Английская Википедия:Glossary of Islam

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The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from Islamic and associated cultural (Arab, Persian, Turkish) traditions, which are expressed as words in Arabic or Persian language. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Islam all in one place.

Separating concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, or from the language itself, can be difficult. Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of dawah. Arabic, like all languages, contains words whose meanings differ across various contexts.

Arabic is written in its own alphabet, with letters, symbols, and orthographic conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin alphabet (see Arabic alphabet). The following list contains transliterations of Arabic terms and phrases; variations exist, e.g. din instead of deen and aqidah instead of aqeedah. Most items in the list also contain their actual Arabic spelling.

Шаблон:Compact ToC

A

[[Abd (Arabic)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang) (for male) [[Amah (Arabic)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang) (for female)

Servant or worshipper. Muslims consider themselves servants and worshippers of God as per Islam. Common Muslim names such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Servant of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the Most Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of [the originator of] Peace), Abdur-Rahîm (Slave of the Most Merciful), all refer to names of Allah.

ʾAdab (Шаблон:Lang)

Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good ʾadab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the proper way to go about something," as in the example, ʾĀdāb al Qitāl, or, "The Proper Ways of Fighting in War," (Qitāl in Arabic means mortal combat) in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context. A secondary meaning of ʾAdab is "literature".

ʾAdhān (Шаблон:Lang)

call to salat (prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azaan, Athaan and Adhan.

ʿAdl (Шаблон:Lang)

justice, especially distributive justice: social, economic, political, proprietary.

AH (Шаблон:Lang)

Anno Hegirae The Islamic calendar starts counting years starting from the time when Muhammad had to leave Mecca and go to Medina, an event known as the Hijra. The first day of the first Islamic year is 1 Muḥarram 1 (AH) and corresponds to 16 July 622 (CE).

ʾAḥad (Шаблон:Lang)

literally "one." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Ahad is one of the names of God.

ʾAḥkām (Шаблон:Lang)

These are rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. A single ruling is called a Ḥukm. Five kinds of orders: Wajib or Fard (obligatory), Mustahab (preferred and recommended), Halal or Mubah (permissible), Makruh (disliked and not recommended), and Haram (forbidden)

ʾAhl al-Bayt (Шаблон:Lang)

members of Muhammad's Household. Also known among Shia as the Maʿṣūmūn (Шаблон:Lang) (infallibles; spiritually pure).

ʾAhl al-Fatrah (Шаблон:Lang)

people who live in ignorance of the teachings of a revealed religion, but according to the "Fitra", the "Natural Religion" innate to human nature as created by God.

ʾAhl al-Kitāb (Шаблон:Lang)

"People of the Book", or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of scripture believed to be of divine origin which were mentioned in Quran: Jews, Christians.

ʾĀkhirah (Шаблон:Lang)

hereafter or eternal life

ʾAkhlāq (Шаблон:Lang)

The practice of virtue. Morals.

Al-ʾIkhlāṣ (Шаблон:Lang)

Sincerity and genuineness in religious beliefs.

Al-Bir (Шаблон:Lang)

Piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah.

[[Alamin|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists.

Al Hijr (Kaaba) (Шаблон:Lang)

A semi-circular wall north-west of Kaaba.

ʿalayhi -s-salām (Шаблон:Lang)

"Peace be upon him" This expression normally follows after naming a prophet (other than Muhammad), or one of the noble Angels (i.e. Jibreel (Gabriel), Mika'il (Michael), etc.)

[[Alhamdulillah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"Praise be to God!" Qur'anic exclamation and also same meaning as hallelujah.

Allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

The name of God according to Islam. Also used as the Arabic word for God in general.

Allāhumma (Шаблон:Lang)

"O Allah, my Lord" - used in a phrase or salutation, invocations or supplications (dua).

Allāhu ʾAkbar (Шаблон:Lang)

"Allah is [the] greatest". Greater than anything or anyone, imaginable or unimaginable.

[[Ulama|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

lit. One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge) ; a jurist or scientist (who knows science) or a theologian (who knows religion); similar to Japanese sensei, "teacher".

Amān, lit. 'safety, protection, safe conduct'

ʾAmānah (Шаблон:Lang)

the trust. Of all creation, only human beings & jinns carry the "trust", which is free will.

ʾĀmīn (Шаблон:Lang)

Amen.

[[Amir al-Muminin|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"Commander of the Faithful" Historically the title of the Caliph. In some modern countries like Morocco, a Шаблон:Transl or Commander of the faithful is the religious chief.

ʾĀminah (Шаблон:Lang)

Muhammad's mother. Aminah fell sick and died in Abwa, near Madina (then Yathrib) when Muhammad was six years old.

Al-ʾAmr Bi'l Maʿrūf (Шаблон:Lang)

Islamic doctrine of enjoining right. There exists in Islam the (obligatory) principle of encouraging other people to do the right thing.

ʾAnfāl (Шаблон:Lang)

Spoils of war. (See Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl (8:1)) (Шаблон:Lang)

[[Ansar (Islam)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah.

[[Aqidah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Article of faith, tenet, creed, or dogma.

[[Aqiqah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Islamic practice of shaving the head of the newborn male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs.

[['Aql|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding

ʾArkān singular rukn (Шаблон:Lang)

The five rukn "pillars" of Islam. (See rukn)

A.S. (ʿAlayhi s-salām) (Шаблон:Lang)

This acronym evokes a blessing and is appended to the names of the prophets who came before Muhammad. It will also be applied to the mothers of those prophets. When following a woman's name, the feminine form is ʿAlayha s-salām.

aṣaḥḥ

Arabic elative term, “more correct.” Used by Muslim scholars to introduce their own view while not entirely dismissing that of others.

ʾAṣl (Шаблон:Lang) (pl. ʾuṣūl)

Root, origin, source; principle.

ʾaslim taslam (Шаблон:Lang)

"Submit to Islam" (See dawah)

[[99 Names of God|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

List of God's 99 names. According to a hadith, the one who enumerates them all will enter Paradise.

[[Asr|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. Also means "era".

[[Ṣirāṭ|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

The bridge by crossing which it is determined (judged) whether a person would go to heaven or hell. How a person crosses the Sirat depends on what they have done in their life and what they have believed in.

al-ʿAsharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah or just ʿAsharatu Mubashsharah (Шаблон:Lang-ar or Шаблон:Lang-ar)

The ten companions of Muhammad who were promised paradise (only in Sunni Islam)

[[Day of Ashurah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Tenth day of the month of Muharram. It is the day God saved Moses and the children of Israel from the Pharaoh. The grandson of Muhammad, Imam Hussayn sacrificed his life along with 72 of his companions on the sand dunes of Karbala. Sunni Scholars recommended to fast during this day. To the Shias, it is also a day on which they mourn the death of the third Shia Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in Karbala. They cry and weep and organize lamentating programmes where they not only learn how to live a proper Islamic life and improve their Spiritual Self but also cry at the end of the ritual to show their true love and faith towards imam Hussayn.

[[As-Salamu Alaykum|Шаблон:Transl]] (السلام عليكم)

The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you"; In addition, Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) means "and the Mercy of God and His blessing". The response to this greeting is Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) --"And on you be the Peace and Mercy of God and His Blessing".

ʾAstaghfir allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

"I seek forgiveness from God." Islamic expression.

Aʿudhu billah (Шаблон:LangʾAʿūdhu billāh)

"I seek refuge in God". This is a paraphrase on the beginnings of the two last suras in the Qur'an.

[[Awliya'|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer. (singular: wali)

[[Awrah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

The parts of the body, male or female, must be covered in public but not between spouses, such as, body parts must be concealed of a woman before non-related men.(Non-related men means those she can marry lawfully).

ʾĀyah (Шаблон:Lang), plural ʾāyāt (Шаблон:Lang)

A sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an.

Āyatullāh (Шаблон:Lang, also spelled Ayatollah)

Sign of God Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Sh'ia sect.

Azāzīl

a name of Iblīs (Satan) in his role as a fallen angel. (Potentially etymologically related to Azazel from the Apocalypse of Abraham).

B

Baiʿa (Шаблон:Lang)

See Шаблон:Transl

Baatil (Шаблон:Lang)

see Bāṭil

Baitullāh (Шаблон:Langbaytu -llāh)

A mosque, literally "house of God". Specifically means the Ka'aba at Makkah (Mecca).

Bakka'in

a group known as the Weepers, who wept because they could not accompany Muhammad to Tabuk.

Barakah (Шаблон:Lang)

a form of blessing, thought derive from God and passed on others via prophets, angels and saints.

Bārak Allāhu Fīkum (Шаблон:Lang)

may Allah bless you; response to expression of thanks.

Barzakh (Шаблон:Lang)

Barrier. Used in the Qur'an to describe the barrier between sweet and salty water. In theology, the one-way barrier between the mortal realm and the spirit world which the deceased soul crosses and waits for qiyamah judgment.

Bashar (Шаблон:Lang)

humankind, mankind, man, human(s), etc.

Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang)

Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by Sufis to denote the ability to directly perceive a transcendental Truth.

Bāṭil (Шаблон:Lang)

void

Bāṯin (Шаблон:Lang)

The interior or hidden meaning. A person who devotes himself to studying such hidden meanings is a batini.

B.B.H.N. (Шаблон:Lang)

Blessed be His Name – acronym for S.A.W.S. See P.B.U.H (Peace Be Upon Him).

[[bid‘ah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Innovation in religion, i.e. inventing new methods of worship. Bad Bidʿahs in Islam are considered a deviation and a serious sin by many Muslims.

Bidʿah sayyiʾah (Шаблон:Lang)

Inquiry prohibited in Islam.

Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi (Шаблон:Lang)

"In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful".

Burda (Шаблон:Lang)

In general terms, it means a "cloak" or "outer garment". Specific reference is to the "burda" of Muḥammad (see Qaṣīda al-Burda).

[[Bay'ah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

an oath of allegiance to a leader, traditionally the Caliph, a Sheikh or an Imam.

C

Caliph (Шаблон:Lang) khalīfah

literally successor; refers to the successor of Muhammad, the ruler of an Islamic theocracy.

D

Dahri (Шаблон:Lang)

atheist – from the root ad dahr meaning time. In Islam, atheists are seen as those who think that time only destroys, hence the term ad dahriyyah or simply dahriya for the concept of atheism.

Dajjāl (Шаблон:Lang)

The Islamic equivalent of the Antichrist; means "liar" or "deceiver".

Ḍallāl (Шаблон:Lang)

going astray.

Dār al-ʿAhd (Шаблон:Lang)

the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Christian tributary states.

Dār al-ʾAmn (Шаблон:Lang)

means house of safety.

Dār ad-daʿwa (Шаблон:Lang)

a region where Islam has recently been introduced.

Dār al-ḥarb (Шаблон:Lang)

means house of war; refers to areas outside Muslim rule which a Muslim state can go to war with

Dār al-Islām (Шаблон:Lang)

the abode, or land, of Islam.

Dār al-Kufr (Шаблон:Lang)

means domain of disbelief; the term originally refers to the Quraish-dominated society of Mecca between Mohammed's flight to Medina (the Hijra) and the city's conquest.

Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

domain of agreement

Dār ash-shahāda (Шаблон:Lang)

See Dar al-Amn

Darūd (Шаблон:Lang)

blessing

Daʿwah (Шаблон:Lang)

the call to Islam, proselytizing.

Darwīš (Шаблон:Lang)

an initiate of the Sufi Path, one who practices Sufism

Dhikr (Шаблон:Lang)

A devotional practice whereby the name of God is repeated in a rhythmical manner. Remembrance of God; spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God. It is also pronounced zikr.

Dhimmi (Шаблон:Lang) (pl. dhimam)

"protected person"; Jews and Christians (and sometimes others, such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Hindus, and Zoroastrians), living in an Islamic state who must pay a separate tax (jizya) instead of the zakah paid by Muslims and this exempts non-Muslims from military service under Islamic law.

Dhuhr (Шаблон:Lang) (ẓuhr)

the second obligatory daily prayer.

Dīn (Шаблон:Lang)

(literally 'religion') the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslim's faith and practice. Dīn is often used to mean the faith and religion of Islam.

Diyyah (Шаблон:Lang)

"blood money", recompense for loss of a life.

Div (Шаблон:Lang)

"demon", hideous creatures in Muslim beliefs.

Duʿāʾ (Шаблон:Lang)

personal prayer, supplication

Dunya (Шаблон:Lang)

The physical Universe, as opposed to the Hereafter; sometimes spelled Dunia.

E

Eid al-Fitr (Шаблон:Lang)

Marks the end of Ramadan [Ramzaan], the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm).

Eid al-Adha

Honours the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismael as an act of obedience to God's command.

F

Fadl

divine grace

Fajarah (Шаблон:Lang) (also fujjār (Шаблон:Lang))

Wicked evil doers. Plural of "fājir" (Шаблон:Lang).

fajr (Шаблон:Lang)

dawn, early morning, and the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before sunrise.

[[Falah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

deliverance, salvation, well-being.

Falsafah (Шаблон:Lang)

"philosophy" The methods and content of Greek philosophy which were brought into Islam. A person who tries to interpret Islam through rationalist philosophy was called a faylasuf (Шаблон:Lang), "philosopher".

[[Fanaa (Sufism)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Sufi term meaning extinction – a spiritual death of the lower self (Nafs) with associated bad characteristics. Having no existence outside of God.

Faqīh (Шаблон:Lang)(pl. fuqahāʾ)(Шаблон:Lang)

One who has a deep understanding of Islam, its laws, and jurisprudence. (see fiqh)

Al-Faraj (Шаблон:Lang)

the return of the Shia Mahdi

[[Fard|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang), plural furūḍ (Шаблон:Lang)

a religious duty, or an obligatory action: praying 5 times a day is fard Neglecting a fard will result in a punishment in the hereafter. (See wajib)

Farḍ ʿain ( Шаблон:Lang)

obligatory on every individual Muslim to aid in any way he can.

Farḍ kifāyah (Шаблон:Lang)

an obligation on the Muslim community as a whole, from which some are freed if others take it up such as for jihad.

Fāsid (Шаблон:Lang)

corrupt, invalid/violable (in Islamic finance)

Fāsiq (Шаблон:Lang)

anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural "fāsiqūn"); in the Quran it refers to unbelievers who derided God for using similes and parables (in the Quran).

Fātiḥa (Шаблон:Lang)

the short, opening sura of the Qur'an, which begins "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. Praise be to God, the Lord of the Worlds..." These words hold an important place in Muslim liturgies and forms the core of the salat.

Fatwā (Шаблон:Lang)

a non-binding legal opinion of a scholar (alim). However, binding on him for those who follow his taqlid

Fī ʾAmān allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

"In the protection of God". Said when a person departs. Cf. aman.

Fiqh (Шаблон:Lang)

jurisprudence built around the shariah by custom (al-urf). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to understanding the Islamic laws. (see faqih)

Fī sabīl allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

for the sake of Allah; common Islamic expression for performing acts such as charity or Jihad

Fitna (pl. fitan) (Шаблон:Lang)

trial or tribulation; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the end of the world or any civil strife.

Fitnah: (n) temptation, discord, civil war, trial

[[Fitrah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah.

Furqān (Шаблон:Lang)

the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan.

Fuwaysiqah (Шаблон:Lang)

vermin, evil from the root fasaqa meaning to deviate from the right way

G

Ghafara (Шаблон:Lang)

(verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God.

Ghaflah (Шаблон:Lang)

heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference

Ghayb (Шаблон:Lang)

the unseen, unknown.

Ghanīmah (Шаблон:Lang)

spoils of war, booty.

Gharar (Шаблон:Lang)

excessive uncertainty; also "the sale of what is not present" such as fish not yet caught, crops not yet harvested.

Ghasbi (Шаблон:Lang)

possessed unlawfully

Ghāzi (Шаблон:Lang)

(archaic) roughly, "raider": used for whose who participated in war. Later a title for veterans.

Ghusl (Шаблон:Lang)

full ablution of the whole body (see wudu). Ghusl janaba is the mandatory shower after having sexual discharge.

H

Ḥadath akbar (Шаблон:Lang)

major ritual impurity which requires Niyyat for cleaning.

Ḥadath aṣghar (Шаблон:Lang)

minor ritual impurity

Hādhā min faḍl rabbī (Шаблон:Lang)

Qur'anic expression and phrase meaning This is by the Grace of my Lord.

Hādī (Шаблон:Lang)

a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi.

Ḥadīth (Шаблон:Langḥadīth) plural ahādīth

literally "speech"; recorded saying or tradition of Muhammad validated by isnad; with sira these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah

Ḥadīth mashhūr (Шаблон:Lang)

Well-known hadith; a hadith which reported by one, two, or more Companions from Muhammad or from another Companion, but has later become well-known and transmitted by an indefinite number of people during the first and second generation of Muslims.

[[Hafiz (Quran)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

someone who memorized the entire Qur'an. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector.

Ḥaiḍ (Шаблон:Lang)

menstruation

Ḥājj (Шаблон:Langّ) plural Ḥujjāj (Шаблон:Lang) and Ḥajīj (Шаблон:Lang)

Pilgrim, one who has made the Hajj.

Ḥajj (Шаблон:Langّ) and Ḥijjah (plurals Ḥijjāt (Шаблон:Lang) and Ḥijaj (Шаблон:Lang))

pilgrimage to Mecca. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam. See Dhu al-Hijjah.

Ḥajj at-Tamattuʿ (Шаблон:Lang)

performing ʿUmrah during the Hajj season, and on the Day of Tarwiah a pilgrim gets into the state of Ihram for Hajj. Before making ʿUmrah, approach the Miqat and declare the intention. End by sacrificing an animal.

Ḥajj al-Qirān (Шаблон:Lang)

At Miqat, declare intention to perform both Hajj and 'Umrah together. After throwing the Jamrah of Al-'Aqabah, and getting hair shaved or cut that take off his Ihram garments and sacrifice animal.

Ḥajj al-ʾIfrād (Шаблон:Lang)

At Miqat, declare intention for Hajj only. Maintain Ihram garments up to the Day of Sacrifice. No offering is required from him.

[[Hakim (title)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

a ruler's or governor's title; in some Muslim states, a judge. See Ahkam.

Ḥākimīya (Шаблон:Lang)

sovereignty, governance.

[[Halal|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, free from sin praiseworthy, honourable. Doing a halal action won't result in punishment in the hereafter (See mustahabb, mandub)

Ḥalaqah (Шаблон:Lang)

A gathering or meeting for the primary purpose of learning about Islam.

Ḥalq (Шаблон:Lang)

Shaving of the head, particularly associated with pilgrimage to Mecca

[[Hanif|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

pre-Islamic non-Jewish or non-Christian monotheists. Plural: Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang).

Ḥaqq (Шаблон:Langّ)

truth, reality, right, righteousness. Al-Haqq is one of 99 names of God.

[[Haraam|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

sinful

[[Haram (site)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

sanctuary.

[[Hasan (Islamic term)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include authentic and fabricated).

Hawa (Шаблон:Lang) (pl. ʾahwāʾ (Шаблон:Lang))

Vain or egotistical desire; individual passion; impulsiveness.

Hidāyah (Шаблон:Lang)

guidance from God.

[[Hijab|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

literally "cover". It describes the covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. (See abayah, al-amira, burqa, chador, jilbab, khimar, milfeh, niqab, purdah, shayla)

Hijra (Шаблон:Lang)

Muhammad and his followers' emigration from Mecca to Medina. Literally, "migration". This holiday marks the beginning of the Muslim New Year on the first day of the month of Muharram. See Rabi' al-awwal and abbreviation AH.

Ḥikmah (also Hikmat) (Шаблон:Lang)

Literally this means "wisdom" and refers to the highest possible level of understanding attainable by a Muslim. In particular, it refers to the illuminative, mystical sort of wisdom that a Gnostic or Sufi might attain.

Hilāl (Шаблон:Lang)

Crescent moon.

[[Hima (environmental protection)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

wilderness reserve, protected forest, grazing commons; a concept of stewardship

[[Hizb|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

One half of a juz', or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an

Hudā (Шаблон:Lang)

Guidance.

Hudna (Шаблон:Lang)

Truce. Cease-fire (often temporary)

[[Hudud|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang) (sing. hadd)

Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by Allah on man; penalties of the Islamic law (sharia) for particular crimes described in the Qur'an – intoxication, theft, rebellion, adultery and fornication, false accusation of adultery, and apostasy. (See ta'zeer)

[[Hukm|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Also spelled Hukum.

Ḥūrī (Шаблон:LangШаблон:Transl; pl. Шаблон:TranslШаблон:Lang)

beautiful and pure young men and women that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.

I

[[Ibadah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

submission, worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah.

ʾIblīs (Шаблон:Lang)

Devil banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Satan.

ʿId (Шаблон:Lang)

festival or celebration. Alternatively transliterated Eid.

[[Eid ul-Adha|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"the Festival of Sacrifice." The four-day celebration starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijja.

[[Eid ul-Fitr|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"the Festival of Fitr (Breaking the fast)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of Ramadan.

[[Iftaar|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

a meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset during the month of Ramadan.

[[Ihram|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

state of consecration for hajj. Includes dress and or prayer.

[[Ihsan|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them.

ʾIḥtiyāṭ (Шаблон:Lang)

Also Ahwat. A Precaution, either obligatory or optional.

ʾIḥtiyāṭ mustaḥabb(Шаблон:Langّ)

A preferred precaution.

ʾIḥtiyāṭ wājib(Шаблон:Lang)

An obligatory precaution.

ʾIʿjāz (Шаблон:Lang)

miracle, the character of the Qur'an in both form and content.

ʾIjāzah (Шаблон:Lang)

a certificate authorizing one to transmit a subject or text of Islamic knowledge

[[Ijma|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) – one of four bases of Islamic Law. More generally, political consensus itself. Shi'a substitute obedience to the Imam; opposite of ikhtilaf

ʾIjtihād (Шаблон:Lang)

During the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. However, Liberal movements within Islam generally argue that any Muslim can perform ijtihad, given that Islam has no generally accepted clerical hierarchy or bureaucratic organization. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid (Шаблон:Lang), Arabic for "imitation".

ʾIkhtilāf (Шаблон:Lang)

disagreement among the madhhabs (scholars) of a religious principle; opposite of ijma.

ʾIkrām (Шаблон:Lang)

honouring, hospitality, generosity – Dhul jalaali wal ikraam is one of the 99 names of Allah.

ʾIkrāh (Шаблон:Lang)

mental or physical force.

ʾIlāh (Шаблон:Lang)

deity, a god; including gods worshiped by polytheists.

[[Ilm (Arabic)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for science

ʾImām (Шаблон:Lang)

literally, leader; e.g. a man who leads a community or leads the prayer; the Shi'a sect use the term only as a title for one of the twelve Allah-appointed successors of Muhammad.

ʾImāmah (Шаблон:Lang) or imamate

successorship of Muhammad and the leadership of mankind.

ʾImān (Шаблон:Lang)

personal faith

ʾInna lilāhi wa ʾinna ʾilaihi rājiʿūn (Шаблон:Lang)

To Allah we belong and to Him is our return – said to mourners

ʾInfāq (Шаблон:Lang)

the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity

ʾInjīl (Шаблон:Lang)

Arabic term for the holy book called The Gospel said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as Isa in Arabic; Muslims believe the holy book has been corrupted and modified, and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories about Jesus.

ʾIn shāʾa -llāh (Шаблон:Lang)

"If God wills"; Inshallah is "resigned, accepting, neutral, passive. It is neither optimistic nor pessimistic."[1] [2]

ʾIqāmah (Шаблон:Lang)

the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan.

ʾIrtidād (Шаблон:Lang)

apostasy (see murtadd). Also riddahШаблон:Lang

[[Jesus in Islam|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Jesus – 'Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), (a matronymic since he had no biological father). The Qur'an asserts that Allah has no sons and therefore, 'Isa is not the son of Allah. Muslims honor 'Isa as a nabi and rasul.

[[Isha'a|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

night; the fifth salat prayer

ʾIṣlāḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

"reform". This term may mean very different things, depending on the context. When used in reference to reform of Islam, it may mean modernism, such as that proposed by Muhammad Abduh; or Salafi literalism, such as that preached by Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani

ʾIslām Шаблон:Audio

"submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity.

ʾIsnād (Шаблон:Lang)

chain of transmitters of any given hadith

ʾIsrāʾ (Шаблон:Lang)

the night journey during which Muhammad (محمّد)is said to have visited Heaven. See miraj.

ʾIstighfār (Шаблон:Lang)

requesting forgiveness

ʾIstiḥādah (Шаблон:Lang)

vaginal bleeding except Haid and Nifas

ʾIstiṣlāḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

public interest – a source of Islamic Law.

ʾIstishhād (Шаблон:Lang)

martyrdom.

ʾIthm (Шаблон:Lang)

Negative reward for bad deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of thawab.

ʾIʿtikāf (Шаблон:Lang)

seclusion in the masjid for the purpose of worship usually performed during the last 10 days of Ramadan.

ʾItmām al-hujjah (Шаблон:Lang)

clarification of truth in its ultimate form.

Ittaqullah (Шаблон:Lang)

command to fear God or to be pious to Allah.

J

Jāʾiz (Шаблон:Lang)

That which is allowed or permissible. As a rule, everything that is not prohibited is allowed. (See halal, mustahabb, mandub)

Jahannam (Шаблон:Lang)

Hell; purgatory

Jāhilīyyah (الجاهليّة)

the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions.

Jahl (Шаблон:Lang)

ignorance, foolishness.

Jalsa (Шаблон:Lang)

sitting.

[[Jamia|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association.

Janābah (Шаблон:Lang)

A state of spiritual impurity that occur due to sexual intercourse or ejaculation and necessitates major ritual ablution (ghusl),

Janāzah (Шаблон:Lang)

Funeral. Ṣalāt al-Janāzah is a funeral prayer.

Jannah (Шаблон:Lang)

Paradise, Heaven, the Garden

Jazāka-llāhu khayran (Шаблон:Lang)

"May God reward you with good." Islamic expression of gratitude.

Jihād (Шаблон:Lang)

struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of God, involving personal, physical, for righteousness and against wrongdoing;

Jihād aṣ-ṣaghīr (Шаблон:Lang)

Offensive jihad declared by caliph.

Jihād aṭ-ṭalab (Шаблон:Lang)

Offensive jihad.

Jihād ad-dafʿa (Шаблон:Lang)

Defensive jihad.

Jihād bil-māl (Шаблон:Lang)

Financial jihad.

Jilbāb (Шаблон:Lang)

(pl. jalabib) a long, flowing, garment worn by some as a more conservative means of fulfillment of sartorial hijab. (See also: abaya. burka, chador)

Jinn (Шаблон:Langّ)

A term referring to invisible beings, also the name of specific type of unseen creatures capable of salvation.

Jizya (Шаблон:Lang)

A tax specified in the Quran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control.

Juḥod (Шаблон:Lang)

To deny. Jaahid (the denier). Disbelief out of rejection. When there comes to them that which they [should] have recognized, they refuse to believe in (kafaru) it. ( 2:89) Accordingly, juhud includes rejection (kufr at-taktheeb) and resistance (kufr al-'inaad)

[[Jumuah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Friday prayer or Sabbath.

Juzʾ (Шаблон:Lang)

one of thirty parts of the Qur'an.

K

[[Ka'bah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

cube-house; i.e., the cube-shaped building in Mecca which Muslims face to pray.

Kāfir - non-Muslim (Шаблон:Langkāfir sing.; كفّار kuffār pl.)

from the word kafara, "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; non-Muslims in Islamic or non-Islamic countries or states, unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who is ungrateful to God as per Islam. Common derogatory term used by different Islamic factions such as sunni and shias to denounce each other as non-Muslims. Plural: Kāfirūn. Commonly used as an offensive term for black people by white South Africans.

Kalām (Шаблон:Lang) (ʿilm al-kalām)

Literally, "words" or "speech," and referring to oration. The name applied to the discipline of philosophy and theology concerned specifically with the nature of faith, determinism and freedom, and the nature of the divine attributes.

Khair (Шаблон:Lang)

Every kind of good

Khalīfah (Шаблон:Lang)

Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of khilafa.

Khalīl (Шаблон:Lang)

devoted friend

Khalq (Шаблон:Lang)

Creation – the act of measuring; determining, estimating and calculating. Khalq is the noun form of the verb khalaqa (see bara, sawwara).

Al-khāliq (Шаблон:Lang)

The Creator, Allah.

Khamr (Шаблон:Lang)

Intoxicant, wine.

[[Khatib|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer.

Khatm (Шаблон:Lang)

to finish - refers to the complete recitation of the Qur'an.

Kharāj (Шаблон:Lang)

a land tax.

Khayr

goodness. See birr (righteousness) See qist (equity) See 'adl (equilibrium and justice) See haqq (truth and right) See ma'ruf (known and approved) See taqwa (piety.)

khilāf (Шаблон:Lang)

Controversy, dispute, discord.

Khilāfah (Шаблон:Lang)

Man's trusteeship and stewardship of Earth; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability to; God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihad.

Khilwa, (Шаблон:Lang)

An offense consisting of being caught alone in private with a member of the opposite sex who is not an immediate family member.

al-khulafāʾ ar-rāshidūn (Шаблон:Lang)

four first caliphs, believed by most Muslims to be most righteous rulers in history

Khimār (Шаблон:Lang) (pl. khumur (Шаблон:Lang) or ʾakhmirah (Шаблон:Lang))

headcovering (Q. 24:31).

Khitān (Шаблон:Lang)

Male circumcision.

Khuluq (Шаблон:Lang) pl. ʾakhlāq (Шаблон:Lang)

ethics

Khushūʿ (Шаблон:Lang)

humility, devotion, concentration (especially in prayer).

[[Khutbah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer.

Kibr (Шаблон:Lang)

pride, arrogance

Kibar (Шаблон:Lang)

old age

Kitāb (Шаблон:Lang)

book; The Qurʾān is often referred to as "Al-Kitāb" (The Book).

Kufr (Шаблон:Lang)

Unbelief, infidelity, blasphemy; also hubris. See Kafir and Kuffar

Kufr al-ḥukm (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief from judgment.

Kufr al-ʿInād (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief out of stubbornness

Kufr al-ʾInkār (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief out of arrogance and pride.

Kufr al-ʾIstibdāl (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief because of trying to substitute Allah's Laws.

Kufr al-ʾIstiḥlāl (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief out of trying to make HARAM into HALAL.

Kufrul-Istihzaha

Disbelief due to mockery and derision

Kufr al-jahl (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief from not being aware of or not understanding.

Kufr al-juhud (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief from obstinacy after being presented with truth.

Kufr an-Nifāq (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief out of hypocrisy.

Kufr al-ʾIʿrāḍ (Шаблон:Lang)

Disbelief due to avoidance.

Kun (Шаблон:Lang)

God's command to the universe, 'Be!' is sufficient to create it.

L

Lā ilāha illā-llāh (Шаблон:Lang)

"There is no god but God." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam. According to Islam, this is the message of all the Prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad.

Labbayka -llāhumma (Шаблон:Lang)

God, I obey you (said during hajj)

Laghw (Шаблон:Lang)

Dirty, false, evil vain talk

[[La'nat|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

Curse, execration, or imprecation.

Laylat al-Qadr (Шаблон:Lang)

the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an.

M

Madhhab (Шаблон:Lang)

pl. Madhāhib (Шаблон:Lang) school of religious jurisprudence (fiqh), school of thought. Also see fiqh.

Madrasah (Шаблон:Lang)

school, university

Maghrib (Шаблон:Lang)

the fourth daily salat prayer

Mahdi (Шаблон:Lang)

"a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice and aggression.

Mahdūr ad-damm (Шаблон:Lang)

he whose blood must be wasted

Maḥram (Шаблон:Lang)

a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better description is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing hijab and who one cannot marry.

Maisir (Шаблон:Lang)

gambling, game of chance

Makrūh (Шаблон:Lang)

Means "detested", though not haraam (forbidden); something that is disliked or offensive. If a person commits the Makruh, he does not accumulate ithim but avoiding the Makhruh is rewarded with thawab.

[[Malaikah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

angels (Sing. Malak). Belief in angels is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and requiered for Muslims to believe in.

Mā malakat ʾaymānukum (Шаблон:Lang)

one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess)

Manāsik (Шаблон:Lang)

the rules specifying the requirements of a legally valid hajj

Mandūb (Шаблон:Lang)

commendable or recommended. Failure to do it would not be a sin. (See halal mustahabb)

Шаблон:Visible anchor (Шаблон:Lang)

the methodology by which truth is reached

Mansūkh (Шаблон:Lang)

That which is abrogated. The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see naskh

Manzil (Шаблон:Lang)

one of seven equal parts of the Qur'an

[[Ma'ruf|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

consensus of the community

[[Maqasid|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang) sing. maqṣid (Шаблон:Lang)

goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law

Maṣāliḥ (Шаблон:Lang) sing. maṣlaḥah (Шаблон:Lang)

public interests

Masbuq (مَسْبُوق)

A person who is late for salat and has not joined the imam in the first rak’at.

Mā shāʾa -llāh (Шаблон:Lang)

Allah has willed it

[[Masih|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ

Masjid (Шаблон:Lang) pl. masājid, Шаблон:Lang

place of prayer; mosque

Masjid al-Ḥarām (Шаблон:Lang)

the mosque surrounding the Kaʿbah in Mecca.

[[Mawali|Шаблон:Transl]] or Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang)

Non-Arab Muslims

Mawlā [mawlan (Шаблон:Lang)] [pl. mawālin (Шаблон:Langٍ)]

protector or master

Mawlānā (Шаблон:Lang)

an Arabic word meaning "our master" (not literally). It is used mostly as a title preceding the name of a respected religious leader, in particular graduates of religious institutions. The term is sometimes used to refer to Rumi.

Maulvi (Шаблон:Lang)

an honorific Islamic religious title often, but not exclusively, given to Muslim religious scholars or Ulema preceding their names. Maulvi generally means any religious cleric or teacher

Mecca (Шаблон:Lang Makkah)

the holiest city in Islam

Medina (Шаблон:LangMadīnah)

"city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See Hijra (Islam)

Mi'ād (Шаблон:Lang)

the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam.

Miḥrāb (Шаблон:Lang)

a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer

Millah (Шаблон:Lang)

In Arabic, millah means "religion," but it has only been used to refer to religions other than Islam, which is din.

Millet

(see Millah) (Turkish word also meaning a nation, community, or a people). In an Islamic state, "Ahl al Kitab" may continue to practice their former religion in a semi-autonomous community termed the millet.

Minaret (Шаблон:Lang)

a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made

Minbar (Шаблон:Lang)

a raised pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons

Minhaj (Шаблон:Lang)

methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures.

Mīqāt (Шаблон:Lang)

intended place

Miʿrāj (Шаблон:Lang)

the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey (See also: Al-Isra)

Muʾadhdhin (Шаблон:Lang)

a person who performs the call to prayer

Mosque (Шаблон:Lang)

a Muslim place of worship.

Muʿāhadāt (Шаблон:Lang)

treaties

[[Al-Mu'awwidhatayn|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

suras Al-Falaq and an-Nas, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black Magic)

[[Mubah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. (See halal)

Mubaligh (Шаблон:Lang)

person who recites Qur'an

Mufassir (Шаблон:Lang-ar)

Qualified exegete of the Qur'an.

Muftī (Шаблон:Lang)

an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fatawa (plural of "fatwa").

Muḥajjabah (Шаблон:Lang)

woman who wears hijab.

Muḥkamāt

unequivocal verses of Qur'an. (See mutashabehat.)

Muḥāribah (Шаблон:Lang)

a person who wages war against God

Muḥammadun rasūl allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

"Muhammad is the messenger of God." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the second most important statement in Islam.

Mufsid (Шаблон:Lang)

evil-doer a person who spreads corruption not in accordance with Islam. Plural mufsideen.

Muḥsin (Шаблон:Lang)

a person who performs good deed. Plural muhsineen. Opposite of Mufsidun.

Muhājirūn (Шаблон:Lang)

The first Muslims that accompanied Muhammad when he traveled to Medina.

Muharṭiq (Шаблон:Lang)

heretic.

Mujāhid (Шаблон:Lang)

a fighter for Islam. Plural Mujāhidūn (Шаблон:Lang).

Mujtahid (Шаблон:Lang)

a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue. Plural: Mujtahidun.

Mullah (Шаблон:Lang)

are Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions (hadith), and Islamic law (fiqh).

Muʾmin (Шаблон:Lang)

A Muslim who observes the commandments of the Qur'an.

Munāfiq (Шаблон:Lang)

hypocrite. Plural: Munafiqun

Muntaiabah (Шаблон:Lang) pl. muntaqibāt (Шаблон:Lang)

woman who wears niqab

Muqarrabin (Шаблон:Lang)

"those who are near", archangel.

Murābaḥah ( Шаблон:Lang)

a type of sharia-compliant mortgage (see Ijara)

Murshid (Шаблон:Lang)

a Sufi teacher

Murtadd (Шаблон:Lang) female apostate is Murtaddah

apostate (see irtidad see mahdur ad-damm.)

Muṣḥaf (Шаблон:Lang)

a copy, codex or redaction of the Qur'an.

Mushrik (Шаблон:Lang)(pl. mushrikūn) (Шаблон:Lang)

One who associates others in worship with God; a polytheist.

Muslim (Шаблон:Lang)

a follower of the religion of Islam. One who submits their will to God (Allah)

[[Mustahabb|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Langّ)

commendable or recommended. (See halal, mandub)

Mutʿah (Шаблон:Lang)

literally enjoyment; compensation paid to a divorced woman; when used in the phrase nikāḥ al-mutʿah (Шаблон:Lang) it refers to temporary marriage that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam.

Mutashābihāt (Шаблон:Lang)

equivocal verses of Qur'an. (See Muhakkamat.)

Mutaʿaṣṣibūn (Шаблон:Lang)

fanatics

Muṭawwaʿ (Шаблон:Lang) plural muṭawwaʿūn (Шаблон:Lang)

religious man in certain regions, a volunteer teacher

Muṭawwaʿūn (Шаблон:Lang) (Шаблон:Lang) (singular muṭawwaʿ)

Religious police.

Mutawātir (Шаблон:Lang)

"agreed upon"—used to describe hadith that were narrated by many witnesses through different narration chains (isnads) leading back to Muhammad

N

Nabī (Шаблон:Lang)

literally, prophets. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given scripture. The Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See: Rasul.

Nafs (Шаблон:Lang)

soul, the lower self, the ego/id

Nāfilah (Шаблон:Lang)

An optional, supererogatory practice of worship, in contrast to farida

Najāsah (Шаблон:Lang)

Impurity

Nājis (Шаблон:Lang)

impure

Nakīr and Munkar (Шаблон:Lang)

two angels who test the faith of the dead in their graves

Namāz (Шаблон:Lang)

Ritual Prayer in Turkish and Persian language.: Nashīd (Шаблон:Lang): A popular type of a cappella in Islamic culture

Naṣīḥa (Шаблон:Lang)

advice

Naskh (Шаблон:Lang)

The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see mansukh.

Naṣṣ (Шаблон:Langّ)

a known, clear legal injunction

Nifās (Шаблон:Lang)

the bleeding after childbirth (see Haid)

Nifāq (Шаблон:Lang)

falsehood; dishonesty; hypocrisy

Nihāļ (Шаблон:Lang)

Nihal is an Arabic name meaning "joyful."

Nikāḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

the matrimonial contract between a bride and bridegroom within Islamic marriage

Niqāb (Шаблон:Lang)

veil covering the face

Niyyah (Шаблон:Lang)

intention

Nubūwwah (Шаблон:Lang)

prophethood. Shi'a regard this as the third Pillar of Islam.

Nukrah

a great munkar – prohibited, evil, dreadful thing.

Nūr (Шаблон:Lang)

Light, more theological connoted than daw', the proper term for light in Arabic. Nur is often associated with benevolence, as Light of Muhammad and angels of mercy as created from nur. The term is closely associated with nar, which denotes the burning light of fire, often associated with fierce forces, like angels of punishment, demons and hell.

P

P.B.U.H.

an acronym that stands for "peace be upon him" a blessing which is affixed to Muhammad's name whenever it is written. In some circles and English writings, Sufis regard PBUH to signify "Peace and Blessings Upon Him" (the Rasul or Messenger of Allah). These are the primary English explications of the P.B.U.H. acronym. The Arabic version is S.A.W.

Q

Qadhf (Шаблон:Lang)

false imputation of unchastity specifically punished by sharia.

Qadar (Шаблон:Lang)

predestination.

Qāḍī (Шаблон:Lang)

judge of Islamic Law

Qalb (Шаблон:Lang)

Heart, considered the center of the self in Islamic anthropology

Qiblah (Шаблон:Lang)

the direction Muslims face during prayer

Qitāl fī sabīl allāh ( Шаблон:Lang)

fight in the cause of Allah.

Qiyāmah (Шаблон:Lang)

resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment

[[Qisas|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

equitable retribution – a fine for murder if the heirs forgive the perpetrator. (See hudud, tazeer)

Qiyām (Шаблон:Lang)

to stand, a position of salat prayer

Qiyās (Шаблон:Lang)

analogy – foundation of legal reasoning and thus fiqh

Qudsī (Шаблон:Lang)

classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God.

Qurbah (Шаблон:Lang)

closeness to God. Term is associated with Sufism.

Qurʾān (Шаблон:Lang)

The word Qur'an means recitation. Muslims believe the Qur'an (Koran) to be the literal word of God and the culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to Muhammad in the year AD 610 in the cave Hira by the angel Jibril.

R

Rabb (Шаблон:Langّ)

Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master.

R. A., raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhu (Шаблон:Lang)

May Allah be pleased with him. Variants are ʿanhā (her) and ʿanhum (them).

Raḥmān (Шаблон:Lang)

Merciful; Ar-Rahman (Шаблон:Lang) means "The Most Merciful"

Raḥīm (Шаблон:Lang)

compassionate; Ar-Rahim (Шаблон:Lang) means "The Most Compassionate" as in the Basmala

Raḥimaḥullāh (Шаблон:Lang)

May Allah have mercy on him. Usually used after mentioning the companions of Muhammad

Raḥmatullāh (Шаблон:Lang)

Mercy of Allah. Sometimes used as an alternative to Rahimahullah after mentioning a righteous person by saying, rahmatullahi ʿilayh (Шаблон:Lang): Mercy of Allah be upon him/her

Rajm (Шаблон:Lang)

stoning or banishment, used as an epithet for devils in some Islamic prayers.

Rakʿah (Шаблон:Lang)

one unit of Islamic prayer, or Salat. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of raka'ah.

Ramaḍān (Шаблон:Lang)

month of fasting when the Qur'an was first revealed. Spelt as Ramzaan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan as well.

Rāshidūn (Шаблон:Lang)

Sunnis consider the first four caliphs as the "orthodox" or "rightly guided" caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali.

Rasūl (Шаблон:Lang)

messenger; Unlike prophets (Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses, David, Jesus and Mohammed are considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given scripture. See: Nabi.

Riba (Шаблон:Lang)

interest, the charging and paying of which is forbidden by the Qur'an

Ribat

Guarding Muslims from infidels

Riddah (Шаблон:Lang)

apostasy, in which a person abandons Islam for another faith or no faith at all.

Risālah (Шаблон:Lang)

literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context as divine message.

Rūḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam. Sometimes used interchangeable with nafs; otherwise distinguished and identified with the sublime parts of human's soul.

Rukn (Шаблон:Lang) plural ʾArkān (Шаблон:Lang)

means what is inevitable. One of the five pillars of Islam. (See fard, wajib)

Rukūʿ (Шаблон:Lang)

the bowing performed during salat.

S

Sabb (Шаблон:Lang)

blasphemy: insulting God (sabb Allah) or Muhammad (sabb ar-rasūl or sabb an-nabī).

[[Sabr (Islamic term)|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

patience, endurance, self-restraint

Ṣadaqah (Шаблон:Lang)

charity; voluntary alms above the amount for zakat.

Ṣaḥābah (Шаблон:Lang) (sing. Ṣāḥib) (Шаблон:Lang)

companions of Muhammad. A list of the best-known Companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad.

Ṣāḥīḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

"Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith.

Sakīnah (Шаблон:Lang)

divine "tranquility" or "peace" which descends upon a person when the Qur'an is recited.

Salaf (Шаблон:Lang)

(righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims. Anyone who died after this is one of the khalaf or "latter-day Muslims".

Salafism

a reform movement, basing Islamic teachings on Quran and Sunnah alone. Contrary to Classical Sunnism, it disregards former established consensus and the opinions of the Sahaba.

Ṣalāt (Шаблон:Lang) sala(t)

any one of the daily five obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam

Salaat al-Istikharah

Prayer for guidance is done in conjunction with two rakaahs of supererogatory prayer.

Salām (Шаблон:Lang)

peace (see sulh)

Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (Шаблон:Lang)

"May Allah bless him and grant him peace." The expression is often used after Muhammad's name. See abbreviation: S.A.W. or S.A.W.S. also P.B.U.H.

Ṣamad (Шаблон:Lang)

eternal, absolute; Muslims believe Allah is "The Eternal."

Salsabīl (Шаблон:Lang)

a river in heaven (al-firdaus)

Sawa

awakening, revival

S.A.W. (or S.A.W.S.)

Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (Шаблон:Lang). See P.B.U.H.

[[Sawm|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

fasting during the month of Ramadhan. The word sawm is derived from Syriac sawmo.

Sayyid (Шаблон:Lang, also spelled Seyed)

(in everyday usage, equivalent to 'Mr.') a descendant of a relative of Muhammad, usually via Husayn.

Seghatoleslam (Шаблон:Lang),(Шаблон:Lang)

Trustworthy of Islam, Title given to religious scholars in Sh'ia sect.

Sema

refer to some of the ceremonies used by various Sufi orders

Shahādah (Шаблон:Lang)

The testimony of faith: La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammadun rasulullah. ("There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."). Sunnis regard this as the first Pillar of Islam. Also may be used as a synonym for the term Istish'hād meaning martyrdom.

Shahīd (Шаблон:Lang) pl. shuhadāʾ (Шаблон:Lang)

witness, martyr. Usually refers to a person killed whilst fighting in "jihād fī sabīl Allāh" (jihad for the sake of Allah). Often used in modern times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in battle, et cetera) which are viewed by some Muslims as a spiritual cause not just a political cause. But the real meaning of Jihad is to defend Islam in any way; thus, it could be in an economic way or could refer to fighting for the rights of the oppressed or the believers; most often it refers to mastering one's own inclination for evil and shirk.

Shaykh (Шаблон:Lang)

a spiritual master, Muslim clergy

[[Sharia|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"the path to a watering hole"; Islamic law; the eternal ethical code and moral code based on the Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijma, and Qiyas; basis of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)

Sharīf (Шаблон:Lang)

a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib

Shayṭān (Шаблон:Lang)

Evil being; a devil. With the article Al- it designates Satan (Iblis) in particular. In plural, it designates an indefined host of evil spirits; devils. Also applied to evil humans and evil jinn.

[[Shi'a|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

A branch of Islam who believe in Imam Ali and his sons (Hassan and Hussayn) as custodians of Islam by the will of Mohammed.

Shirk (Шаблон:Lang)

idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except God and of associating other gods with God.

Shūrā (Шаблон:Lang)

consultation

Majlis ash-shūrā (Шаблон:Lang)

advisory council in a Caliphate

Sidrat al-Muntaha (Шаблон:Lang)

a lotus tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass.

Sīrah (Шаблон:Lang)

life or biography of Muhammad; his moral example – with hadith this comprises the sunnah

aṣ-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm ( Шаблон:Lang)

the Straight Path

Subah Sadiq

true dawn

Subḥānahu wa taʿāla (Шаблон:Lang)(abbreviated S.W.T.)

expression used following written name or vocalization of Allah in Arabic meaning highly praised and glorified is He.

Subḥān allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

"Glory to God" – this phrase is often used when praising God or exclaiming awe at His attributes, bounties, or creation.

[[Sufi|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism (tasawwuf).

Suḥūr (Шаблон:Lang)

the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn.

Sujūd(Шаблон:Lang)

kneeling down, a position of salat.

Ṣukūk (Шаблон:Lang)

bond that generates revenue from sales, profits, or leases rather than interest.

Ṣulḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

A condition of peace, an armistice, or treaty. It is related to the word muṣālaḥah (Шаблон:Lang) which means peace, conciliation, or compromise.

Sunnah (Шаблон:Lang) or sunnat an-Nabī (Шаблон:Lang)

the "path" or "example" of Muhammad, i.e., what he did or said or agreed to during his life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example. Also referring to optional good deeds, such as pious deeds and voluntary ritual prayers.

Sunni (Шаблон:Lang)

the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah (Arabic: Шаблон:Lang), which means the words and actions or example of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.

Sūrah (Шаблон:Lang)

chapter; the Qur'an is composed of 114 suras

T

Taʿāla (Шаблон:Lang)

Almighty

Tābiʿīn (Шаблон:Lang)

followers of the Ṣaḥābah

Tafsīr (Шаблон:Lang)

exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an

Ṭāghūt (Шаблон:Lang) (taghout)

"false god" or idol; also tyranny.

Tahajjud (Шаблон:Lang)

optional (supererogatory), late-night (pre-dawn) prayer

Ṭahārah (Шаблон:Lang)

purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or ghusl

Ṭāhir (Шаблон:Lang)

pure, ritually clean

Tahlīl (Шаблон:Lang)

Uttering the formula of faith: "Lā ilāha illā -llāh", (i.e. "There is no god but God");Tahmid (Шаблон:Lang):Tahmid means to praise Allah or saying "Alhamdillah".It derives from the same root as Muhammad, mahmud and hamid(hmd) which means praise in Arabic.

Taḥnīk (Шаблон:Lang)

'Tahnik' is an Islamic ceremony of touching the lips of a newborn baby with honey, sweet juice or pressed dates.

[[Tahrif|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

corruption, forgery. Muslims believe the Bible Scriptures were corrupted but the Qur'an is in its original form.

Tajdīd (Шаблон:Lang)

to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice, literally meaning to make new in present tense

Tajdīf (Шаблон:Lang)

blasphemy

Tajwīd (Шаблон:Lang)

a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation.

Takāful ( Шаблон:Lang)

Based on sharia Islamic law, it is a form of mutual insurance. See retakaful.

Takbīr (Шаблон:Lang)

a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation.

takhsis (Шаблон:Lang, also takhsees)

in fiqh, a qualification of a general ruling ['aam] so that it only applies in certain cases.

Takfīr (Шаблон:Lang)

declaration of individual or group of previously considered Muslim as kaffir.

Takhrīj (Шаблон:Lang)

The science of hadith extraction and authentication, including validation of chains of transmitters of a hadith by this science's scholars and grading hadith validity.

Takweeni (Шаблон:Lang)

Ontological

Ṭalāq (Шаблон:Lang)

divorce

Taqalan

accountable ones; those who are responsible for their deeds (humans and jinn). They are in opposition to angels and devils, those deeds and destiny are prescribed.

Taqdīr (Шаблон:Lang)

fate, predestination

Taqlīd (Шаблон:Lang)

to follow the scholarly opinion of one of the four Imams of Islamic Jurisprudence.

Taqīyyah (Шаблон:Lang)

'precaution', that one is allowed to hide his true beliefs in certain circumstances or to lie to save himself of being killed or harmed.

Taqwa (Шаблон:Lang)

righteousness; goodness; Piety: Taqwa is taken from the verbe Ittaqua, which means Avoiding, Fearing the punishment from Allah for committing sins. It is piety obtained by fearing the punishment of Allah.

Tarāwīḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer.

Tarkīb (Шаблон:Lang)

the study of Arabic grammar issued from the Qur'an

[[Tariqa|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

a Muslim religious order, particularly a Sufi order

Tartīl (Шаблон:Lang)

slow, meditative recitation of the Qur'an

Taṣawwuf (Шаблон:Lang) or Sufism

Tasbīḥ (Шаблон:Lang)

Uttering the formula: "Subhan Allah", i.e. (Glory be to Allah)

Taṣdīq (Шаблон:Lang)

"the evaluation of the degree of iman" (belief), "proof of iman; Tasdiq is proved by "acceptance of what the prophets brought down"; by Islamic works and deeds "which in turn are used to evaluate the level of iman".

Tashkīl (Шаблон:Lang)

vocalization of Arabic text by means of diacritical marks. An integral part of the Arabic writing system. Literally meaning to form or arrange

Taslīm (Шаблон:Lang)

salutation at the end of prayer

Taṭbīr (Шаблон:Lang)

Shia Ashura ceremony of self-flagellation by hitting head with sword.

Tawafuq (Шаблон:Lang)

God-conscious understanding of a phenomenon.

Tawakkul (Шаблон:Lang)

total reliance on Allah.

Tawassul (Шаблон:Lang)

asking Allah Almighty through the medium and intercession of another person.

Ṭawāf (Шаблон:Lang)

circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj.

Tawfiq (Шаблон:Lang)

Divine help in getting to the purpose to one who deserves.

Tawbah (Шаблон:Lang)

repentance

Tawḥīd (Шаблон:Lang)

monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of Allah. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar of Islam, the second part is accepting Muhammad as rasoul (messenger). The opposite of Tawheed is shirk

Ta'weel (Шаблон:Lang)

explanation and elucidation, how something will occur and its result, or figurative interpretation.

Tawrāh (Шаблон:Lang)

the Torah as revealed to Musa (Moses.)

Ṭayyib (Шаблон:Lang)

all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib.

Taʿzīr (Шаблон:Lang)

Discretionary punishment – a sentence or punishment whose measure is not fixed by the Shari'ah. (See hudud, qisas)

Tazkīyah (Шаблон:Lang)

Purification of the Soul.

Thawāb (Шаблон:Lang)

Reward for good deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of ithim.

Tilāwah (Шаблон:Lang)

ritual recitation of passages of the Qur'an.

Ṭumaʾnīnah (Шаблон:Lang)

state of motionlessness, calm

U

ʿUbūdīyah (Шаблон:Lang)

worship

ʾUḍḥīyah (Шаблон:Lang)

sacrifice

[[Ulema|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang) or ulema

the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers, Imams and judges. Singular alim.

ʾUmmah (Шаблон:Lang) or umma

(literally 'nation') the global community of all Muslim believers

[[Umrah|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, Шаблон:Transl can be performed throughout the year.

ʿUqūbah (Шаблон:Lang)

the branch of sharia that deals with punishment. (See hudud, qisas, tazeer)

[[Urf|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

custom of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh

ʾUṣūl (Шаблон:Lang) (sing. ʾaṣl)(Шаблон:Lang)

Principles, origins.

ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh (Шаблон:Lang)

the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)

W

Wa ʿalaykum as-salām (Шаблон:Lang)

Wa 'Alaykum as-Salaam!, meaning "and upon you be peace". (see As-Salamu Alaykum)

Wafāt (Шаблон:Lang)

death. (Barah-wafat) Muhammad was born on the twelfth day of Rabi-ul-Awwal, the third month of the Muslim year. His death anniversary also falls on the same day, the word 'barah' standing for the twelve days of Muhammad's sickness.

[[Wahdat al-wujud|Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lang)

"unity of being". Philosophical term used by some Sufis. Related to fanaa

Waḥy (Шаблон:Lang)

revelation of God to His prophets for all humankind

Wahn (Шаблон:Lang)

literal meaning is "weakness" or "feebleness". According to one hadith, Muhammad explained it as "love of the world and dislike of death"

Wājib (Шаблон:Lang)

obligatory or mandatory see fard

Walī (Шаблон:Lang)

friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper

Waqf (Шаблон:Lang)

An endowment of money or property: the return or yield is typically dedicated toward a certain end, for example, to the maintenance of the poor, a family, a village, or a mosque. Plural: awqaf

Warrāq (Шаблон:Lang)

traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier

Wasaṭ (Шаблон:Lang)

the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation

Wasīlah (Шаблон:Lang)

the means by which one achieves nearness to Allah (see tawassul )

Witr (Шаблон:Lang)

a voluntary, optional night prayer of odd numbers rakaats.

Wuḍūʾ (Шаблон:Lang)

ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before salat (see ghusl)

Y

Yā Allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

O, God!

Ya Rasūl Allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

O, Messenger of God!. Term used by companions when interacting with Muhammad.

Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj (Шаблон:Lang)

Ya'jūj wa-Ma'jūj is the Islamic counterpart of Gog and Magog

Yaqīn (Шаблон:Lang)

certainty, that which is certain

Yarḥamuk-Allāh (Шаблон:Lang)

"May God have mercy on you", said when someone sneezes; the same as "(God) bless you" in English

Allāh Yarḥamuhu (Шаблон:Lang), fem. yarḥamuhā(Шаблон:Lang)

"May God have mercy of his/her soul", (said when someone dies)

Yawm ad-Dīn (Шаблон:Lang)

Day of Reckoning, Awe

Yawm al-Ghaḍab (Шаблон:Lang)

Day of Rage, Wrath

Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Шаблон:Lang)

"Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement

Z

Zabūr (Шаблон:Lang)

the Psalms revealed to Daoud (King David) Шаблон:Lang

Zabīḥa (Dhabīḥah) (Шаблон:Lang) see dhabiha

Islamic method of slaughtering an animal, required for the meat to be halal. Using a sharp knife, the animal's windpipe, throat, and blood vessels of the neck are severed without cutting the spinal cord to ensure that the blood is thoroughly drained before removing the head.

Ẓāhir (Шаблон:Lang)

Exterior meaning

Zaidi (Шаблон:Lang)

Islamic sub-sect of Shi'ah, popularly found in Yemen, with similarities to Sunni

Zakāt (Шаблон:Lang), Al-Māl

tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty; Sunnis regard this as the fourth Pillar of Islam. Neither charity nor derived from Islamic economics, but a religious duty and social obligation.

Zakāt al-Fiṭr (Шаблон:Lang)

Charity given at the end of Ramadan.

Ẓālimūn (Шаблон:Lang)

polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust.

Zandaqa (Шаблон:Lang)

heresy

Zināʾ (Шаблон:Lang)

sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the English words adultery and fornication)

Zindīq (Шаблон:Lang)

heretic, atheist

Zulfiqar (Dhu-l-fiqār) (Шаблон:Lang)

Sword of Ali, presented to him by Muhammad

Zuhr

midday islamic prayer

Explanatory notes

• Arabic words are created from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea of writing. Addition of other letters before, between, and after the root letters produces many associated words: not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author". The abstract consonantal root for Islam is s-l-m.
• The English word algorithm is derived from the name of the inventor of algebra; similarly Arabic words like alchemy, alcohol, azimuth, nadir, zenith and oasis, which mean the same as in English. Arabic numerals are what we use in English ("0", "1", "2",...)
• Some Islamic concepts are usually referred to in Persian or Turkic. Those are typically of later origin than the concepts listed here; for completeness it may be best to list Persian terms and those unique to Shi'a on their own page, likewise Turkic terms and those unique to the Ottoman period on their own page, as these are culturally very distinct.Шаблон:Cn
• The word "crusade" in English is usually translated in Arabic as "ḥamlah ṣalībīyah" which means literally "campaign of Cross-holders" (or close to that meaning). In Arabic text it is "Шаблон:Lang" and the second word comes from "ṣalīb" which means "cross."Шаблон:Cn

See also

• 99 Names of God
• Arabic Ontology
• History of Islam
• Islamic eschatology
• List of Christian terms in Arabic
• List of English words of Arabic origin
• Prophets of Islam

Further reading

• Suzanne Haneef, What Everyone Should Know about Islam and Muslims, (Kazi Publications, Chicago), popular introduction
• Muzaffar Haleem, The Sun is Rising In the West, (Amana Publications, Beltsville, MD 1999).
• Ziauddin Sardar, Muhammad for Beginners, Icon Books, 1994, some fun, from very modern Sufi point of view.
• Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Spoken Language Services, Ithaca, NY, 1976). ed. J. Milton Cowan. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven (Gantra Publications, 2006) Шаблон:ISBN

External links

• Voiced Dictionary of Islamic and Arabic Key Words
• Glossary of Islamic terms