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-638	Norfolk Naval Shipyard	26 August 1941	2 February 1942	20 December 1942	28 January 1946	Sunk as target, 24 May 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-639	Norfolk Naval Shipyard	17 February 1942	18 April 1942	7 February 1943	16 November 1945	Sold for scrap, 28 September 1947
Шаблон:USS	DD-640	Charleston Navy Yard	1 May 1941	20 December 1941	7 May 1942	Шаблон:N/a	Sunk by air attack off Algeria, 6 November 1943
Шаблон:USS	DD-641	Charleston Navy Yard	1 May 1941	20 December 1941	4 June 1942	6 February 1947	Sold for scrap, 8 May 1972
Шаблон:USS	DD-645	Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company	23 July 1942	11 November 1942	15 December 1942	27 April 1946	Sold for scrap, 2 June 1970
Шаблон:USS	DD-646		24 July 1942	11 November 1942	11 January 1943	16 May 1946	Sold for scrap, 25 May 1973
Шаблон:USS	DD-647		15 November 1942	28 February 1943	1 April 1943	6 May 1946	Sunk as target off Northeast Florida, 22 August 1974
Шаблон:USS	DD-648		16 November 1942	28 February 1943	15 April 1943	Шаблон:N/a	Sunk by internal explosion near New York City, 3 January 1944

Film appearances

The 1954 movie The Caine Mutiny was filmed on Шаблон:USS and possibly Шаблон:USS. In the 1951 novel, Caine is a Шаблон:Sclass or Шаблон:Sclass destroyer minesweeper.

The destroyer shown in the opening and closing scenes of the movie musical On the Town is Шаблон:USS.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Gleaves class destroyer Шаблон:WWII US ships

↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 ^3,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Friedman1 не указан текст
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 ^4,6 Bauer and Roberts, pp. 188–191
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 Benson-Gleaves classes at DestroyerHistory.org
↑ Silverstone, pp. 126–135
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 ^7,4 Gardiner and Chesneau, pp. 128–129
↑ USS Gleaves (DD-423) and USS Niblack (DD-424) General Information Book with as-built data at Destroyer History Foundation Шаблон:Webarchive
↑ Friedman, p. 107
↑ NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page
↑ Friedman, pp. 194–195
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 Friedman, pp. 108–109
↑ Gardiner & Chumbley, pp. 160, 206, 222, 455, 469
↑ Gardiner & Chumbley, p. 222
↑ Friedman, pp. 107–108

[1] Шаблон:Cite web

[tincansailors-2] Шаблон:Cite web

[Friedman1-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 ^3,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Friedman1 не указан текст

[Register1-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 ^4,6 Bauer and Roberts, pp. 188–191

[BensonGleaves-5] 5,0 ^5,1 Benson-Gleaves classes at DestroyerHistory.org

[Silverstone,_pp._126-135-6] Silverstone, pp. 126–135

[Conway1-7] 7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 ^7,4 Gardiner and Chesneau, pp. 128–129

[8] USS Gleaves (DD-423) and USS Niblack (DD-424) General Information Book with as-built data at Destroyer History Foundation Шаблон:Webarchive

[9] Friedman, p. 107

[10] NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page

[11] Friedman, pp. 194–195

[jkp-12] Шаблон:Cite journal

[Friedman,_pp._108-109-13] 13,0 ^13,1 Friedman, pp. 108–109

[14] Gardiner & Chumbley, pp. 160, 206, 222, 455, 469

[15] Gardiner & Chumbley, p. 222

[16] Friedman, pp. 107–108

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Английская Википедия:Gleaves-class destroyer

Содержание

Related classes

Design

Engineering

Armament

Habitability

DMS conversions

Service

Ships in class

Film appearances

See also

References

External links

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