Английская Википедия:Glossary of leaf morphology
The following terms are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular or irregular, may be smooth or bearing hair, bristles or spines. For more terms describing other aspects of leaves besides their overall morphology see the leaf article.
The terms listed here all are supported by technical and professional usage, but they cannot be represented as mandatory or undebatable; readers must use their judgement. Authors often use terms arbitrarily, or coin them to taste, possibly in ignorance of established terms, and it is not always clear whether because of ignorance, or personal preference, or because usages change with time or context, or because of variation between specimens, even specimens from the same plant. For example, whether to call leaves on the same tree "acuminate", "lanceolate", or "linear" could depend on individual judgement, or which part of the tree one collected them from. The same cautions might apply to "caudate", "cuspidate", and "mucronate", or to "crenate", "dentate", and "serrate".
Another problem is to establish definitions that meet all cases or satisfy all authorities and readers. For example, it seems altogether reasonable to define a mucro as "a small sharp point as a continuation of the midrib", but it may not be clear how small is small enough, how sharp is sharp enough, how hard the point must be, and what to call the point when one cannot tell whether the leaf has a midrib at all. Various authors or field workers might come to incompatible conclusions, or might try to compromise by qualifying terms so vaguely that a description of a particular plant practically loses its value.
Use of these terms is not restricted to leaves, but may be applied to morphology of other parts of plants, e.g. bracts, bracteoles, stipules, sepals, petals, carpels or scales. Some of these terms are also used for similar-looking anatomical features on animals.
Leaf structure
Leaves of most plants include a flat structure called the blade or lamina, but not all leaves are flat, some are cylindrical. Leaves may be simple, with a single leaf blade, or compound, with several leaflets. In flowering plants, as well as the blade of the leaf, there may be a petiole and stipules; compound leaves may have a rachis supporting the leaflets. Leaf structure is described by several terms that include:Шаблон:Cn
| Image | Term | Latin | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Leaf morphology Bifoliolate.png | [[wikt:bifoliolate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Having two leaflets[1] | |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | |||
| Шаблон:Vanchor | |||
| Файл:Leaf morphology Bigeminate.png | [[wikt:bigeminate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Having two leaflets, each leaflet being bifoliolate | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology bipinnate.png | [[wikt:bipinnate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Шаблон:Lang | The leaflets are themselves pinnately-compound; twice pinnate |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Biternate.png | [[wikt:biternate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | With three components, each with three leaflets | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology odd pinnate.png | [[wikt:imparipinnate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | With an odd number of leaflets, pinnate with a terminal leaflet (the opposite of paripinnate) | |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | |||
| Файл:Leaf morphology even pinnate.png | [[wikt:paripinnate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Pinnate with an even number of leaflets, lacking a terminal leaflet (the opposite of imparipinnate) | |
| even-pinnate | |||
| Файл:Leaf morphology Palmately compound.png | [[wikt:palmate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | palmatus | Consisting of leaflets all radiating from one point |
| [[wikt:pinnate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | pinnatus | Having two rows of leaflets on opposite sides of a central axis, see imparipinnate and paripinnate | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Acute.png | Шаблон:Anchor simple | Leaf blade in one continuous section, without leaflets (not compound) | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology trifoliolate.png | [[wikt:ternate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Шаблон:Lang | With three leaflets |
| [[wikt:trifoliate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| [[wikt:trifoliolate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Файл:Leaf morphology tripinnate.png | [[wikt:tripinnate|Шаблон:Vanchor]] | Шаблон:Lang | Pinnately compound in which each leaflet is itself bipinnate |
Leaf and leaflet shapes
Being one of the more visible features, leaf shape is commonly used for plant identification. Similar terms are used for other plant parts, such as petals, tepals, and bracts.
| Image | Term | Latin | Refers principally to | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Leaf morphology acicular.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Slender and pointed, needle-like |
| Файл:Leaf morphology acuminate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip | Tapering to a long point in a concave manner |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Acute.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | leaf tip or base | Pointed, having a short sharp apex angled less than 90° | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Apiculate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip | Tapering and ending in a short, slender point |
| Файл:Leaf morphology aristate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip | Ending in a stiff, bristle-like point |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | whole leaf | With the blade shape different on each side of the midrib | ||
| Файл:Leaf morphology Attenuate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf base | Having leaf tissue taper down the petiole to a narrow base and always having some leaf material on each side of the petiole |
| Файл:Leaf morphology base auriculate (cropped).png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf base | Having ear-shaped appendages reaching beyond the attachment to the petiole or stem (in case of a seated leaf) |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Caudate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip | Tailed at the apex |
| Шаблон:Vanchor, Шаблон:Vanchor | leaf tip | Having a rachis that extends beyond the leaf blade or leaflets into a long whip-like extension or cirrus (common in climbing palms); antonym: ecirrate | ||
| Файл:Leaf morphology cordate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor, Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf or base | Heart-shaped, with the petiole or stem attached to the notch |
| Файл:Leaf morphology cuneate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf base | Triangular, wedge-shaped, stem attaches to point |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | whole leaf | Narrowly triangular, widest on the opposite end from the stem, with the corners at that end rounded | ||
| Файл:Handdrawn Cuspidate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip | With a sharp, elongated, rigid tip; tipped with a cusp |
| Файл:Leaf morphology deltoid.png | Шаблон:Vanchor, Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Shaped like the Greek letter delta; triangular with stem attached to side |
| Файл:Leaf morphology digitate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | A palmately compound leaf with leaflets, similar to palmate[2] |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | leaf tip | Without a cirrus; antonym: cirrate | ||
| Файл:Leaf morphology elliptic.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Shaped like an ellipse (widest at mid-blade and with similar convex tapering towards apex and base), with a short or no point |
| Файл:Leaf morphology apex emarginate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip | Slightly indented at the tip |
| Файл:Leaf morphology ensiforme.PNG | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Shaped like a sword; long and narrow with a sharp pointed tip |
| Файл:Leaf morphology falcate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Sickle-shaped |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Fenestrate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf surface features | Large openings through the leaf; see perforate; sometimes used to describe leaf epidermal windows |
| Файл:Plant morphology solid filiform.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Thread- or filament-shaped |
| Файл:Leaf morphology flabelate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Semi-circular or fan-like |
| Файл:Leaf morphology hastate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf or base | Spear-shaped: pointed, with barbs, shaped like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the base |
| Файл:Leaf morphology division laciniate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | lacinatus | whole leaf | Very deeply lobed with the lobes being very drawn out and often making the leaf look somewhat like a branch or a pitchfork |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | 3-D shape | Flat (like most leaves) | ||
| Файл:Leaf morphology lanceolate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Long, wider in the middle, shaped like a lance tip |
| Файл:Leaf morphology linear.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Long and very narrow like a blade of grass |
| Файл:Leaf morphology lobed.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Being divided by clefts; may be pinnately lobed or palmately lobed |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Lorate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having the form of a thong or strap |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Lyrate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Shaped like a lyre, pinnately lobed leaf with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes. See also List of lyrate plants. |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Mucronate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | mucronatus | leaf tip | Ending abruptly in a small sharp point as a continuation of the midrib[3] |
| Файл:Leaf morphology multifide.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Cleft into many parts or lobes |
| Файл:Leaf morphology obcordate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Heart-shaped, stem attaches at the tapering end |
| Файл:Leaf morphology oblanceolate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip; reversed lanceolate |
| Файл:Leaf morphology oblique.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | leaf base | Asymmetrical leaf base, with one side lower than the other | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology oblong.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having an elongated form with slightly parallel sides; roughly rectangular |
| Файл:Leaf morphology obovate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Teardrop-shaped, stem attaches to the tapering end; reversed ovate |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | whole leaf | Reversed trullate; the longer sides meet at the base rather than the apex. | ||
| Файл:Leaf morphology obtuse.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip or base | Blunt, forming an angle > 90° |
| Файл:Leaf morphology orbicular.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Circular |
| Файл:Leaf morphology ovale.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Egg-shaped, with a tapering point and the widest portion near the petiole |
| Файл:Leaf morphology palmate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Palm-shaped, i.e. with lobes or leaflets stemming from the leaf base[4] |
| Файл:Palmatilobé.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Lobes spread radially from a point[5] |
| Файл:Palmatifide.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Palm-shaped, having lobes with incisions that extend less than halfway toward the petiole |
| Файл:Palmatipartite.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having palmate lobes with incisions that extend over halfway toward the petiole |
| Файл:Palmatiséquée.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having palmate lobes with incisions that extend almost up, but not quite to the petiole. |
| Файл:Leaf morphology pandurate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | panduratus | whole leaf | Fiddle-shaped; obovate with a constriction near the middle. |
| Файл:Leaf morphology pedate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Palmate, with cleft lobes[6] |
| Файл:Leaf morphology peltate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | stem attachment | A round leaf where the petiole attaches near the center, e.g. a lotus leaf |
| Файл:Leaf morphology attachment connate-perfoliate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | stem attachment | With the leaf blade surrounding the stem such that the stem appears to pass through the leaf |
| Файл:Leaf morphology Perforate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf surface features | Many holes, or perforations, on leaf surface. Compare with fenestrate. |
| Файл:Pennatilobé.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having lobes pinnately arranged on the central axis |
| Файл:Pennatifide.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having lobes with incisions that extend less than halfway to the midrib |
| Файл:Pennatipartite2.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having lobes with incisions that extend more than halfway to the midrib |
| Файл:Pennatiséquée.svg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Having lobes with incisions that extend almost to, or up to, the midrib |
| Файл:Leaf morphology posture plicate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | 3-D shape | Folded into pleats, usually lengthwise, serving the function of stiffening a large leaf |
| Файл:Leaf morphology reniform.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Shaped like a kidney, with an inward curve on one side |
| Файл:Leaf morphology apex retuse.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | leaf tip | With a shallow notch in a round apex | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology rhomboid.png | Шаблон:Vanchor, Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Diamond-shaped |
| Файл:Leaf morphology apex rounded.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip or base | Circular, no distinct point |
| semiterete | 3-D shape | Rounded on one side and flat on the other | ||
| Файл:Leaf morphology division sinuate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | 3-D shape | Circularly-lobed leaves |
| Файл:Leaf morphology spear-shaped.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Arrowhead-shaped with the lower lobes folded, or curled downward |
| Файл:Leaf morphology spatulate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | Spoon-shaped; having a broad flat end which tapers to the base |
| Файл:Leaf morphology hastate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor-shaped | Шаблон:Lang | whole leaf | See hastate. |
| Файл:Leaf morphology subobtuse.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip or base | Somewhat blunted; neither blunt nor sharp |
| Файл:Leaf morphology subulate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip | Awl-shaped with a tapering point |
| Файл:Plant morphology solid terete.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | 3-D shape | Cylindrical with a circular or distorted circular cross-section and a single surface wrapping around it with no grooves or ridges. Subterete means the leaves are not completely terete, as seen in various lichens and succulents. | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology trullate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | whole leaf | Shaped like a masonry trowel | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology truncate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | leaf tip or base | With a squared-off end |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | 3-D shape | Wave-like | |
| Файл:Leaf morphology unifoliate.png | Шаблон:Vanchor | Шаблон:Lang | compound leaves | With a single leaflet; it is distinct from a simple leaf by the presence of two abscission layers and often by petiolules and stipels. |
Edge
Leaf margins (edges) are frequently used in visual plant identification because they are usually consistent within a species or group of species, and are an easy characteristic to observe. Edge and margin are interchangeable in the sense that they both refer to the outside perimeter of a leaf.
Leaf folding
Leaves may also be folded, sculpted or rolled in various ways. If the leaves are initially folded in the bud, but later unrolls it is called vernation, ptyxis is the folding of an individual leaf in a bud.
| Image | Term | Latin | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Vanchor or keeled | carinatus | With a longitudinal ridge, keel-shaped | |
| Файл:Peperomia dolabriformis.jpg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Folded upwards, with the surfaces close to parallel | |
| Файл:Mimetes fimbrifolius (5211424654).jpg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Forming a hood, margins and tip curved downward | |
| Файл:Involute vernation.jpg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Rolled upwards (towards the adaxial surface) | |
| Файл:Palm leaf washingtonia robusta.jpg | Шаблон:Vanchor | plicatus | With parallel folds |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | Folded downwards, with the surfaces close to parallel | ||
| Файл:Ledum groenlandicum.jpg | Шаблон:Vanchor | Rolled downwards (towards the abaxial surface) | |
| Шаблон:Vanchor | Opposing left and right halves of lamina folded along longitudinal axis, with one half rolled completely within the other |
Latin descriptions
The Latin word for 'leaf', Шаблон:Lang, is neuter. In descriptions of a single leaf, the neuter singular ending of the adjective is used, e.g. Шаблон:Lang 'lanceolate leaf', Шаблон:Lang 'linear leaf'. In descriptions of multiple leaves, the neuter plural is used, e.g. Шаблон:Lang 'linear leaves'. Descriptions commonly refer to the plant using the ablative singular or plural, e.g. Шаблон:Lang 'with ovate leaves'.Шаблон:Sfnp
See also
- Glossary of botanical terms
- Glossary of plant morphology
- Cladophylls are leaf-like petioles
- Leaf size
- Sinus
- Leaflet (botany) and Rachis
- Petiole (botany) and Plant stem
- Phylloclades are flattened stems that resemble leaves
- Pinnation
- Plant morphology
- Taxonomy (biology)
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web, in Шаблон:Harvtxt
- Шаблон:Cite web, in Шаблон:Harvtxt
- Шаблон:Cite web
External links
- The Description of Leaves, University of Rochester
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden
- Vplants
- Botany 115 Шаблон:Webarchive
- The seed site
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Index of Garden Plants, Mark Griffiths, Timber Press, 1992
- ↑ Mucronate Шаблон:Webarchive, Answers.com, from Roget's Thesaurus.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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