Английская Википедия:Glossary of French criminal law

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Bots This glossary of French criminal law is a list of explanations or translations of contemporary and historical concepts of criminal law in France.

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Introduction

Scope

This glossary includes terms from criminal law under the legal system in France. Legal terms from other countries that use French language (Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, North Africa, etc.) are not included here. Terms from the French civil code (known as the Napoleonic code) and from French administrative law are generally not included, unless they have repercussions for criminal law. Some common expressions for governmental agencies, position titles, or other concepts are included for convenience even if they are not unique to criminal law, as they come up frequently in definitions of other terms.

Disclaimer

There is absolutely no assurance that any statement contained in this article is true, correct, or precise. The information in this article is, at best, of a general nature and cannot substitute for the advice of a competent authority with specialized knowledge. Шаблон:Selfref inline

Style

Each entry consists of a bolded headword containing one French expression, followed by an indented section with a translated equivalent or description of the term. Headwords appear as they would be if found in English running text; thus italicized, and in lower case unless always capitalized. Many of these terms can be found in French WikipediaШаблон:Selfref inline. Below the headword, the indented text may contain either a direct translation of the French term, a definition or description of it, or some combination. A section symbol (§) prefixed before a term indicates Шаблон:Selfref inline another term appearing on the page. Headwords are alphabetized as if they contained no embedded blanks; accented letters are alphabetized as if they were not accented; for example: Шаблон:Lang comes after Шаблон:Lang but before Шаблон:Lang.

Glossary

A

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Abrogation en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: repeal of an Act;Шаблон:Sfn revocation (of regulations, etc.)Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor

misuse; fraudulent misuseШаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Usage notes:

[[:fr:Abus d'autorité|Шаблон:Vanchor]] ⟶ abuse (misuse) of official authority. See Шаблон:Slink below.
[[:fr:Abus de biens sociaux|Шаблон:Vanchor]] ⟶ misuse of a company's property or credit
[[:fr:Abus de confiance|Шаблон:Vanchor]] ⟶ misappropriation, embezzlement (see also: Шаблон:Slink); fraudulent conversion. In other contexts (civil law) ⟶ breach of trust.
[[:fr:Abus sexuel sur mineur en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]] ⟶ child sexual abuse
[[:fr:Abus de faiblesse|Шаблон:Vanchor]] : see also disability abuse.
[[:fr:Abus de pouvoir|Шаблон:Vanchor]] ⟶ abuse of power – exercise of a legal right only to cause annoyance, harm, or injury.

Other contexts (outside of criminal law):

[[:fr:Abus de droit en droit civil français|Шаблон:Vanchor]] ⟶ (in civil law) abuse of rights Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance
[[:fr:Abus de position dominante#France|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (in commercial law) see Law 420-2.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance

Шаблон:Lang: adversarial.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Accusé|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The accused person (or defendant,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn or suspect) suspected or accused of an Шаблон:Slink of a serious type (i.e., a Шаблон:Slink or a Шаблон:Slink). See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: a decision by a Шаблон:Slink of not guilty against a defendant.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: inhumane actШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: document served by the Шаблон:Slink (court bailiff)Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Acte juridique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: any document having legal significance; an instrumentШаблон:Sfn; a term which has no equivalent in English, but means any document or action which has legal implications (contrast Шаблон:Slink). Examples: legacies, contract offers, notices of arrears, but not negligence or commission of a crime, which are Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Action publique en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]Шаблон:Efn: public prosecution;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn criminal proceedings.Шаблон:Efn Actions carried out on behalf of society by the Шаблон:Slink (Public Prosecutor's Office) against those involved in a criminal violation. Шаблон:Lang is defined by article 1 of the Шаблон:Slink Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance (French code of criminal procedure).; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to institute criminal proceedingsШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: presentation of evidenceШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: prison serviceШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: caseШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: criminal case

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: law enforcement officer; police officer; police. See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Agent de police judiciaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: police officer;Шаблон:Sfn judicial police officers of the Шаблон:Lang (National Police (France)), or gendarmes of the Шаблон:Slink (National Gendarmerie)Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Efn: law enforcement officials. See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: act under the influence ofШаблон:Sfn; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ an eggcorn with the same meaning

Шаблон:Lang: criminal conductШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Efn: old term for Шаблон:Slink

Шаблон:Vanchor

correctly; properlyШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Aliénation mentale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: partial mental disturbance; a perpetrator found by medical experts to have Шаблон:Lang is Шаблон:Slink and may be found to lack the Шаблон:Slink (mens rea) to be charged with an Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: paragraphШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Amende en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: fineШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: public confession, apologyШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Ancien Droit|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: pre-revolutionary law; law of the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

set aside, declare void;Шаблон:Sfn cancel, repeal, nullify. See also Шаблон:Slink.

Usage note:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ set aside a judgment or rulingШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ action to set asideШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: life; for lifeШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Appel en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

an appeal.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang (same word and spelling in English) is the party who is appealing, while the Шаблон:Slink (respondent) is the party who is the defendant in the appeal proceeding. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ frivolous or vexatious appealШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ when an appeal is made to the Court of Appeal, the term "Шаблон:Lang" is used
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Efn ⟶ no recognized translation; nearest equivalent: pre-trial hearing.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Application de la loi dans le temps en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: concerns the legal effects of a law which replaces or amends an older one on the same topic, and the extent to which it applies to situations which arose before it came into force. The old law nevertheless continues to have certain effects.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: The exclusive jurisdiction of the courtШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: weaponШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: arrestШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

a judgment (of a court).Шаблон:Sfn judgment (of a higher court).Шаблон:Sfn Compare: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Note: not to be confused with: Шаблон:Slink.

Usage note:

Шаблон:Lang – decision to quash a judgment of the lower courtsШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – decision open to appeal on law rather than factШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – leading case/seminal decision;Шаблон:Sfn case stating a legal principleШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – final decision rejecting an appeal on points of lawШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – leading casesШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – case law; see Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – deliver judgmentШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – suspend the execution of a judgmentШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Judgment in a criminal proceeding.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: judgment of no case to answer.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: a judgment referring a case back to another court.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Arrêté en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: order, decision, decree (of a minister, mayor, or other administrative officer)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn; Note: not to be confused with: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Wikisource-multi

[[:fr:Article 38 de la Constitution de la Cinquième République française|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Describes an optional feature of lawmaking power-sharing between the parliament and the executive, which may be enabled by a Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Assemblée nationale (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: National Assembly; the lower chamber of Шаблон:Slink (parliament).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Assemblée plénière de la Cour de cassation française|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: full sitting of the Cour de cassationШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:assermentation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor

to summon.

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang or ... Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to summon [someone] to appear before the courtШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to restrict [someone] to a residenceШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: conspiracyШаблон:Sfn (or, when referring to the Шаблон:Slinks, co-conspirators)

Шаблон:Vanchor: a punitive measureШаблон:Sfn by which a court obliges a guilty person to pay a certain sum of money per day of delay if he does not carry out a prior court order to give or to do somethingШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn; See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: fixed termШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: in exceptional casesШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: attackШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: phrase used to introduce part of a judgement; similar to "whereas"Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: powersШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: (court) hearing,Шаблон:Sfn sessionШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Audition (droit français)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: questioningШаблон:Sfn; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ hearing of witnessesШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:wikt:au sein de|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: withinШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Efn: principal offender, defendant;Шаблон:Sfn perpetrator. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: see Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: principal offender.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: person who is treated as the Шаблон:Slink (principal offender), even if they did not carry out the Шаблон:Slink (actus reus) of the offense; also known as the Шаблон:Lang. See also Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: ordinary courts;Шаблон:Sfn judicidary; judicial powerШаблон:Sfn; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to alert the legal authoritiesШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: legitimate authorityШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Auxiliaire de justice en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: officer of the courtШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Before turning ... [years old]Шаблон:Sfn; Example: avant 18 ans révolus ⟶ "before turning eighteen".

Шаблон:Lang: summons (in criminal proceedings)Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Lang: Confession, or more rarely, statement

[[:fr:Avocat (métier)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a lawyer,similar to a barrister,Шаблон:Sfn with a specific education and training track which is separate from the Шаблон:Slink, who have different professional training and are part of the Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn; The profession of Шаблон:Lang is the oldest in France, going back to the Roman period. They play four roles: providing advice before and during trial (Шаблон:Lang), writing reports on behalf of the client (Шаблон:Lang), giving legal advice, and writing documents. Previously, the professions of Шаблон:Slink and legal advisors (Шаблон:Slink) were separate and had responsibility for some of the advice and documentary roles, but these were merged into the Шаблон:Lang role in 1971 and 1990. There are about 44,000 avocats.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Avoué (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: solicitor; lawyer before the Cour d'AppelШаблон:Sfn; established in a law of 2 November 1945 with later modifications, they previously had sole responsibility for drafting all court pleadings. In a 1971 law, this responsibility was passed to avocats for courts of the first instance, with the avoués retaining responsibility for appeals documents. There remain a few hundred avoués to fulfill this role.Шаблон:Sfn

B

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Baïonnette intelligente|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: principle according to which subordinates are expected to ensure the legality of an order before executing it.Шаблон:Sfn From the term "intelligent bayonet" meaning "intelligent soldier" (Шаблон:Lang = soldier, by metonymy) who must consider whether an orders he is given is legal or not.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Bande organisée|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: organized gangШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Bannissement|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: banishment. A type of punishment under the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Barreau#France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Blanchiment d'argent|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: money laundering;Шаблон:Sfn also, whitewashing, and in non-legal context: bleaching

[[:fr:Bloc de constitutionnalité|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the constitutional block is a set of texts recognized as being invested with the same constitutional force as the French Constitution itself. It includes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), the preamble of the Constitution of 1946, and the Charter for the Environment (2004).See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Bon père de famille|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: reasonable person;Шаблон:Sfn a bonus pater familias, reasonable man<section end=bon père de famille />

[[:fr:Bourreau|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: state executioner Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Bracelet électronique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: See Шаблон:Slink (PSE), Шаблон:Slink (PSEM).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

C

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Caducité d'un acte juridique en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: null, void, obsoleteШаблон:Sfn (feminine form: Шаблон:Lang)

[[:fr:Capacité juridique en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: legal competence. The ability to have rights and obligations and to exercise them oneself. Minors do not have it, neither do adults under guardianship (Шаблон:Lang) or curatorship (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: an iron collarШаблон:Sfn placed around the neck of a Шаблон:Slink (prisoner) and fixed to a pillory, a symbol of Шаблон:Slink in medieval France.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Casier judiciaire en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: criminal record. A record of criminal convictions stored at the Шаблон:Ill of the Ministry of Justice in Nantes.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Cassation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Reversal by the Шаблон:Slink or by the Шаблон:Slink of a judicial decision rendered contrary to the rules of law.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: set aside, annul, quash.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Responsabilité pénale en France#Causes subjectives d'irresponsabilité (non-imputabilité)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: grounds for which a judge might declare a defendant not morally responsible (cf. Шаблон:Slink) for a crime, even if they are materially responsible (cf. Шаблон:Slink) for it. It is up to legislators to decide, generally speaking, what acts are to be considered criminal, and it is up to the judges to decide in individual cases whether a defendant is criminally responsible for an act. Some grounds are codified by legislators, such as dementia, physical or moral constraint; the concept of criminal responsibility, in effect presupposes that the perpetrator of a given action acted in full control of their faculties and with Шаблон:Slink (free will).Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: to supply.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Centre de détention en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A prison or institutional housing for those inmates with the best prospects for reintegration into society. Their detention is mainly oriented towards the resocialization of prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Régime de semi-liberté en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A prison which houses convicts admitted under the Шаблон:Slink (semi-liberty regime).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: a supply of drugs.Шаблон:Sfn From the verb Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: Criminal Division (of the Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, or Шаблон:Slink)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: in larger jurisdictions, numbered to distinguish one from another, as in, le n^e chambre correctionalle ⟶ "the n^th criminal division"

Шаблон:Lang: division of a Шаблон:Slink (appeal court) in charge of a judicial investigation, known since 2000 as the Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Chambre de l'instruction des cours d'appel françaises|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: name given to the old Шаблон:Slink following the law of 15 June 2000Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance on the Шаблон:Slink (Law on the presumption of innocence; a.k.a. Шаблон:Slink); A panel of the Шаблон:Slink that examines appeals of decisions rendered by a Шаблон:Slink and reviews their lawfulness. Example: order for Шаблон:Slink (indictment); placement under Шаблон:Slink (judicial supervision).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: res judicataШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: A document delivered by a Шаблон:Slink (bailiff) or issued by the Шаблон:Slink (court registry) that orders a person to appear before a court. Example: Шаблон:Slink (summons to appear).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Citation directe|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A summons delivered to an individual by a Шаблон:Slink to appear at a certain date before the Шаблон:Slink or Шаблон:Slink. Called an Шаблон:Slink under the old system.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Cour de justice de l'Union européenne|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) (Шаблон:Lang).

Шаблон:Vanchor: A decision by the Шаблон:Slink (Public Prosecutor's Office) not to prosecute an offense, but to close the affair.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: In the event of an offense, the Шаблон:Slink (Public Prosecutor's Office) may decide not to initiate Шаблон:Slink (criminal proceedings) against the Шаблон:Slink (perpetrator). The decision can be taken for legal reasons or on the elements of the investigation: unidentified perpetrator, absence or insufficient evidence, withdrawal of complaint.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: a joint principal;Шаблон:Sfn based on the idea of a joint endeavor, in which two or more people involved in an act are equally liable for everything that happens, regardless whether they were present or not. The mens rea formed by one is imputed to the others.

[[:fr:Code des délits et des peines|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The Code of Offences and Penalties was a criminal code adopted in revolutionary France by the National Convention on 25 October 1795 dealing with judicial organization, Шаблон:Slink (criminal procedure), and Шаблон:Slink (criminal sanctions). It established a division between the Шаблон:Slink and Шаблон:Slink (administrative and judiciary police), and led to the duality of the judicial system (Шаблон:Slink) with the distinction between the Шаблон:Slink and the Шаблон:Slink still in force.Шаблон:Cn

[[:fr:Code de procédure pénale (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (CPP): French Code of Criminal Procedure. The legal code adopted in 1958 which covers all aspects of French criminal procedure.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance It a direct successor of and replaced the Шаблон:Slink of 1808.Шаблон:Sfn It guides the behavior of police, prosecutors, and judges in how to deal with a possible crime.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The current code was established in 1958, and replaced the code of 1808, created under Napoleon.

[[:fr:Code d'instruction criminelle (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The Шаблон:Ill is a collection of legal texts which organized criminal procedure in the revolutionary era in France. It was replaced by the French code of criminal procedure in 1958.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Code pénal (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: French criminal code; also called the "penal code".Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: to commitШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Commission rogatoire en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A request from a judge in one jurisdiction, to an Шаблон:Slink or to a judge in another (or in a foreign country) to carry out investigative measures or other judicial acts on their behalf.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Similar to Letters rogatory. The Шаблон:Slink can delegate investigative acts to the police via a Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance; delegation of authority by a judge, usually to the police, to carry out the initial investigation of the caseШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Appearance; the act of appearing in court.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Procedure by which the perpetrator of an Шаблон:Slink is brought before the Шаблон:Slink at the end of his Шаблон:Slink (custody), to be tried.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité en procédure pénale française|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (CRPC): French justice does not have a guilty plea or plea bargaining as in common law,Шаблон:Sfn but the CRPC allows the prosecutor to offer a reduced sentence of up to one year in prison or half of the maximum penalty if the defendant admits the offense. Introduced in 2004 and later extended to almost all Шаблон:Slink, by 2012 it was 13% of Шаблон:Lang prosecutions.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Efn

jurisdiction.Шаблон:Sfn

Usage:Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang – exercise jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang – jurisdiction clause
Шаблон:Lang – special jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang – Sole jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang – accept jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang – Decline jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang – to take a plea against the jurisdiction of the court
Шаблон:Lang – judge having jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang – to fall under the jurisdiction of

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Efn: (of a court): having the appropriate jurisdiction to investigate and try a given type of Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.; Файл:Nuvola apps important.svg False friend warning: this is *not* the same as the English term "competent" in the sense of legally of sound mind, which in French is rendered by Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Complicité en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: accompliceШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: analysis in which the Шаблон:Slink (joint principal) is also ispo facto an accompliceШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:complot|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: conspiracy (see also: Шаблон:Slink)Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: conviction.Шаблон:Sfn In criminal matters, it is a court decision/verdict declaring a person Шаблон:Slink (guilty) of committing an Шаблон:Slink and imposing a Шаблон:Slink (sentence).

Шаблон:Vanchor: suspended sentence. A sentence that the convicted person is excused from having to serve, unless found guilty for some other offense within five years.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: A conviction becomes final when all recourses have been exhausted (e.g., appeal). It cannot be challenged unless the trial is reviewed.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Conviction resulting from a trial in absentia of a person without representation and who was not aware of the date of the Шаблон:Slink (hearing).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: convicted person;Шаблон:Sfn A person who has been found guilty of an Шаблон:Slink (offense) by a Шаблон:Slink (final decision) and upon whom a Шаблон:Slink (penalty) is imposed.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: confiscation of an assetШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Conseil d'État (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The Conseil d'État, or Council of state, is the supreme court of the Шаблон:Slink (administrative order). This is not part of criminal law, which is under the Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Le|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Consent

Шаблон:Vanchor: phrase used to introduce part of a judgement; similar to "Шаблон:Slink"Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: commission (in non-legal contexts: consumption, intake, use of)Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: official reportШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: finding, proofШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: constraintШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Contrainte pénale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a new type of probationary sentence for délits, created in 2014 as a result of the Шаблон:Lang (Consensus Commission) established by justice minister Christiane Taubira to reduce recidivism.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Contravention en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A non-criminal offense (such as a parking ticket) is a minor offenseШаблон:Sfn judged by the police court. The offender is liable to a fine and/or a penalty that deprives or restricts his rights, such as suspension of the driver's license, a ban on issuing checks, etc.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Contrôle judiciaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Judicial supervision. A penal measure ordered by the Шаблон:Slink or the Шаблон:Slink (liberty and custody judge) pending trial. The convicted person is subject to certain obligations (answering summonses from the Шаблон:Slink, a prohibition on meeting certain people or frequenting certain places, Шаблон:Slink (court-ordered treatment) etc. and may benefit, depending on his or her situation, from social support.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: judicial reviewШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Contumace|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: contempt of court Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang

(adjective) guilty.Шаблон:Sfn
(noun) guilty person.Шаблон:Sfn There is no guilty plea in French criminal law. A defendant may confess to a crime, but this becomes one more piece of evidence that can be used against them. Plea bargaining does not exist.Шаблон:Sfn But see: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: crime of intentionally injuring anotherШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: Court.; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Slink both mean "court", but there is a hierarchy between them: Шаблон:Lang is a court of Шаблон:Slink, whereas a Шаблон:Slink is an appeals court. Further, different terms are used for their rulings: a Шаблон:Slink gives a Шаблон:Slink, whereas a Шаблон:Lang renders an Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Cour d'appel (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: court of appealШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Cour d'assises (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: court that tries the most serious offenses.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The court having jurisdiction over Шаблон:Slink, composed of three professional judges and six jurors. In principle, it is situated in the chief town of the department or in the seat of the court of appeal if there is one in the department. Appeals against conviction verdicts (Шаблон:Slink) handed down by an Assize Court are reviewed by another Assize Court composed of three professional judges and nine jurors.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: court that tries serious offenses by minorsШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: court that hears final appeals on points of law only.Шаблон:Sfn The supreme court of the Шаблон:Slink, dealing within the 'ordinary' courts,Шаблон:Sfn located in Paris. Its role is not to retry a case, but to check that court decisions have been rendered in accordance with the rules of law. An appeal before this court is called a Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Coutume|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

a usage held to be obligatory by the social order, as if it were the result of a law. It is formed by the accumulation of precedents.Шаблон:Sfn

Usage:

Droit coutumier en FranceШаблон:Sndlaw based on custom; dating to the Middle Ages and referring mainly to the Ancien regime.
a saying: "une fois n'est pas coutume"Шаблон:Snd "once is not a Шаблон:Lang".

Шаблон:Lang: See Шаблон:Slink

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Crime en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]Шаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Efn: serious offense; serious crime;Шаблон:Sfn an offense judged by a Шаблон:Slink. The penalty is more than 10 years imprisonment and the fine is at least 75,000 euros.Шаблон:Sfn; Translation note: Despite the obvious cognate, there is no wide agreement on how to translate Шаблон:Lang into English, and in the context of the penal code, the English word crime is rarely if ever used. Translator Edward Tomlinson chose the words felony.Шаблон:Sfn See the Translation note at Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: crime against humanityШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: war crimeШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: guilt.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

D

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Lang: disqualificationШаблон:Sfn Loss of a right as a penalty, or because of non-compliance with conditions governing its exercise. Example: loss of civic rights following a criminal conviction.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Décision de justice|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A written summary of the case, representing the resolution adopted by the court and the reasoning that led to it.Шаблон:Sfn Compare: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, and Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: acquittalШаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: decision to send the defendant for trialШаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: decapitationШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Décret en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Шаблон:Hatnote; A decree,Шаблон:Sfn which, according to Шаблон:Ill is a regulation that may be issued by the government in any area that is not within the scope specifically assigned to Parliament.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.; a type of Шаблон:Slink (regulation) which is issued by the Prime Minister or the PresidentШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn A Шаблон:Lang is subject to Шаблон:Slink (judicial review) by the Шаблон:Slink (Council of State.Шаблон:Sfn Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.; In the Шаблон:Slink, a décret is below a Шаблон:Slink and above an Шаблон:Slink.; Background: Historically, the word décret has undergone numerous changes of meaning since its use under the Ancien régime, where it meant an arrest warrant. During the Constitutional monarchy (1789–92), it took on the new meaning of a text from the legislative branch. In the Constitution of 1795 the term was replaced by Шаблон:Lang. It reappeared in the Napoleonic era with the meaning of a text promulgated by the head of state, disappearing and reappearing again several times with various senses, until it finally took its current meaning in the Constitution of 1848. Until the end of the Third Republic, a Шаблон:Lang could be issued only by the head of state; in the Third Republic and Fourth Republic the head of government also had this power.Шаблон:Cn

[[:fr:Décret-loi en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Шаблон:Slink (plural: Шаблон:Lang), an exceptional power of the executive during the post-WWI crisis period of the Third Republic.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang were enabling measures taken during the interwar period expanding the powers of the executive to balance the budget and protect the monetary system. Although subject to parliamentary ratification, they were seen as having the force of law. This ability of the executive to create law was abrogated in the Constitution of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and then resurrected in the Шаблон:Slink provision of the 1958 Constitution of the Fifth Republic.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Défaut criminel|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Literally 'criminal default', a judgment by default describes the court procedure by which a criminal trial may proceed, even in the absence of the defendant.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance

Шаблон:Lang: defendant.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: to defend oneselfШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: wrongful conductШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Délation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a Шаблон:Slink considered vile and despicableШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:wikt:délictuel|Шаблон:Vanchor]]Шаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Efn: adjectival form of Шаблон:Slink, meaning: that which constitutes a Шаблон:Lang, or is characteristic of a Шаблон:Lang. Also: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn; Example: "Шаблон:Lang" ⟶ A Шаблон:Lang is an offense punishable by a criminal ("delictuel") punishment."Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Délit en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A middle-ranking criminal offenseШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn judged by a Шаблон:Slink (correctional court). In the tripartite division of Шаблон:Slink (offenses), it is of intermediate seriousnessШаблон:Sfn between a Шаблон:Slink (minor) and a Шаблон:Slink (major). The maximum sentence is ten years, minimum is a 3750 Euro fine.Шаблон:Sfn Alternative sentences include community service (Шаблон:Slink), a citizenship workshop (Шаблон:Slink), or additional penalties.Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: in informal language, may mean any offense. The adjectival form is Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Lang, -euse.; Translation note: There is no agreement in English sources about how to refer to Шаблон:Lang in English. The tripartite division of Шаблон:Slink in French law does not line up well with concepts in common law, and translations of Шаблон:Lang into English vary greatly. Some terms seen include: felony,Шаблон:Sfn major offense,Шаблон:Sfn intermediate offense,Шаблон:Sfn minor offense, minor crime,Шаблон:Sfn and misdemeanor.Шаблон:Sfn Many English sources describe the term on first appearance, and then just refer to it using the French term after that. Note that the English cognate delict exists (see Delict) but that word is rarely used in English to represent the French term.; Edward Tomlinson described the problem in the Transator's Preface to his 1999 translation of the 1994 Penal code. Tomlinson chose the words felony, misdemeanor, and petty infraction for the French terms Шаблон:Slink, délit, and Шаблон:Slink. He points out how inexact the correspondence is between the French and English terms, and that Шаблон:Lang has a broad range of possible penalties which at high end can be ten years imprisonment, which is well within the range of felonies in the common law system.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: a major offense which only requires as a mens rea that the defendant's conduct be voluntaryШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: legal claim; court petition; plaintiff's claim.

[[:fr:Déni de justice en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: miscarriage of justice;Шаблон:Sfn refusal of a jurisdiction to judge a case.Шаблон:Cn Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Dénonciation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Literally: to denounce. When notice of an Шаблон:Slink (offense) is given to the police or to the Шаблон:Slink (public prosecutor's office) by a third party, the verb used is Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn and the notice is a Шаблон:Lang. Compare: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: deportationШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: law enforcement officer

Шаблон:Lang: Testimony given before a court, magistrate, gendarme or police officer.Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to give evidence in courtШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Détention|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: detentionШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Détention provisoire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: remand in custody.Шаблон:Sfn; a measure ordered by the Шаблон:Slink at the request of the Шаблон:Slink (investigating judge). The latter may request that a person under investigation for a Шаблон:Slink or Шаблон:Slink punishable by at least three years' imprisonment be placed in prison *before* trial. The Шаблон:Slink (pre-trial detention) must be strictly substantiated according to the conditions provided by law.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Détenu|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A person incarcerated in a penitentiary by court order.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Détournement|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

misappropriation; the act of dispossessing someone of something of value which was entrusted to them in confidence. Can be a civil or professional offense, or a criminal offense. Among the latter, it constitutes the Шаблон:Slink of Шаблон:Slinks such as Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink. Some subtopics:

Шаблон:Lang (CP 432-15)Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang, a confidence scheme involving fraudulent appropriation of funds
Шаблон:Lang, removing a minor from the adults having authority over them; kidnapping (CP 227-7)Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang, removal of a security or collateral intended for a creditor (CP 314-5)Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang moving (hiding) an object for which confiscation has been ordered (CP 314-6)Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang, when a public official goes beyond their remit, in order to achieve a goal not within the authority of their position. (such acts are nullified, and not a criminal offense) See Шаблон:Slink.
Шаблон:Lang, when a public official uses a technique envisioned by law for one specific purpose, for a different one, in order to get around some judicial obstacle and attain some other goal. (a civil, not a criminal offense)

[[:fr:Détournement de fonds|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: embezzlement.Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to misappropriate; Шаблон:Lang ⟶ misappropriationШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: careШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: court's finding (stated at the end of the decision)Шаблон:Sfn; The Шаблон:Lang of a Шаблон:Slink (court decision) is the last part of a judgment or ruling that describes the resolution of the dispute and is binding on the parties.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: academic writing, learned opinion, the writing of leading authoritiesШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: ex officio; by virtue of their office. The ability of a public official to act on their own accord, rather than by request of someone.Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: depending on context, could be translated as 'automatically', 'by virtue of their office', 'acting on their own initiative'.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Dol en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: fault; Шаблон:Sfn; a fraudulent scheme to deceive another person in order to obtain their consentШаблон:Sfn Compare confidence game.

[[:fr:Dol aggravé|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: additional mens rea beyond Шаблон:Slink or Шаблон:Slink special intentionШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Dol dépassé|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the repercussions of the act go beyond the intention of, or the foreseeable outcome by the defendantШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Dol éventuel|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: oblique or indirect intention;Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Dol général|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Deliberate commission of a criminal act, while having foreknowledge that the act is prohibited by law and has criminal sanctions.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Dol indéterminé|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: where a person acts intending a certain result, but without being able to foresee the actual outcomeШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Dol spécial|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: criminal intent. There is Шаблон:Lang, or criminal intent, when the perpetrator of an act that threatens an interest protected by criminal law does so with the intention of damaging that interest.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Droit|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

the law: an abstract term for 'the law' (as opposed to Шаблон:Slink, which is an individual law);Шаблон:Sfn a set of rules governing life in society.Шаблон:Sfn
a right (as in, the right to do something; human rights): the prerogatives attributed to an individual.Шаблон:Sfn

In other contexts:

a fee or duty
right (adj.; as opposed to left)
straight (ligne droite; straight line)

[[:fr:Droit civil en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Civil law.Шаблон:Sfn One of the two branches of Шаблон:Slink (private law), the other being Шаблон:Slink (criminal law). Includes the fields of Шаблон:Slink (commercial law), Шаблон:Lang (welfare law), (Шаблон:Lang) civil procedure, and othersШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:droit coutumier|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: See Шаблон:Slink, and Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: Literally, "written law". In a traditional sense, mostly used in the expression Шаблон:Slink ("land of written law") referring to the south of France in the context of the development of law in France during the Middle Ages.Шаблон:Cn In a more modern sense, refers to documents such as the Шаблон:Slink, statutes (Шаблон:Slink), regulations (Шаблон:Slink), and Шаблон:Slink which are defined and delineated in the Constitution.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Régle impérative|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Also, Шаблон:Lang; closely related to Шаблон:Slink, this is a law of guidance for the citizen that has a higher level of compulsion than Шаблон:Slink and may not be overridden.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Droit pénal en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: criminal law. Criminal law is "the set of legal rules that govern the State's response to offenses and offenders".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang deals with an individual's rights and obligations under the law, as codified in a criminal code (Шаблон:Slink). Under French criminal law, the criminal code (defines what acts (or omissions) are punishable.Шаблон:Sfn Contrast Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Le|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Positive law

[[:fr:Droit privé|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: private law, concerned with the rights between private individuals.Шаблон:Sfn In Montesquieu's words: "laws concerning the relationship that all citizens have with each other".Шаблон:Sfn One half of Шаблон:Slink (jurisdictional dualism).; All the rules that concern the acts and lives of individuals or of Шаблон:Slink (legal persons; i.e., private legal entities, such as companies or associations).Шаблон:Sfn Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Droit public|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: public law; pertains to the relationship between the government and the governed.Шаблон:Sfn One half of Шаблон:Slink (jurisdictional dualism).; the relationship between the State and the individual, or the organization of the stateШаблон:Sfn; All the rules concerning the organization and operation of the State, local authorities, and administration, as well as their relations with private persons.Шаблон:Sfn Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Régle supplétive|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Also Шаблон:Lang; closely related to Шаблон:Slink, this is a law of guidance for the citizen that is presumed to be followed in the absence of evidence to the contrary; a default course of action which may, however, be overridden under explicit circumstances. Contrast with Шаблон:Slink, which has a higher level of compulsion and may not be overridden.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Dualité des ordres de juridiction en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

Файл:Judiciary of France.svg

Schema showing jurisdictional dualism in the French legal system

Jurisdictional dualism in France, Lit., "jurisdictional duality"; consists in the existence of two separate jurisdictional systems, or "orders of jurisdiction": the Шаблон:Slink (administrative order) corresponding to public law (Шаблон:Slink) and the Шаблон:Slink (judicial order) corresponding to private law (Шаблон:Slink), headed respectively by the Шаблон:Slink (Council of State) for administrative law, and the Шаблон:Slink (Court of Cassation) for judicial law (with conflicts of jurisdiction between the two handled by the Шаблон:Slink). This jurisdictional separation resulted from a long political and administrative history, and is now constitutionally protected.Шаблон:Sfn

E

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Écartèlement|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: dismemberment. An extremely brutal punishment resulting in death. Used during the Ancien regime, and usually reserved for regicide. Abolished by the penal code of 1791 during the French Revolution.Шаблон:Cn

[[:fr:Ecole nationale de la magistrature|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (ENM): the National Judicial Academy in Bordeaux, responsible for educating judges.Шаблон:Cn

[[:fr:Écrou (droit)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A Шаблон:Slink (written legal act) that a person has been turned over to a prison warden for detention, including the name of the inmate, the date, and the reasons for incarceration.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn An act of committal; a legal document drawn up for any person who is taken to a penitentiary establishment or who presents himself there voluntarily.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance; In other contexts: a hardware nut.

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor

breaking (of a lock, door, fence, or other barrier to an enclosed area)Шаблон:Sfn

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ entrance by forceШаблон:Sfn break-in
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to break inШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ breaking and entering
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ burglary Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Égalité devant la loi en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: equality before the law.

Шаблон:Vanchor: Another name for Шаблон:Slink

[[:fr:Élément matériel en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the actus reus of an offense (lit.: material element). This is the visible, external part of the offense, i.e., the actions involved in carrying out a criminal act.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Élément moral en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the mens rea of an offense (lit.: 'guilty mind'); i.e., the psychological attitude of the perpetrator towards the commission of the acts deemed to be punishable by criminal law. The perpetrator may have acted with intent, or through recklessness or negligence.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Also known as Шаблон:Slink, and Шаблон:Slink. Contrast: Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, and Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: Another name for Шаблон:Slink

Шаблон:Vanchor: information; criteria; background info; key aspects; indications; evidence; considerations.

Шаблон:Vanchor: evidence

Шаблон:Vanchor: See also: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Empreinte génétique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The genetic characteristics permitting an individual to be identified.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Emprisonnement en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: imprisonmentШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Emprisonnement à perpétuité|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: life imprisonment.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: incur a punishment

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor Шаблон:Lang: to break the lawШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:enlèvement|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: abduction; kidnapping

Шаблон:Vanchor: for major offenses; in cases involving major offensesШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Enquête de flagrance en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: expedited investigation (with extended powers)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance of recently committed offenses (within 16 days).Шаблон:Sfn Compare Шаблон:Slink.; the police investigation implemented in cases of flagrance, i.e. a restrictive definition of flagrante delicto.

[[:fr:Enquête officieuse|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Old name for Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Enquête préliminaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: ordinary police investigationШаблон:Sfn (without special powers).Шаблон:Sfn Compare Шаблон:Slink.; an investigation by the judicial police Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance

[[:fr:Enquête de police#France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: police investigation

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor: impedeШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Équipes régionales d'intervention et de sécurité|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (ERIS): Special forces of the prison administration system who intervene in case of serious tensions at a prison. It is composed of about forty specially trained and equipped surveillance personnel who attempt to prevent incidents from escalating, participate in general searches and restore order if necessary.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: error of judgment; Шаблон:Lang ⟶ manifest error of judgmentШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: error of law

[[:fr:Escroquerie|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: fraudШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Essorillement (supplice)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: cropping; removal of a person's ears as a physical punishment.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:État de droit|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: rule of law (lit. "state of law").Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang is one of many ways that the principle of "rule of law" is rendered in French, including: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang. Although there is debate about the point, there is a general consensus that Шаблон:Lang and rule of law are equivalent.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:État civil|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: literally 'civil status', but no equivalent in English law. Designates a range of characteristics of a person that define both rights and duties based on age, nationality, parentage, adoption, premature majority (Шаблон:Lang). These are kept in a special records office presided over by the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: derived from the stateШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to be subjected to conditional bailШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to be classed as a weaponШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to be subjected to conditional bailШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to be prosecutedШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to be punished withШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to be found guiltyШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to bring a prosecution;Шаблон:Sfn see Шаблон:Slink.

F

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Vanchor: criminal conductШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: established faultШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: the mens rea of minor offensesШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: carelessnessШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: False testimony. Perjury is a very serious offense, since it undermines not only one of the parties to trial, but also the moral authority of justice. If it is committed for money, it is considered to be corruption.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Fers (peine)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: imprisoned; [condemned to] forced labor (Шаблон:Slink); literally: "irons". (antiquated)Шаблон:Sfn Not to be confused with Шаблон:Slink.; Usage notes: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang.; an old punishment, defined in the penal code of 1791 and retained in the Шаблон:Lang (Code of Offences and Penalties).

[[:fr:Flagellation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: whipping, or flagellation; a type of corporal punishment under the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Flagrant délit|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A crime in progress, or having just been committed; in flagrante delicto. If punishable by a prison term, the Шаблон:Slink can bring the accused rapidly before the judge in a Шаблон:Slink in order to be judged.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Flétrissure|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: branding. A type of corporal punishment under the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Fichier national automatisé des empreintes génétiques|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The Шаблон:Lang is a national system for managing the data about genetic traces of those convicted of certain crimes (rape, murder, drug-dealing) as well as those suspected of those crimes with strong evidence, in order to facilitate the identification and apprehension of perpetrators.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

refers to the issues of fact in a case upon which the judge rules.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink; contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

Usage:

droit pénal de fondШаблон:Sndthat part of criminal code which defines substantive issues.
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Sndin a French court judgment, means based on the substantive issues involved.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Force exécutoire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: that which can be enforced, if necessary, by the public force (Example: a judgment). Certain ordinances, notably administrative or notarial, can also be enforceable.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Force majeure en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: An unforeseen, insurmountable event beyond a person's control that may relieve someone of legal responsibility for certain acts.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: often seen as Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Vanchor: law enforcement; police. See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Forclusion en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Loss of a right which was not exercised within the prescribed time limit. Example: expiration of the time allowed to appeal a case.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

refers to the procedural issues in a case upon which the judge rules.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink; contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

Usage:

droit pénal de formeШаблон:Sndthat part of criminal code which defines the procedures and jurisdictional issues.
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Sndin a French court judgment, means based on the procedural issues involved.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: A boilerplate text serving as a model which can be used to draft legal documents of the same type. Example: a Шаблон:Lang is a boilerplate draft which can be used as a starting point for drawing up a testament.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Example needed

[[:fr:Formule exécutoire en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the wording affixed by the Шаблон:Slink (clerk) at the bottom of the copy of a court decision (judgment or ruling) intended for the party that won the case, to enable them to proceed with enforcement. This enforceable copy is called the "Шаблон:Slink".Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor

searchШаблон:Sfn

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang: body search, personal search.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang: baggage search
Шаблон:Vanchor : to frisk
in other contexts (plural only): Шаблон:Lang: excavations, archaeological dig

Шаблон:Vanchor: to impose a punishment on someoneШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: with guilty intent.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: escapeШаблон:Sfn

G

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Galères (peine)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A sentence of travail forcé (forced labor) as a galley slave (Шаблон:Lang), as a type of punishment under the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Garde à vue en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (GAV): arrest; police custody during a police investigation. Normally, the detention lasts a maximum 24 hours;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn covered in Шаблон:Slink article 62-2.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Formerly, Шаблон:Lang applied to witnesses as well.Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ⟶ "held in [police] custody", "taken into custody", "placed under arrest"

[[:fr:Garde des sceaux de France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: An alternate name for the Шаблон:Slink (Minister of Justice).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Keeper of the Seals is a title held by the Minister of Justice. The Minister guards the Great Seal of France in their office. The Seal was used in 1958 to seal the Constitution of France. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Gendarmerie Nationale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: National Gendarmerie. One of the two main corps of Шаблон:Slink, comprising two groups: the departmental gendarmerie, and the mobile gendarmerie.Шаблон:Sfn Compare National Police.

Шаблон:Vanchor: practicing lawyers; the legal communityШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: official roll (of Шаблон:Slink).Шаблон:Sfn Literally: "large table".

[[:fr:Greffier (France)#Greffe|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Registrar services of a court staffed by court officers who help the magistrates. The registry is directed by the chief registrar.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn; Usage: Шаблон:Lang: registrar fee (e.g., for copies); Шаблон:Lang: regional court registry; Шаблон:Lang: to be an adjunct of; Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Greffier (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a judicial clerk; court clerk.Шаблон:Sfn Auxiliary officers who perform clerical duties, draw up documents, and ensure their authenticity and safekeeping. All informational acts by a Шаблон:Slink must be performed with the assistance of his clerk.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Grosse (droit)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A copy of a court decision bearing the Шаблон:Slink, a draft of the order necessary to enforce it.Шаблон:Sfn The name derives from the fact that it in earlier times, the person delivering it was paid by the page, so it was to their advantage to write it in large letters to increase the number of pages and thus earn a higher fee. Now better known as the Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

H

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Haute justice|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: highest of three levels of Шаблон:Slink under the Ancien régime

Шаблон:Vanchor: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ at any stage of the proceedingsШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: legal hours; hours in which process may be served (7 a.m. – 9 p.m.) and judgments executedШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Hiérarchie des normes en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

Файл:Pyramide des normes.png

Kelsen's pyramid of norms

hierarchy of norms, or hierarchy of laws. An analysis which views laws as occupying a hierarchy in which laws base their validity upon a higher level norm, and so on, forming a hierarchy, such that laws are validated in a regression of validity ending in the Constitution.Шаблон:Sfn The notion was first developed by Hans Kelsen Шаблон:Sfn in his Pure Theory of Law and the hierarchy concept is often referred to in French legal texts. Often visualized as "Kelsen's pyramid".

[[:fr:Homicide|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: homicide Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Homicide volontaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: voluntary homicideШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Homicide involuntaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: involuntary homicide; voluntary manslaughterШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Huissier de justice en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: bailiff, sheriff, process-server.Шаблон:Sfn a ministerial officer charged with writing certain documents, and implementing certain acts or judiciary decisions.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Some functions are similar to that of an authorized bailiff, or an official process server authorized by the government.

I

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Vanchor: freezing of assetsШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: physical impossibilityШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: imprudenceШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:impunité|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: impunityШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:French_article|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The possibility of attributing an act to someone or something;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn blameworthiness, or the ability of someone to recognize their action as being unlawful.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink

Шаблон:Vanchor

imputation is the action of attributing an action to a personШаблон:Sfn

Usage note:

Шаблон:Vanchor – defamatory allegation; innuendoШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: see Шаблон:Slink

Шаблон:Vanchor: not subject to appeal, unchallengeableШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:incapacité|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

incapacity, disability, disqualificationШаблон:Sfn

of a private person: someone deprived—by law or by court order—of the enjoyment or exercise of certain rights. This is the case for minors or protected adults (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn

Usage notes:

incapacité d'ester en justice ⟶ lack of standing before the courtШаблон:Sfn
incapacité d'exercice ⟶ incapacity to exercise one's own rights without assistance; absence of legal capacityШаблон:Sfn
fr:incapacité permanente ⟶ permanent disability

Шаблон:Vanchor: imprisonment

Шаблон:Vanchor: arsonistШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Incendie volontaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: arsonШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ incitement to commit a felonyШаблон:Sfn
fr:Incitation à la haine ⟶ incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ subornation of perjuryШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Efn

lack of jurisdiction.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Inability of a court to hear a case for reasons relating either to the nature of the case (e.g., the Шаблон:Slink cannot try Шаблон:Slink (major crimes)Шаблон:Thin space), or to the nature of the person involved (e.g., the correctional court cannot try minors), or to the geographical location of one or more of the parties (e.g., the correctional court cannot try an offense committed outside its Шаблон:Slink (geographical jurisdiction) by a perpetrator who lives outside the jurisdiction)Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Lang.

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ finding of lack of jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ lack of jurisdiction Шаблон:Lang such as the defendant's place of residence
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ refuse jurisdiction
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ lacking jurisdiction

Шаблон:Vanchor: subjectiveШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:wikt:inconduite|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: misconduct, immoralityШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Incrimination (droit français)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ decision appealed against; decision of the court belowШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ offense charged; matter being complained ofШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ judgement being appealedШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Inculpation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: accused, defendant, person charged with a criminal offense.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Indicateur (police)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Informant, informer; someone who provides privileged information to law. enforcement.Шаблон:Sfn Also: Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Vanchor: clues. Traces, items, or material circumstances, which can be examined objectively and which may shed light on certain facts surrounding the commission of an offense.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Individualisation des peines|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a principle recognized by a decision of the Шаблон:Lang (Constitutional Council (France) as deriving from article 8 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance

Шаблон:Vanchor: Шаблон:Lang (disgrace) is a decision, action or omission that undermines a person's reputation, taints his honor, or stains him with dishonor. Doucet I-6. Roman law, and Ancient law after it, recognized the judicial decision of infamy, which subjected the person concerned to certain social degradations. This type of sanction can work with people concerned with their honor and reputation.Шаблон:Sfn; See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Information judiciaire en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the phase of criminal proceedings that precedes a judgment and during which the Шаблон:Slink, under the control of the Шаблон:Slink (Investigating Chamber), carries out research to establish the truth, gathers and assesses evidence, hears the persons involved or being prosecuted and the witnesses, and decides whether or not to charge a person (Шаблон:Lang) and what action to take.Шаблон:Sfn : See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Infraction en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]Шаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Efn: Offense.Шаблон:Sfn conduct prohibited by the criminal law and punishable by a penalty specified in the law. Offenses are divided into three categories: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink. Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn Offenses are usually reported to the police, but may also be reported directly to the Шаблон:Slink (public prosecutor's office).Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink

Шаблон:Vanchor: offense against propertyШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: offense against a personШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Efn: a serious offense; a Шаблон:Lang. Narrower in meaning than "criminal offense" in English, which can cover a variety of offenses from very serious to petty. See Шаблон:Slink, which also has a narrower meaning than English "crime", and Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: offense giving rise to an expedited investigationШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: complete offense that does not require a resultШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: offense which only requires as a mens rea that the defendant's conduct be voluntary. The nearest UK equivalent is a strict liability offense.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: criminal offenseШаблон:Sfn; An offense is a behavior strictly forbidden by criminal law and sanctioned by a penalty provided for by it.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang are divided into three types; from most to least serious, they are: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, and Шаблон:Slink. The English cognate infraction is less often used for this, and in fact is more often seen as the translation of Шаблон:Lang, as in Tomlinson's use of petty infraction to translate Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Injonction thérapeutique en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A measure ordered against a person convicted of a Шаблон:Slink or Шаблон:Slink, particularly in the case of a sexual or drug offense. It is pronounced by a magistrate after expert medical advice and upon the agreement of the convict. The convicted person then undergoes medical treatment and monitoring by a doctor.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor: unjustifiedШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor: inquisitorialШаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: A dispute brought before a court of law, as well as the entirety of the proceedings, from the initial petition to the judgment. In principle, in the event of an appeal, the case gives rise to new Шаблон:Lang, or set of proceedings before another court.Шаблон:Sfn The initial petition takes place before a court of first instance, and if appealed, that would be a court of second instance.

[[:fr:Instruction en procédure pénale française|Шаблон:Vanchor]]Шаблон:Efn: pre-trial investigation;Шаблон:Sfn judicial investigation;Шаблон:Sfn the investigative procedure in which a Шаблон:Slink gathers evidence about the commission of an offense and decides on referral to the trial court of the accused parties. See also Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: Also known as Шаблон:Lang, or just Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn this is the phase of criminal proceedings in which the Шаблон:Slink uses all the means to gather everything necessary to establish the truth of the matter (expert reports, searches, hearings, confrontations), so the court can make an informed decision. The judge investigates evidence for and against the accused, i.e. he gathers all the elements in favor and against the accused. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: investigate the charges and the defense; gather evidence both for and against; searches for incriminating and exculpatory evidence

[[:fr:intention#Droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: intentionШаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.; Шаблон:Lang ⟶ guilty intentШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor: banningШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: prevent the commission of an offenseШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: respondent; party who is the defendant in an Шаблон:Slink (appeal proceeding). See also: See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Intime conviction du juge|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: personal convictionШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Impossibility for a court to study a request for justice, on the grounds that it does not respect the conditions required by law, whether they are a question of form (e.g., the time limit of the procedure not being respected) or of substance (e.g., a person claiming to be a victim does not provide proof of the alleged damage).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Responsabilité pénale en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Provisions of the law which exonerate a perpetrator from criminal responsibility for an offense and therefore exclude any conviction against him, in cases such as mental disorder, duress, self-defense, state of necessity.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

J

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Lang: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang: See Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang: Fusion of two dossiers by a judge when they are sufficiently related, and one ruling suffices for both.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Jour-amende (droit français)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: day-fineШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Juge de l'application des peines|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (JAP): probation judge;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn The judge responsible for supervising the implementation of prison sentences (leave, Шаблон:Slink (parole), semi-liberty, Шаблон:Slink (electronic surveillance) with the goal of Шаблон:Slink (reintegration into society) and the prevention of Шаблон:Slink (recidivism).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn They review the sentence, assess the offender's employment and family situation, and any efforts they have made to make amends or reparations, and may decide on a different penalty than the one received at trial.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Juge|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: judge, court.Шаблон:Sfn By metonymy, it may also be used to mean courts in general.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn

Шаблон:Vanchor: a judicial post that existed briefly between two reforms in 1993 before being abolished; was responsible for deciding whether to put someone into Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Juge des libertés et de la détention|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (JLD): judge responsible for deciding whether to place someone in Шаблон:Slink (pre-trial detention) or grant bail.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Created by the 2000 Шаблон:Slink on the Шаблон:Slink (presumption of innocence).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance

[[:fr:Juge d'instruction en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Investigating judge. In criminal procedure, the magistrate in charge of gathering all the elements of an offense.Шаблон:Sfn In charge of the most complex criminal cases (mandatory for Шаблон:Slink (serious crimes) and optional for Шаблон:Slink (lesser crimes).) Directs the investigation and as such gives instructions to the police and gendarmes. Can put a person under investigation and place him under Шаблон:Slink judicial supervision, or request that he be remanded in custody by the Шаблон:Slink (JLD). Gathers evidence considered useful for establishing the truth, directs the interrogations, confrontations and hearings, and puts together the dossier that will be submitted to the Шаблон:Slink (criminal court) or the Шаблон:Slink (court of assizes) for trial.Шаблон:Sfn The juge d'instruction handles about 2% of cases; the other 98% are under the Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Juge du fond en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: judge dealing with law and fact; a court of first instanceШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Jugement (droit)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a finding, ruling, or judgment; narrowly, a term for a decision by a court of first instance; more generally,a term for any decision by one or more judges.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Compare: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor

to judge.

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ make an informed decision.

Шаблон:Vanchor: juror.Шаблон:Sfn; In other contexts: "sworn", from the past participle of Шаблон:Lang.

[[:fr:wikt:juridiction|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The collective name for a court or judicial body.Шаблон:Sfn; Файл:Nuvola apps important.svg False friend warning: this is *not* the same as the English term "jurisdiction", for which the French term is Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Juridiction pénale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: criminal courtШаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: criminal courtШаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Jurisprudence|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: case law

[[:fr:Jury|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: jury. A jury is used only in the case of a Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: The French judicial system comes down from the French Revolution of 1789, and is based on principles and on written law voted in Шаблон:Slink (French Parliament) by elected deputies and senators. The justice system depends on the Civil code, the Penal code and all laws, including European and international texts. The Constitution affirms the independence of the judiciary from the Шаблон:Slink (lit. 'executive power'; Government) and from the Шаблон:Slink (lit. 'legislative power'; Parliament).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ go to court, file a case, bring legal proceedings. See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Justice seigneuriale en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Feudal manorial justice (Шаблон:Lang) was a medieval mode of organization of the judicial system in most of Europe in the Middle Ages. Seigniorial courts in the kingdom of France numbered around 20,000 on the eve of the Revolution, and constituted the basis of judicial organization, along with the provosts' courts (Шаблон:Lang, subordinate royal courts) which were abolished in the middle of the eighteenth century.

[[:fr:Justification en droit pénal|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Justification. A criminal defense where the defendant claims to have done nothing wrong because the fact of committing the crime promoted some social interest or asserted a right of such importance as to outweigh any wrongfulness of the crime.; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ such a defense; justification; objective defenseШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor

theft of low valueШаблон:Sfn

Etymological note:

The English word larceny derives from the 13th century French Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang meaning "theft, robbery".

[[:fr:Légitime défense en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A person is deemed to be acting in self-defense when they respond to an immediate and unjustified attack on their person, another person or their property, provided that the means of defense are proportional to the gravity of the attack. In this case, the person is not held criminally responsible for the harm that they may have caused in self-defense.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: legallyШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Lettre de remission|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: pardonШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Libération conditionnelle|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A sentence adjustment, under the supervision of the Шаблон:Slink (sentence enforcement judge), for convicts who show serious efforts at social rehabilitation. Similar to parole, or early release for good behavior.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: parole. A prisoner is paroled (Шаблон:Lang-fr) when he is allowed to leave the place of detention under the sole condition of respecting certain commitments taken on honor. This term is mostly obsolete in modern France, except in some military contexts. It is similar to what is now called Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: a security measure taken against a juvenile offender who is placed under the supervision of an educator appointed by the juvenile judge.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Libre arbitre|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: free will. A philosophical concept going back at least to Aristotle, and to Augustine in theological discussions about who has responsibility for evil acts. A person is said to have free will when they can, of their own volition, control their instincts and impulses, behave rationally, and act in accordance with moral and social laws. Classical criminological doctrine about guilt is based on this concept. From a legislative viewpoint, lawmakers generally presume that adults have free will, leaving it up to judges to determine how individual cases may depart from the general one. If they find that a Шаблон:Slink (accused) was under some irresistible constraint that deprived them of free will, a judge may declare them not responsible, given that there is a Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn See moral responsibility, legal responsibility.

Шаблон:Vanchor: causal linkШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

scene of the crime Шаблон:Sfn

Usage notes:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to hasten to the scene of a crimeШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ to go to the scene of the crime

Шаблон:Vanchor: legislation enacted by Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn Contrast: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.; A law. A written rule of general and impersonal scope. It applies to all without exception. It is discussed, drafted, amended and voted on by the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang) in identical versions. It is promulgated (officially declared and published) by the Шаблон:Slink and published in the Journal officiel (JO).Шаблон:Sfn Once it has been promulgated, a Шаблон:Lang is not subject to judicial review of its legality or constitutionality.Шаблон:Sfn; a law passed by the legislature in times of peace;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Slinks, and Шаблон:Slinks are constitutionally defined.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang are subdivided into three: 1) Шаблон:Slink, including the constitution itself; 2) Шаблон:Slinks-establishment, form and function of public powers, used to fill out the constitution but not amend it; and 3) Шаблон:Slinks, passed by national assembly and Senate, according to Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.; The word Шаблон:Slink is used to express written law, (the word Шаблон:Lang exists but is less used); Шаблон:Lang has a broad meaning, encompassing the Constitution, international treaties, administrative Шаблон:Lang (regulations), etc.; as well as a narrower sense equivalent to English statute, meaning a law passed by the legislature.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang is distinguished from Шаблон:Slink by having three fundamental properties; they are: 1) general in nature; 2) abstract; and 3) permanent.Шаблон:Sfn; A statute;Шаблон:Sfn traditionally, it is any law voted on by Parliament. However, Шаблон:Slink of the 1958 Constitution limited Parliament's powers, due to Parlliamentary obstructionism in the Fourth Republic, to making laws which are particularly important in the way they affect the State or individuals; everything else is reserved to the government by Шаблон:Slink; these are known as § réglements autonomes, to distinguish them from réglements d'exécution des lois, to distinguish them from details about laws already passed by Parliament.Шаблон:Sfn; Since the 1958 Constitution, a statute is more constrained than it traditionally was, and Parliament's role is more constrained. Now, a statute must strictly conform to Article 34, otherwise it is within the purview of the government's regulatory power. In addition, where formerly statutes could not be reviewed once promulgated, the Conseil constitutionnel has chipped away at that in reforms since 1958 including establishing the Шаблон:Slink including aggregating some power to itself which makes it a bit more analogous to the U.S. Supreme Court, whereas before 1958 Constitutions had less of a fundamental role in determining other laws because there had been so many of them. A fundamental difference between a statute and a regulation, is that a statute must be declared by the President of the Republic and published in the Шаблон:Slink, and takes effect the next day.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Loi d'habilitation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a new constitutional feature defined in Шаблон:Slink of the 1958 Constitution.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang is an enabling act in the form of a Шаблон:Slink (statute) which may be issued by Шаблон:Slink upon request of the government to temporarily delegate Parliament's constitutional law-making power to the government in a specifically defined subject area and for a specific length of time. While in effect, Parliament is blocked from issuing statutes in that area, and the government is permitted to draw up Шаблон:Slinks that normally would be beyond their remit. The Шаблон:Lang comes into effect immediately, but must be ratified by Parliament before the end of the period or it expires. Until ratification, the Шаблон:Slink has the same status as a Шаблон:Slink (regulation), and can therefor be challenged by the Шаблон:Slink (Council of State); but after ratification, it takes on the same status as a statute (Шаблон:Lang), and can no longer be challenged.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In practice, there have been 23 such Шаблон:Lang from 1960 to 1990, with effective periods from one month to three and a half years, resulting in 150 Шаблон:Lang; about a third of them are subsequently ratified by Parliament.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: see Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: see Шаблон:Slink

[[:fr:Loi ordinaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a law second in importance, after Шаблон:Slink. An ordinary law voted on by Parliament regarding matters specifically ordained to it by the Constitution.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Loi organique en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: in the hierarchy of laws, this is the most important of three;Шаблон:Sfn a law relating to the Constitution.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Loi renforçant la protection de la présomption d'innocence et les droits des victimes|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a law of 15 June 2000 which modified the criminal procedure code to protect the rights of individuals under investigation. It also created the new judicial post of Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn It is mostly the creation of justice minister Élisabeth Guigou under the Jospin administration, and is also known as the Шаблон:Lang. See also Шаблон:Slink.

M

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Magistrat (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a career magistrate, who can be either a Шаблон:Slink (standing magistrate), i.e., the Шаблон:Slink), or one of the sitting judges, either a Шаблон:Slink or a trial judge.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Magistrat du siège de l'ordre judiciaire en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: trial judge. Also: Шаблон:Lang; literally, the "sitting" judiciary.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: public prosecutors, collectively; branch of the judiciary which addresses the court on behalf of the Шаблон:Slink;Шаблон:Sfn literally, 'standing judiciary'. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: public prosecutor's office; the prosecution.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Hairspace Шаблон:Efn: criminal court judge. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: Prison for the most difficult convicts. The detention system is essentially focused on security.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Maison d'arrêt en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A detention center that receives convicts whose sentence or remaining sentence is two years or less.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor: ineptitudeШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Mandat en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: an act or warrant by which a magistrate (usually a Шаблон:Slink) orders a person to be summoned, arrested, or detained.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang – order given by a Шаблон:Slink to any law enforcement officer to bring a person before them; including with the use of coercive measures if required.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Order given by the Шаблон:Slink (investigating judge) to the police or Шаблон:Slink to immediately bring a person under investigation before him, including by force.Шаблон:Sfn
[[:fr:Mandat d'arrêt en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]] – order given by a criminal court judge to any law enforcement officer to search for a person, arrest him or her and take him or her to a detention centerШаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – notice to appear before a Шаблон:Slink on a certain day and time.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance The decision of the Шаблон:Slink (investigating judge) to give formal notice to an accused person (Шаблон:Slink) to appear before him. It is a written document delivered by a Шаблон:Slink (bailiff) or an Шаблон:Slink (law enforcement officer).Шаблон:Sfn
[[:fr:Mandat de dépôt en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]] – Order given by a magistrate to the head or director of a penitentiary to receive, or to keep in detention, a person under investigation.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – see Шаблон:Slink.
Шаблон:Lang – a "search warrant" does not exist in French law; this expression is only used when talking about foreign legal systems. Not to be confused with Шаблон:Lang.
Шаблон:Lang – warrant which may be issued for a person for whom reasonable grounds exist that he may have committed an Шаблон:Slink. It is the order given to Шаблон:Slink (police) to search for the person in question and to take him into custody (placer en Шаблон:Slink).Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance added in 2004.Шаблон:Sfn Not to be confused with a "search warrant" in common law; see Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Vanchor: judicial transferШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: fraudulent tacticШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: failure to fulfill an obligation of care or of security;Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Marquage au fer|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Literally, 'branding with a red hot iron';Шаблон:Sfn branding. A type of corporal punishment under the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Médiation pénale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: an alternative measure to criminal proceedings. At the suggestion of the public prosecutor, it brings together the perpetrator and the victim of a criminal offense in the presence of a third party mediator authorized by the justice system. It consists of finding a freely negotiated solution and defining the terms of reparation.

[[:fr:Mémoire judiciaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: brief; Written document addressed to the Court of Cassation or to the administrative courts in which the parties set out their respective claims and arguments.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: threatШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Mesure de sûreté|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: When a person is dangerous, the judge may decide to apply a penal sanction of a preventive nature, such as therapeutic treatment or placement under mobile electronic surveillance. (See PSEM).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: call into questionШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:meurtre|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: murderШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: lit. "closed environment". In a criminal justice context, "closed custody", "secure unit".Шаблон:Sfn; That portion of the prison administration that deals with convicts who remain detained until their term expires. Contrast Шаблон:Slink.; In the context of medical treatment: "in-patient";Шаблон:Sfn in other contexts, a Шаблон:Lang could be a ship, or a military regiment;Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: lit. "open environment". In a criminal justice context, "open custody", "non-custodial", "open institution".Шаблон:Sfn; That portion of the prison administration system that deals with penalties other than incarceration, such as community service (Шаблон:Slink), a citizenship course (Шаблон:Slink), work-release (Шаблон:Slink), house detention with electronic surveillance (Шаблон:Slink), parole, and others. Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.; In the context of medical treatment: "out-patient".Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: minorШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: public prosecutor's office; the prosecution; see Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Minorité|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The state of someone who is a Шаблон:Slink (minor).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Ministère de la Justice (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The Ministry of Justice is the ministry responsible for the administration of justice, and decides on reforms, and presents bills (Шаблон:Slink to Parliament. It defines criminal law policy in order to achieve equal treatment of citizens before the law, including monitoring public prosecutor's offices (Шаблон:Slink; Шаблон:Slink), manages the courts, and appoints judicial officers—bailiffs (Шаблон:Slink), notaries (Шаблон:Lang), solicitors (Шаблон:Slink), etc.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Ministère public|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The ministère public, also known as the Шаблон:Slink,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn is the authority which initiates Шаблон:Slink (criminal proceedings) for Шаблон:Slink (offenses) causing a disturbance to Шаблон:Slink (public order). It represents the interests of society before all courts of law.Шаблон:Sfn; The Public Prosecutor's Office. All magistrates working in the courts and tribunals of the Шаблон:Slink (judicial order), responsible for representing the interests of society and ensuring respect for public order and the application of the law. The Шаблон:Slink (Public Prosecutor's Office) is hierarchical (Шаблон:Slink (public prosecutor), Шаблон:Slink (public prosecutor), deputy public prosecutor (Шаблон:Slink), vice-public prosecutor, and deputy public prosecutor) and subordinate to the Minister of Justice. It does not benefit from lifetime tenure. See Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink (Prosecution).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Mise en accusation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: bring charges.Шаблон:Sfn A decision by the Шаблон:Slink (investigating judge) or the investigating chamber to send a person Шаблон:Slink (indicted) for a crime to the Шаблон:Slink for trial.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: deliberately putting someone in dangerШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:mise en examen|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A criminal charge against an accused (Шаблон:Slink) by the investigating judge Шаблон:Slink that serious evidence exists making it probable that the accused may have participated, as perpetrator or accomplice, in the commission of an Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Compare indictment. The term Шаблон:Lang replaced the earlier Шаблон:Slink in 1993.

Шаблон:Vanchor: set in motion; initiation; launch; Шаблон:Lang ⟶ initiation of criminal proceedings.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: schemingШаблон:Sfn; Usage note: in other contexts (notably theater): "staging", "stage design"

Шаблон:Vanchor: grounds, reason, motiveШаблон:Sfn for a judgment or judicial decisionШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Mutilation#Peine juridique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: mutilation. A type of corporal punishment under the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

N

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Vanchor: absence of guilt. absence of criminal responsibility due to mental defect or duress.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Non-lieu en procédure pénale française|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a decision that there is no case to answer;Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn the abandonment of a judiciary action by a juge d'instruction when evidence from the Шаблон:Slink (investigation) does not justify further action. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink) or when there is a justifying fact (e.g. Шаблон:Slink).Шаблон:Sfn; Decision of an investigating court to put an end to criminal proceedings when it considers that an offense has not been established or that there is insufficient evidence against the perpetrator or accomplice of the offense; or when the accused is considered, for example, not to be criminally responsible at the time of the offense.Шаблон:Cn

O

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Vanchor: court-ordered treatment.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Officier ministériel|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A person holding an office conferred by the State and appointed by the decision of a minister. Ministerial officers include: solicitors at the courts of appeal, the bailiffs (Шаблон:Slink), the notaries (Шаблон:Lang), and the lawyers at the Council of State and at the Court of Cassation. Some of them are also public officers (Шаблон:Slink).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Officier public|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Officers with the power to authenticate legal or judicial acts and to implement court decisions. Examples: notaries, bailiffs.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Шаблон:Lang. See Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Opportunité des poursuites en procédure pénale française|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Prosecutorial discretion. The right of the Шаблон:Slink Public Prosecutor's Office, when a criminal offense is reported to it, to initiate or not to initiate public proceedings according to the particularities of the case, according to article 40-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Related terms: Шаблон:Slink, nolle prosequi. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Opposition en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A civil or criminal remedy that allows people who have been judged by default to be tried again.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Ordonnance|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

Multiple meanings, in different contexts:

Under the Ancien régime, a regulation issued by the king.Шаблон:Sfn
In legislative context, a third category of law, defined by Шаблон:Slink of the French Constitution of 1958, and sitting beside parliamentary Шаблон:Slink defined by Шаблон:Slink and governmental Шаблон:Slink (by Шаблон:Slink). This new type of law is called an Шаблон:Lang, and provides the government with temporary power to make law equal to a parliamentary Шаблон:Slink when specifically authorized by parliament to do so. See Шаблон:Slink. According to the Шаблон:Slink (hierarchy of norms), Шаблон:Lang sit at the same level as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn
In legislative context, according to the Шаблон:Slink, the least important of three types of law.Шаблон:Sfn Compare: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink.
In a judiciary context, in criminal law, a decision taken by a single judge, for example the Шаблон:Slink, such as an order of release (Шаблон:Slink) or an order of dismissal (Шаблон:Lang). (In civil law, the ordonnance is only provisional.)Шаблон:Sfn

Not to be confused with Шаблон:Slink (criminal ordinance).

In other contexts: many other meanings, including: a pharmaceutical prescription, and many others. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Ordonnance pénale en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A simplified procedure for Шаблон:Slink (minor offenses) and certain Шаблон:Slink, particularly those related to automobile traffic. The Шаблон:Slink (police court) or the Шаблон:Slink (criminal court) decides, by penal order whether or not to sentence the offender to a fine, or to certain penalties such as driving license suspension without the offender appearing in court.Шаблон:Sfn Not to be confused with Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Ordre administratif en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The administrative order of jurisdiction is one of the two orders of jurisdiction in French law (the other being the Шаблон:Slink–judicial order–and comprises administrative courts of first instance), administrative court of appeal, with the Шаблон:Slink (Council of State) at the top.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Ordre des avocats|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: bar association.Шаблон:Sfn Also known as Шаблон:Lang.

[[:fr:Ordre judiciaire en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The judicial order of jurisdiction is one of the two orders of jurisdiction (Шаблон:Slink) in French law—the other being the Шаблон:Slink (administrative order)—and comprises courts of first instance (Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink), court of appeal, and Шаблон:Slink at the top.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Ordre public en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

Шаблон:Wikisourcelang

'public policy'Шаблон:Sfn is a rough equivalent in English, but the term is more central in French law and used more widely, comprising issues like public order, public morality, and public interest.Шаблон:Sfn A set of rules governing life in society and enacted in the general interest. A rule is characterized as being about "public order" when it is mandatory and imposed for imperative reasons of protection, safety or morality. Persons may not transgress these rules in any way and may not exercise any rights which would otherwise be available to them if they violate them.Шаблон:Sfn

the social condition characterized by tranquility, public health, and safety.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Syn.: Шаблон:Lang. See the Preamble to the 1848 Constitution, point IVШаблон:Sfn (in French, in English). See also: Шаблон:Slink.

<section end=ordre public />;Шаблон:Vanchor

decision-making bodyШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: see Шаблон:Slink

[[:fr:Ouï-dire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: hearsayШаблон:Sfn

P

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Lang: The parquet is a collective term for Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn or the public prosecutor's office; the prosecution.Шаблон:Sfn It is a shorthand term used for Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Partie civile en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]Шаблон:Efn: A civil plaintiff in a criminal proceeding. This is a person who considers himself to be the victim of an Шаблон:Slink (offense) for which an Шаблон:Slink (criminal proceeding) has been initiated in the criminal courts, and who wishes to obtain compensation for his loss. This is a specific type of procedure in which a criminal proceeding and an Шаблон:Slink (civil proceeding) are combined, namely when a criminal prosecution also has a civil portion involving damages attached to it.; This term also designates the procedure (the complaint by a civil party) allowing the victim to go either to the investigating judge or the competent court to obtain compensation.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Annotated image

[[:fr:Droit coutumier en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the "land of customary law" (Шаблон:Lang) in the northern part of France (roughly north of the Loire) during the Middle Ages where the law depended chiefly on a version of laws of Germanic origin.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Contrast Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Droit écrit|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the "land of written law" (Шаблон:Lang) in the southern part of France (roughly south of the Loire) during the Middle Ages where the law depended chiefly on a version of Roman law.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Contrast Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Sanction pénale en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the penalty or sanction imposed on the Шаблон:Slink (perpetrator) of an Шаблон:Slink (offense). They can be Шаблон:Slink (criminal penalties), or Шаблон:Slink correctional penalties.Шаблон:Sfn
[[:fr:Peine accessoire en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: an additional penalty automatically added to the Шаблон:Slink (main sentence); it cannot be imposed on its own, except when it is pronounced in place of the main sentence; it automatically follows from the main sentence. Since 2005, Шаблон:Lang are prohibited by article 132-17 of the penal code.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Contrast Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Peine afflictive et infamante|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

penal sanctions under the Ancien régime for punishing middle-level crimes not involving prison terms, and including Шаблон:Slink (public confession), Шаблон:Slink (pillory), Шаблон:Slink (whipping), Шаблон:Slink (branding), Шаблон:Slink (galleys), Шаблон:Slink, and Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'afflictive punishment') – a punishment that targets the criminal in his person; originally corporal punishment (1501) but anything affecting the body including Шаблон:Slink, exile, or death.Шаблон:Sfn

a penal sanction pronounced to plunge the convicted person into pain and sadness. While the penal code of 1810 still used this term, the 1993 Code ignores it.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'punishment of dishonor') - A punishment is considered to be Шаблон:Slink (defamatory; degrading; dishonorable) when it is detrimental to the honor of the convicted person, and more precisely to the reputation he enjoys in society. Article 6 of the penal code of 1810 described banishment and degradation as simply dishonorable sentences. The current code does not use this term.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: A judge may substitute an alternative to a prison sentence or fine, such as Шаблон:Slink (electronic monitoring), Шаблон:Slink (community service), or Шаблон:Slink (socio-judicial follow-up) prison sentence.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Contrast Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Peine complémentaire en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: an additional penaltyШаблон:Sfn added to the main sentence and not merely implied by it (as is the case with Шаблон:Slink) it reinforces the main sentence and can be optional or mandatory.Шаблон:Sfn It may apply to Шаблон:Slinks or Шаблон:Slink, and one or more additional penalties may be added to the main sentence.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Contrast Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: a penalty for a Шаблон:Slink committed by a Шаблон:Slink (natural person). The main penalties are fines up to E3,750, divided into five classesШаблон:Sfn legifrance and can under certain circumstances be combined with Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Penalties for a Шаблон:Slink (legal person) are different, mainly a five-fold increase in the fine for a natural person.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: a penalty for a Шаблон:Slink committed by a Шаблон:Slink (natural person).Шаблон:Sfn legifrance The main penalties are imprisonment for two months to ten years,Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn and fines over E3,750.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance The chief Шаблон:Slink (alternative penalties) are Шаблон:Slink (house arrest) under Шаблон:Slink (electronic surveillance).Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance the Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn legifrance (day-fine), a workshop (Шаблон:Lang) in citizenship, traffic school, drug usage, etc.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance and certain other penalties restrictive of rights or freedom.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: a penalty for a Шаблон:Slink committed by a Шаблон:Slink (natural person). The main penalties are custodial sentences (Шаблон:Lang)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Other possibilities are fines (amende), additional penalties (Шаблон:Slink).Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Other penalties are defined for offenses committed by Шаблон:Slink (legal persons).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: A desigation for any of several workshops established by the law Шаблон:Slink or thereafter as an alternative sentence for someone convicted of a Шаблон:Slink (middle-level offense) in areas such as: safe driving, drugs, domestic violence, sex trafficking, parental responsibility, sexism and equality of women and men, and combatting animal cruelty. See Шаблон:Slink,Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance and Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Peine principale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the main penalty of the Шаблон:Slink (offense); it can be pronounced alone and must be expressly stated in the decision.Шаблон:Sfn For Шаблон:Slink (natural persons), the main penaltiesШаблон:Sfn legifrance are imprisonment on an eight-step scale from two months to ten yearsШаблон:Sfn legifrance and a fine greater than €3,750.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Perquisition en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: An investigative measure that consists of searching for evidence of an offense, at a person's home or in any location where it may be found.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance In the context of a Шаблон:Slink investigation, the consent of the occupant and the decision of the Шаблон:Slink are not necessary; beyond that, the concept of a search warrant as used in U.S. or Canadian law does not exist in French law.

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Personne morale en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A legal person.Шаблон:Sfn An organization recognized as having a legal existence and that as such, holds rights and obligations (Example: a company, an association); Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Personne physique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A natural person. A human being who is recognized as a Шаблон:Slink (legal person), i.e., someone having the capacity to exercise a number of legal rights and to take legal action.

[[:fr:Personne publique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A Шаблон:Slink (legal person) having a juridical status of Шаблон:Slink conferred upon it by law.Шаблон:Cn such as a municipality or a government department for exampleШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: exhibit; evidence

[[:fr:Pilori|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Pillory. A type of public punishment under the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Placement sous surveillance électronique en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (PSE): Electronic surveillance, such as an electronic bracelet, is a method of enforcing a prison sentence outside of a prison establishment. The bracelet, most often attached to the ankle, is an electronic transmitter that makes it possible to detect, at a distance, the presence or absence of the convicted person in a place and for a period previously determined in the context of the sentence.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Placement sous surveillance électronique en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (PSEM): A security measure that can be imposed for a period of two years as part of the Шаблон:Slink (conditional release) of a person sentenced to a long prison term for certain offenses. The Шаблон:Slink (electronic bracelet), is generally worn on the ankle, and is supplemented by a GPS device. The device is managed by the prison administration and makes it possible to verify the person's location and that they respect the obligations and prohibitions set by judicial authorities. It promotes reintegration into society (Шаблон:Slink) by providing support and monitoring compliance with the obligations set by the Шаблон:Slink (probation judge).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: complainant

Шаблон:Vanchor: a complaint against 'X'.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:wikt:point d'honneur|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

any act or word that calls into question the honor of a person, to the point that he can not let the outrage go unpunished. In the past it was legitimate cause for a duel, but since dueling was prohibited, the sole arbiter for attacks on the moral integrity of a person is the courts.Шаблон:Sfn

Usage note (in other contexts):

Шаблон:Lang – to make a point of something.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang – emphasize; be committed to, dedicated to, devoted to; put special care into; make a point of.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Police administrative en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: police involved with prevention of crimeШаблон:Sfn (not part of criminal law). Contrast: Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Police judiciaire en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Judicial police are police involved with criminal investigation.Шаблон:Sfn Officers of the judicial police (O.P.J.) may include: mayors and their assistants, officers of the gendarmerie, inspectors general, deputy directors of active police, controllers general, police commissioners and police officers; senior civil servants of the Шаблон:Lang (national police force), and directors or deputy directors of the judicial police or the gendarmerie.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Literally: to bring a complaint. When notice of an Шаблон:Slink (offense) is given to the police or to the Шаблон:Slink (public prosecutor's office) by the victim of the offense, the term used is Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Compare: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: prosecution, in the sense of Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: in other contexts, it means "pursuit", or "continuation" (non-legal sense).

[[:fr:Pourvoi en cassation en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: to appeal to the Шаблон:Slink or the Шаблон:Slink (Council of State).Шаблон:Sfn; Шаблон:Lang ⟶ grounds for appealШаблон:Sfn; Шаблон:Lang ⟶ appeal; lodge an appeal; appeal againstШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Pouvoir exécutif|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the government;Шаблон:Sfn the executive branch of the government (lit. "executive power")

Шаблон:Vanchor

injury; Damage to a person's property, body, feelings or honor. There are four types:Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang (of enjoyment) – : the damage that results, generally following a bodily injury, from the deprivation of the enjoyment of certain acts of everyday life, such as the exercise of an artistic activity, a leisure activity, or a sport.
Шаблон:Lang (bodily injury) – injury to the health or physical or mental integrity of a person. Example: wound, infirmity.
Шаблон:Lang (material damage) – Damage to property. Example: Шаблон:Lang, damage, physical deterioration, loss of income.
Шаблон:Lang (emotional or psychological harm) – damage of a psychological nature. Example: suffering linked to the loss of a loved one.

In common speech, a synonym for Шаблон:Lang (damages; a term from civil law), but legally distinct.

[[:fr:Prescription en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: limitation period;Шаблон:Sfn statute of limitations. Elapsed time after which no proceedings may be instituted against the Шаблон:Slink (perpetrator) of an Шаблон:Slink (offense): ten years for a Шаблон:Slink, three years for a Шаблон:Slink, and one year for a Шаблон:Slink. Terms are longer for offenses against minors.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Also known as Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Vanchor: president.; chief justice; e.g., when speaking of the judge who presides over the Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Présomption d'innocence en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Presumption of innocence. Any person suspected of having committed an Шаблон:Slink (offense), or under prosecution, shall be considered innocent of the acts of which he stands accused, as long as he has not been found guilty by the court with the appropriate jurisdiction (Шаблон:Slink) to judge him.Шаблон:Sfn See also article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and article 1 of the penal code.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance According to the European Convention on Human Rights, anyone accused of an Шаблон:Slink is presumed to be without blame as long as his Шаблон:Slink (guilt) hasn't been legally and definitively established.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Prêter serment|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: to swear an oath.Шаблон:Sfn Syn.: Шаблон:Lang.

[[:fr:Prévenu en procédure pénale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The accused person suspected or accused of an Шаблон:Slink of a less serious type (i.e., Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink). See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Principes à valeur constitutionnelle|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: any principle identified by the Шаблон:Lang (Constitutional Council (France)) as having constitutional force, and consequently binding on the legislature as well as on other institutions of state.Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Principe de légalité en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The principle of legality is one of the most fundamental principles of French criminal law and holds that no one may be convicted of a criminal offense without a prior published legal text describing the offense and the penalty.Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang-la.

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Procédure accusatoire et contradictoire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: The adversarial system (or, "adversarial law"), is a system of justice whose rules of procedure are based on the parties to the litigation. Thus, the lawyers for the plaintiff and defendant are responsible for presenting their version of the facts and convincing the judge or jury of the merits of their case. This is the system used in common law countries, but is not used in France. Contrast Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: procedure opposing legislation outside the remit of ParliamentШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Procédure inquisitoire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Inquisitorial system. A legal system in which the court is actively involved in investigating the facts of the case. Contrast Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Procédure pénale en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: criminal procedure.Шаблон:Sfn Focuses on how individuals accused of crimes are dealt with in the criminal justice system: how people are investigated, prosecuted, tried, and punished. In France, these procedural issues are codified in the French code of criminal procedure (Шаблон:Slink).Шаблон:Sfn Contrast Шаблон:Slink (criminal law).

[[:fr:Procés|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: trialШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Procès-verbal en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (PV): In legal context: a legal act drawn up by a public official, usually a Шаблон:Slink, that transcribes findings, statements, reports, or a situation. Examples: notes about an investigation, or a seizure)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn; In other contexts: minutes; record; transcript.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Procureur de la République (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: senior public prosecutorШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Procureur général (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: public prosecutorШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Promulgation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: promulgation; publication that brings into forceШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Proxénétisme|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: procuring (prostitution).Шаблон:Cn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor

[[:fr:Qualification pénale|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lit: 'judicial qualification') is a process of reasoning that seeks to establish that the particular acts which the suspect is accused of fall within the scope of a legal charge and therefore constitute a criminal offense which is within the jurisdiction of the criminal courts. The procedure consists of bridging the gap between the facts, and the law, to determine whether the de facto situation can be matched with some legal notion, and that the facts alleged by the prosecutor correspond in every respect to acts incriminated by the legislature.Шаблон:Sfn; Usage note: no established translation in English; terms seen include: penal qualification, penal categorization, penal status, to be criminal in nature, criminal qualification, classified as criminal, to be a matter for criminal law.

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Efn: "aggravating", when used with some crimes. The term Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (roughly, "aggravated felony") is used to refer to an offense when there is an aggravating circumstance. Parricide, for example, is a felony murder;Шаблон:Sfn similarly, a Шаблон:Lang (lit., "aggravated theft") is "armed robbery" or "aggravated robbery".; Usage notes:; In judgments by magistrates, the expression Шаблон:Lang is used when a legislator requires a supermajority of 2/3.; In non-legal context, Шаблон:Lang means "characterized as" (or "by"), or "described as"; as a simple adj. or past participle, Шаблон:Lang means "qualified", as in English.

Шаблон:Vanchor: anyone who; everyone who; whoever. Used legally to emphasize that it applies to everyone, without exception. Judges use the term a lot for this reason, because it underlines the principle of Шаблон:Slink (equality before the law). Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Br

R

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Vanchor: solicitation of prostitution Шаблон:Sfn legifrance abrogated by the law of 13 April 2016, which criminalized the clients of prostitution,Шаблон:Sfn legifrance and at the same time removed Шаблон:Lang from the criminal code.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Rappel à la loi|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a warning; a reminder of the law as an alternative to prosecution.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance In the case of a minor infraction, the Шаблон:Slink (Public Prosecutor) can order a reminder of the law. The aim is to make the offender aware that they committed an illegal act, in order to prevent them from reoffending.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Recel|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: concealment.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Récidive en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A previously convicted individual who commits, under certain conditions and within a certain period of time, a new offense that may result in a heavier sentence than usual.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: imprisonmentШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Réclusion criminelle en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: imprisonmentШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Emprisonnement à perpétuité|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: life imprisonmentШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Шаблон:Vanchor: appeal. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Régime|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

A term with a great many meanings in French; the nominal meaning is "the set of rules or factors that characterize the way something functions or runs", and derives from French Шаблон:Lang which goes back to 1285 with the meaning of "the action of governing or administrating".Шаблон:Sfn and in this sense is similar to the English regimen.

Usage:

Some examples are: Шаблон:Lang ("matrimonial regime"), Шаблон:Lang (parliamentary system), Шаблон:Lang ("prison system"; all the rules governing prison administration), Шаблон:Lang ("pension plan"), Шаблон:Lang ("social security scheme"), and so on. When used to name a specific government or type of government, especially if there are negative connotations, English uses the cognate term: Шаблон:Lang ("Vichy regime"), Шаблон:Lang ("totalitarian regime"), and similarly if the term is not translated: Шаблон:Lang (English: "Ancien regime").

[[:fr:Régime de semi-liberté en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Work release program. See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Réglementation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: set of Шаблон:SlinksШаблон:Sfn (regulations). Compare Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Règlement en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

a regulation issued by the Шаблон:SlinkШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Slink (government; executive branch). See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink. There are two types:

Шаблон:Slink - issued by the Prime Minister or the President)Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Slink - issued by the executive branch members other than the President or Prime Minister, such as ministers, regional prefects, or mayorsШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang are of a lower rank than a Шаблон:Slink, and may be annulled. But those Шаблон:Lang which fall into the domain defined by Article 37 of the Constitution are considered Шаблон:Slink and not an adjunct to a particular Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn A Шаблон:Lang is of the same nature as a Шаблон:Lang (i.e., abstract, general, and impersonal), but is one level lower in the Шаблон:Slink (hierarchy of norms).Шаблон:Sfn Compare Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

In other contexts: many other meanings, including "payment".

[[:fr:Réhabilitation en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A measure which erases a criminal conviction. It ends all forfeitures or limitations on the exercise of individual rights resulting from the conviction. It is acquired either after the expiration of the time limits prescribed by law, or by a decision of the investigating chamber in response to a request made by the convicted person.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Relaxe en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Decision of a Шаблон:Slink (criminal court) or a Шаблон:Slink (police court) to declare a defendant not guiltyШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn either because he is innocent, or because there was a reasonable doubt.Шаблон:Sfn Also: Шаблон:Slink. Compare: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink. See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: handing overШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: Postponement of a hearing to another date.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor Шаблон:ThinspaceШаблон:Efn: The term Шаблон:Lang-fr is another term for criminal law. A Шаблон:Slink is a court that deals with stopping ("repressing") criminal activity after it happens. Contrast with administrative law, tasked with preventing criminal activity, rather than cracking down on it. See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: to incriminateШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Réquisition (droit français)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Written or oral conclusions taken in the interest of society that the public prosecutor presents before the criminal court to justify the guilt of a defendant and the sentence requested. Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Wiktionarylang

Usage note: Also used in forms of the verb Шаблон:Lang, such as Шаблон:Lang: Шаблон:Lang. ⟶ The prosecutor has requested a suspended sentence of 1 year in prison.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: a formal submission (by the prosecution)Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Réquisitoire introductif|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: application for judicial investigationШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn One of the ways that the Шаблон:Slink can initiate criminal proceedings (Шаблон:Slink), in particular, via Шаблон:Slink.; Written arguments by which the Шаблон:Slink (public prosecutor) asks the judge to apply the criminal law to a defendant or an accused person under investigation (mise en examen).Шаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: decision to bring chargesШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Responsabilité pénale en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Criminal responsibility

[[:fr:Ressort (droit)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

the scope or extent of a court's jurisdiction in terms of the geography and nature of the disputes assigned to it by law.Шаблон:Sfn For example, the correctional court cannot try an offense committed outside its Шаблон:Lang and for which the perpetrator does not live in that region.Шаблон:Sfn
A court decision is said to be "Шаблон:Lang" (final) if it can no longer be appealed.

[[:fr:Rétention de sûreté en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: detention of dangerous offenders beyond the term of their sentence.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Rétroactivité en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: the characteristic of a legal norm that regulates situations that arose before its adoption.

Шаблон:Vanchor: An appeal against a conviction that allows a case to be retried in light of new facts or elements unknown at the time of the initial trial that could rule out the guilt of the convicted person.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: fraudШаблон:Sfn

S

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Saisine (appel)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Submission of a request to a jurisdiction, requiring a response in the form of a decision. Can be formulated as a Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink, or declaration to a Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn Example: reporting a Шаблон:Slink (crime in progress).

Шаблон:Vanchor

In non-legal context, Шаблон:Lang simply means: "seize", "grab", "grasp".

In legal context, there are many meanings, such as "confiscate", which are directly related to the non-legal sense; these are straightforward, and not explained here. However, there is one sense of Шаблон:Lang in legal context that occurs frequently and has no universally accepted single translation in English; the rest of this entry concerns this sense, corresponding to CNRTL sense II., A (law), 2.,Шаблон:Sfn and concerns a request made by an individual to an authority like a judge or a court to do something;Шаблон:Sfn or to refer a matter to a court.Шаблон:Sfn

The general form for this sense is: Шаблон:Smallcaps + saisit + Шаблон:Smallcaps + Шаблон:Smallcaps (de, d'un, d'une) + Шаблон:Smallcaps, with these four parts:

subject: someone (a person, plaintiff, etc.) or institution who is the requester, i.e., the one who applies to or requests something (optional)
form of verb Шаблон:Lang (required)
object: someone or something in authority who may grant or act on a request: the judge, the court, the tribunal, etc. (required)
the request, usually as a prep. phrase with de, pour, etc. (optional)

Annotated examples:

Шаблон:Lang
- The mother^[subj] applies to^[saisit] the court^[obj] for custody of all four children^[request].

Шаблон:Lang
- The prosecutor^[subj] instructed^[saisit] the examining magistrate of the first chamber^[obj] to investigate the case^[request-1] and issue arrest warrants for the accused^[request-2].

How to translate Шаблон:Lang depends a lot on context, and may use terms like "apply to", "take to", "go to", "bring before", "approach", "request", "refer to", "submit", or other expressions, and the word order in English may be different:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ refer the matter to the judge for family affairs
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ the constitutional right to go to court
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ it was possible to bring the case before the judge
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ bring a cease and desist order before the Court
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ Anyone who objects to the order has recourse to the court.
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ The Ombudsman can also submit cases to the Constitutional Court.
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ Workers who are victims of discrimination may apply to the Labor Tribunal.

In the passive, the pattern uses the participial form Шаблон:Lang and inverted word order, often with optional parts missing:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ (lit.) "the judge applied to/requested [by someone] regarding the case", or in more usual English word order: "the judge handling the case", or, "the judge on the case"
Шаблон:Lang ⟶ the judge for the motion

There is no exact translation for Шаблон:Lang (or in past participle form, Шаблон:Lang) in English, and how it appears in English translation is highly variable, and depends on the context (and the translator). Sometimes the best translation involves leaving the word out entirely. Also, the order of the elements is not always the same, and the request often comes before the authority-object.

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ ANF^[subj] had filed^[saisir] a complaint^[request] with the Marseilles investigating magistrate^[obj] bringing civil action against alleged acts committed by the supplier...

The request can be omitted, so just the subject, verb Шаблон:Lang, and object are present. In the abstract, the subject may be omitted:

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ Going to^[saisir] court^[obj]; seeking^[saisir] justice^[obj]. Other translations include: bring legal proceedings, initiate a court case, file a case, go to court, refer [the case] to court.

Usage notes:

The form Шаблон:Lang is often seen, and translation depends on context. The word Шаблон:Lang means "facts", and depending on whether "Шаблон:Lang" is a syntactic constituent in the sentence, the word "facts" may or may not appear in English translation. A literal translation of the passive construction might be: "[an authority] who had been applied to [by someone, unstated] with the facts [of an unstated (legal) request]"; but in free translation, this might come out simply as "[the judge] on the case", and may be expressed very differently in specific contexts. Some examples:Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang
⟶ The case would then Шаблон:Smallcaps within the provincial jurisdiction Шаблон:Smallcaps a crown attorney, who takes the facts to court.
Шаблон:Lang
⟶ In other words, [he] must Шаблон:Smallcaps and must consider new or contested Шаблон:Smallcaps in order to confirm an actual ruling to the client. Note: not a syntactic constituent; must use the word facts here.
Шаблон:Lang
⟶ if the same Шаблон:Smallcaps today, with that Code available to it as an adjudicative tool, it might arrive at a different conclusion. Not a constituent.
Шаблон:Lang
⟶ The European Public Prosecutor, Шаблон:Smallcaps information or Шаблон:Smallcaps, would prosecute only the Community offence...

[[:fr:Sanction pénale en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: criminal sanctions; sentence; penalty.

[[:fr:Sanction-réparation|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A "reparation sanction": is an alternative sentence which obliges the perpetrator to repair the damage caused to the victim through financial compensation or reparation in kind.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Scellés|Шаблон:Vanchor]]

1. an order that evidence be placed under seal. Also refers to the practice of a wax seal to an item.Шаблон:Sfn

Usage notes: in legal terminology, almost always plural. In the singular, it refers to the sealing material itself, such as wax.

Шаблон:Lang ⟶ placed under seal

2. The part of the Шаблон:Slink (judicial registry) where evidence is stored.Шаблон:Sfn

3. Other meanings apply in civil law, having to do with sealing off buildings, rooms, etc. Breaking such a seal duly placed by civil authorities is punishable under criminal law.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: knowinglyШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Régime de semi-liberté en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: work release; day parole; lit: "semi-freedom". A criminal sanctions program that authorizes a convicted person to carry out activity outside the prison, which may be professional activity, training, internship, or medical treatment. At the end of each day, the convict returns to the detention center.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.; Usage note: often seen in the expression, Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Efn: law enforcement agency. See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Signification en droit français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: An act by which a party brings to the attention of his adversary an act or a decision of justice by means of a Шаблон:Slink (judicial officer).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: appropriationШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: A citizenship workshop. An alternative sentence for someone convicted of a Шаблон:Slink (middle-level offense) which provides for completing a citizenship workshop, in lieu of prison time. Other laws introduced from 2004 to 2021 introduced training workshops in other domains; collectively these became known as a Шаблон:Slink (workshop sentence). Introduced as part of the law 2004-204 of 9 March 2004, better known as the Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance

Шаблон:Vanchor: A civic education training workshop is an educational measure aimed at reminding minors of the obligations resulting from the law, as well as making them aware of civil and criminal responsibilities and the duties involved in living in society. The minor is reminded of all these notions during short group training sessions relating to social organization or civic values for a duration not to exceed 30 hours.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: drugШаблон:Sfn See also Шаблон:Slink

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:suivi socio-judiciaire|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Socio-judicial supervision is a measure pronounced by the Шаблон:Slink (criminal court) or the Шаблон:Slink against the perpetrator of a Шаблон:Slink or Шаблон:Slink (major or serious offense) of a sexual nature.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance This measure allows for judicial and optionally also medical follow-up after the prison sentence has been served. It forces the convicted person to submit, under the supervision of the Шаблон:Slink to measures of surveillance and assistance as well as to certain obligations, such as the prohibition on going to certain places, or to be around minors.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn Failure to comply is grounds for reimprisonment.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn May also be a stand-alone sentence. No universally recognized term in English; some terms seen are: socio-judicial surveillance, socio-judicial supervision, or probation.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: tortureШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: sursis simple suspended sentence; sursis avec mise à l'épreuve with certain conditions such as geographic restrictions or interaction restrictions

Шаблон:Vanchor: supervisionШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Surveillance électronique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A Шаблон:Slink (alternative penalty) such as a Шаблон:Slink;Шаблон:Sfn legifrance Шаблон:Sfn legifrance See Шаблон:Slink.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

T

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Loi du talion|Шаблон:Vanchor]], Шаблон:Lang: law of retaliationШаблон:Sfn Originally, and dating to the Code of Hammurabi, it restricts a victim from taking vengeance in a disproportionate manner; "an eye for an eye".Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Témoin|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: witnessШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Témoin assisté (droit français)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: represented witnessШаблон:Sfn; an intermediate witness status, between that of a simple Шаблон:Slink (witness) and someone Шаблон:Slink (criminally charged); introduced in 1987, later included in the Шаблон:Slink. This is a person who is listed as a witness, but at the same time is named either in the Шаблон:Slink or in the initial complaint by the victim. Because of their status as a possible suspect, the law requires them to be heard only in presence of their lawyer.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance; A person who is the subject of a complaint, accused or prosecuted by the Шаблон:Slink (Public Prosecutor's Office), against whom there are some clues (insufficient for an indictment) that make it likely that he or she has committed a crime or an offense. His lawyer has access to the case file. When heard by the investigating judge, the assisted witness may ask to be confronted with the person or persons implicating him. If the judge considers that the witness should be placed under judicial supervision or in pre-trial detention, or be referred to the criminal court or the assize court to be tried, he or she will then proceed with the examination.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: a legal witness; a witness required for the official recording of certain transactions.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor

attempt Шаблон:Sfn

A Шаблон:Slink or Шаблон:Slink interrupted in act by an event beyond the control of its perpetrator. The attempt is punishable by the same penalties as if the offense had been fully carried out.Шаблон:Sfn

Usage notes:

tentative achevée ⟶ failed attemptШаблон:Sfn
tentative stérile ⟶ failed attemptШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:torture|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: torture.Шаблон:Sfn A type of punishment used in the Ancien régime.Шаблон:Sfn See also: Шаблон:Slink, Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Travail d'intérêt général en France|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (TIG): community service;Шаблон:Sfn carrying out unpaid work, within a specified time, for the benefit of a public body or an approved association, as part of a sentence by an adult or juvenile court.Шаблон:Sfn One of several alternative penalties that are sometimes ordered instead of incarceration.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Travaux forcés|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: Penal labor; forced labor as a judicial punishment.

[[:fr:Tribunal|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: court;Шаблон:Sfn a court composed of one or more judges, charged with settling disputes and rendering a Шаблон:Slink (legal judgment).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Tribunal correctionnel (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a court of first instance, responsible for judging Шаблон:Slink (major offenses). If necessary, it rules on the request for compensation made by the victim (called the Шаблон:Slink (civil party))Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Tribunal de grande instance (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]] (TGI): a court having general jurisdiction in civil matters.Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Tribunal de police (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: a court that tries minor offenses;Шаблон:Sfn a court of first instance, ruling with a single judge. It judges 5th class offenses. The police court is the criminal court of the Шаблон:Slink (district court).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Tribunal des conflits (France)|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A high jurisdiction made up equally of magistrates from the Шаблон:Slinkand Шаблон:Slink (administrative and judicial orders), whose mission is to resolve conflicts of jurisdiction between the courts of the judicial order and those of the administrative order. For example: these two orders claim to be simultaneously competent or incompetent for the same case.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:VanchorШаблон:Thinspace Шаблон:Efn: criminal court.Шаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

Шаблон:Vanchor: neuro-psychological illnessШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Trouble psychique|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: psychological illnessШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: to killШаблон:Sfn See Шаблон:Slink.

UV

Шаблон:Compact ToC

Шаблон:Vanchor: See Шаблон:Slink.

[[:fr:Verdict|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: A solemn declaration by which the magistrates and Шаблон:Slink (jurors) of the Шаблон:Slink answer the question of the guilt of a defendant, and set the sentence, if any. The verdict can be an Шаблон:Slink (acquittal), or a Шаблон:Slink (guilty verdict).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Victime|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: victim.Шаблон:Sfn A person who personally and directly suffers a physical, moral or material Шаблон:Slink (injury).Шаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Viol|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: rape;Шаблон:Sfn In the classic sense, rape consists in the fact of a man having a carnal relationship with a non-consenting woman, or in circumstances where she cannot manifest her Шаблон:Slink (will).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: breach;Шаблон:Sfn violation. In the former sense, compare Шаблон:Slink. In the latter sense, can be a synonym for Шаблон:Slink (offense).

Шаблон:Vanchor: to breach;Шаблон:Sfn to rape.

Шаблон:Vanchor: house searchШаблон:Sfn

[[:fr:Voie de fait|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: offense of violenceШаблон:Sfn; Note: has an entirely different meaning in administrative law.

[[:fr:Vol en droit pénal français|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: theftШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Legifrance Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: intentionallyШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Vanchor: will; Шаблон:Sfn In criminal law, Шаблон:Lang (will) is a firm and definite determination in a person's mind to do something that will have an effect in the outside world. The term Шаблон:Slink indicates the purpose for which the will is directed.Шаблон:Sfn

WXYZ

Шаблон:Compact ToC

[[:fr:Plainte contre X|Шаблон:Vanchor]]: X represents an unknown person, a 'John Doe', used in a criminal complaint when the name of the person is not known.; Usage note: Шаблон:Lang ⟶ a complaint against 'X'.Шаблон:Sfn Analogous to a "John Doe defendant", or a John Doe lawsuit.

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Cite book

Шаблон:Reflib Шаблон:Sfn whitelist

Шаблон:Cite web

Шаблон:Reflib Шаблон:Sfn whitelist Шаблон:Reflib Шаблон:Sfn whitelist

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.

Английская Википедия:Glossary of French criminal law

Содержание

Introduction

Scope

Disclaimer

Style

Glossary

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

Шаблон:Vanchor

M

N

O

P

Шаблон:Vanchor

R

S

T

UV

WXYZ

See also

References

Works cited

Further reading

Навигация

Действия на странице

Действия на странице

Персональные инструменты

Навигация

Поиск

Инструменты