Английская Википедия:Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology

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Шаблон:Short description This glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the study of genetics and evolutionary biology, as well as sub-disciplines and related fields, with an emphasis on classical genetics, quantitative genetics, population biology, phylogenetics, speciation, and systematics. Overlapping and related terms can be found in Glossary of cellular and molecular biology, Glossary of ecology, and Glossary of biology.

A

Файл:Allopatric Speciation Schematic.svg

In Шаблон:Gli, a population becomes separated by a geographic barrier and reproductive isolation results in two separate species.

Файл:Synapomorphy.jpg

An Шаблон:Gli is a Шаблон:Gli present in one or more members of a clade but not the common ancestor; a Шаблон:Gli is an Шаблон:Gli present in the common ancestor of the clade and possibly some or all of its descendants.

C

Файл:Centrifugal Speciation Schematic.svg

In Шаблон:Gli, the range of an original population (green) expands and then contracts, leaving an isolated fragment population behind. In the absence of interbreeding, the central population (changed to blue) becomes Шаблон:Gli over time.

G

Файл:Gene flow (butterflies).svg

Шаблон:Gli is the transfer of Шаблон:Gli from one population to another population through the interbreeding of individual organisms belonging to the populations.

H

Шаблон:Term Шаблон:Ghat Шаблон:Defn

K

Файл:Kaneshiro Peripatric Speciation (process).png

In the Шаблон:Gli of Шаблон:Gli, a sample of a larger population results in an isolated population with less males containing attractive traits. Over time, choosy females are selected against as the population increases. Шаблон:Gli drives new traits to arise (green), thereby reproductively isolating the new population from the old one (blue).

M

Шаблон:Term Шаблон:Defn

Шаблон:Term Шаблон:Defn

N

Шаблон:Term Шаблон:Defn

P

Файл:Parapatric Speciation Schematic.svg

Шаблон:Gli can occur when the members of a population subject to a selective gradient of phenotypic or genotypic frequencies (a Шаблон:Gli) experience different selective conditions at each end of the gradient (Шаблон:Gli). Reproductive isolation occurs upon the formation of a hybrid zone. In most cases, the hybrid zone is eliminated due to a selective disadvantage, which effectively completes the speciation process.

Файл:Peripatric Speciation Schematic.svg

In Шаблон:Gli, a small population becomes isolated on the periphery of the central population evolving reproductive isolation (blue) due to reduced Шаблон:Gli.

Файл:Phylogenetic tree.svg

A Шаблон:Gli depicting the evolutionary relationships between the three Шаблон:Gli of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota) and the major Шаблон:Gli within them. The root of the tree symbolizes that all extant life on Earth descended from a single Шаблон:Gli.

Q

Шаблон:Term Шаблон:Defn

R

Файл:Speciation by Reinforcement Schematic.svg

Шаблон:Gli assists Шаблон:Gli by Шаблон:Gli against Шаблон:Gli.

Файл:Reproductive Character Displacement.png

Шаблон:Gli sometimes occurs when two Шаблон:Gli populations come into Шаблон:Gli. Once in Шаблон:Gli, changes can be seen in mating-associated traits only in the zone of contact. This is a common pattern found in speciation by Шаблон:Gli.

Шаблон:Term Шаблон:Ghat Шаблон:Defn

Файл:Ring Species (gene flow around a barrier).png

In a Шаблон:Gli, individuals are able to successfully reproduce and exchange genes with members of their own species in adjacent populations occupying a suitable habitat around a geographic barrier. Individuals at the ends of the cline are unable to reproduce when they come into contact.

Шаблон:Term Шаблон:Defn

S

Файл:Consequences of secondary contact Schematic.svg

The four outcomes of Шаблон:Gli:
1. An extrinsic barrier separates a species population into two but they come into contact before reproductive isolation is sufficient to result in speciation. The two populations fuse back into one species.
2. Speciation by reinforcement.
3. Two separated populations stay genetically distinct while hybrid swarms form in the zone of contact.
4. Genome recombination results in speciation of the two populations, with an additional hybrid species. All three species are separated by intrinsic reproductive barriers.

See also

• Outline of evolution
• Index of evolutionary biology articles
• Glossary of cellular and molecular biology