Английская Википедия:Glossary of spider terms
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:AnchorThis glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids.
Links within the glossary are shown Шаблон:Gli.
Terms
A
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorAbdomen or opisthosoma: One of the two main body parts (tagmata), located towards the posterior end; see also Abdomen § Other animals
- Шаблон:AnchorAccessory claw: Modified Шаблон:Gli at the tip of the Шаблон:Gli in web-building spiders; used with Шаблон:Gli to grip strands of the webШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorAnal tubercle: A small protuberance (tubercule) above the Шаблон:Gli through which the anus opensШаблон:Sfnp
- Apodeme: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorApophysis (plural apophyses): An outgrowth or process changing the general shape of a body part, particularly the appendages; often used in describing the male Шаблон:Gli:Шаблон:Sfnp see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorAtrium (plural atria): An internal chamber at the entrance to the Шаблон:Gli in female haplogyne spidersШаблон:Sfnp
B
- Шаблон:AnchorBidentate: Having two Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorBook lungs: Respiratory organs on the ventral side (underside) of the Шаблон:Gli, in front of the Шаблон:Gli, opening through narrow slits;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Book lungs
- Branchial operculum: see Шаблон:Gli
- Bulbus: see Шаблон:Gli
C
- Шаблон:AnchorCalamistrum (plural calamistra): Modified setae (bristles) on the Шаблон:Gli of the fourth leg of spiders with a Шаблон:Gli, arranged in one or more rows or in an oval shape, used to comb silk produced by the cribellum; see also Calamistrum
- Caput (plural capita): see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorCarapace: A hardened plate (sclerite) covering the upper (dorsal) portion of the Шаблон:Gli;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Carapace
- Шаблон:AnchorCarpoblem: The principal Шаблон:Gli Шаблон:Gli on the male Шаблон:Gli; also just called the tibial apophysis
- Шаблон:AnchorCephalic region or caput: The front part of the Шаблон:Gli, separated from the thoracic region by the Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorCephalothorax or prosoma: One of the two main body parts (tagmata), located towards the anterior end, composed of the head (Шаблон:Gli or caput) and the thorax (thoracic region), the two regions being separated by the Шаблон:Gli; covered by the Шаблон:Gli and bearing the Шаблон:Gli, legs, Шаблон:Gli and mouthpartsШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorCervical groove: A shallow U-shaped groove, separating the Шаблон:Gli and thoracic regions of the Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorChelate: A description of a Шаблон:Gli where the Шаблон:Gli closes against a tooth-like processШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorChelicera (plural chelicerae): One of two appendages at the front of the Шаблон:Gli, made up of basal portion, the Шаблон:Gli, and the Шаблон:Gli;Шаблон:Sfnp sometimes called the jaw; see also Chelicerae
- Шаблон:AnchorCheliceral furrow: A shallow groove on the basal portion of a Шаблон:Gli accommodating the Шаблон:Gli, usually having Шаблон:Gli on its marginsШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorCheliceral tooth: A tooth-like extension on the margin of the Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorChilum: A small hardened plate (sclerite) at the base of the Шаблон:Gli, under the Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Claw: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorClaw tuft: A dense group of hairs or bristles (setae) underneath the paired Шаблон:Gli, usually well developed in hunting spidersШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorClypeus: The area of the Шаблон:Gli between the anterior (frontmost) Шаблон:Gli and the anterior edge of the carapaceШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorColulus: A short protuberance in the middle of the underside of the Шаблон:Gli in front of the Шаблон:Gli, considered to be a modification of the Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Conductor: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorCopulatory duct: An internal tube (duct) from the Шаблон:Gli through which sperm enters the female; separate from the duct through which fertilized eggs pass in entelegyne spidersШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorCopulatory opening: An opening in the ventral Шаблон:Gli of female spiders; in entelegyne spiders, a double opening in the Шаблон:Gli through which the Шаблон:Gli is inserted; in haplogyne spiders, a single opening through which male Шаблон:Gli is insertedШаблон:Sfnp
- Coxa: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorCrenulate: Having longitudinal ridgesШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorCribellum: A sieve-like plate in front of the Шаблон:Gli, used in conjunction with the Шаблон:Gli; spiders with a cribellum are called cribellate, those without ecribellate;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Cribellum
- Шаблон:AnchorCuspule: A small spiny outgrowth ("wart") on the Шаблон:Gli and Шаблон:Gli of MygalomorphaeШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorCymbium (plural cymbia): The end part of the Шаблон:Gli of the Шаблон:Gli in a mature male, usually hollowed out and bearing the Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
D
- Шаблон:AnchorDionychous: With two Шаблон:Gli on the Шаблон:Gli of each leg;Шаблон:Sfnp a feature of spiders in the clade Dionycha
- Dorsal groove: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorDorsum: The upper (dorsal) portion or surface of the body or Шаблон:Gli; the adjective dorsal may be applied to the upper portion or surface of any part of the body; see Шаблон:Gli
E
- Ecribellate: see Шаблон:Gli
- Embolus: see Шаблон:Gli
- Endite: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorEndosternite: An internal hardened plate (sclerite)Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorEntelegyne: A spider whose female has an Шаблон:Gli and separate ducts leading to Шаблон:Gli for sperm storage and to the uterus for fertilization,Шаблон:Sfnp creating a "flow-through" system; see Шаблон:Gli; see also Entelegynae
- Шаблон:AnchorEpigastric furrow or epigastric fold: A transverse slit towards the front (anterior) of underside of the Шаблон:Gli; the front pair of Шаблон:Gli open at the edge of this furrow as do the genital openings (Шаблон:Gli)Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorEpigyne or epigynum (plural epigynes): A hardened plate on the underside of the female Шаблон:Gli in which the Шаблон:Gli are located; only fully developed in mature females of Шаблон:Gli spiders;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Epigyne
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorEyes: The basic number of eyes is eight, typically arranged in two rows (e.g. as in Gnaphosidae); the front row are the anterior eyes, the row behind the posterior eyes; the four eyes to the edges are the lateral eyes, the four eyes in the centre the median eyes; the anterior median eyes are called the main eyes or direct eyes, while the other eyes are called the secondary eyes or indirect eyes; the number of eyes, their sizes and arrangement varies widely and is characteristic of spider families; see Шаблон:Gli, Шаблон:Gli
F
- Шаблон:AnchorFang: The final hinged part of the Шаблон:Gli, normally folded down into a groove in the basal part of the chelicera; venom is injected via an opening near the tip of the fangШаблон:Sfnp
- Femur: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorFertilization duct: A duct in female Шаблон:Gli spiders leading from the Шаблон:Gli to the uterusШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorFolium: A broad leaf-like marking along the medial line of the top of the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorFossa (plural fossae): A pit or depression, typically in the Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorFovea (also called thoracic furrow or dorsal groove): A depression or pit in the centre of the Шаблон:Gli of a spider marking an inward projection of the exoskeleton to which stomach muscles are attachedШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
G
- Genital opening: see Шаблон:Gli
- Gnathocoxa: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorGonopore: The genital opening; located in the epigastric furrow; the opening of the duct from the uterus in females and from the testes in males;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Gonopore
H
- Haematodocha (also spelled hematodocha): see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorHaplogyne: A spider whose female lacks an Шаблон:Gli and in which the same ducts are used to transport sperm to the uterus and to the Шаблон:Gli;Шаблон:Sfnp see Шаблон:Gli; see also Haplogynae
- Шаблон:AnchorHeart mark: A narrow marking along the top of the Шаблон:Gli roughly corresponding to the location of the heart
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorШаблон:Anchor
L
- Шаблон:AnchorLabio-sternum mound: A mound separating the Шаблон:Gli from the Шаблон:Gli, found in some tarantulas, where it can be a diagnostic featureШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorLabium (plural labia): A hardened plate (sclerite) between the Шаблон:Gli at the front of the Шаблон:Gli;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Arthropod mouthparts: Labium
- Labrum: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorLateral (applied to appendages): Viewed from above or below, the sides of the leg or Шаблон:Gli, i.e. the surfaces parallel to the line of sight; see Шаблон:Gli, Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorLaterigrade: With legs directed to the side, hence appearing like and moving like a crab;Шаблон:Sfnp see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorLeg formula: The legs are numbered from the front from I to IV; the relative length of the legs can be represented by four numbers from the longest to the shortest; e.g. 1423 = first leg (leg I) is longest and third leg (leg III) is shortestШаблон:Sfnp
- Leg parts or segments: see Шаблон:Gli
M
- Шаблон:AnchorMain eye: One of the two anterior median eyes (AME) that have the light-detecting units (rhabdomeres) pointing towards the source; particularly enlarged in the families Salticidae and Thomisidae;Шаблон:Sfnp see Шаблон:Gli, Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorMastidion (plural mastidia): A projection or bump on the chelicerae (not to be confused with Шаблон:Gli)
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorMaxilla (plural maxillae; also called endite or gnathocoxa): Modified Шаблон:Gli of the Шаблон:Gli, used in feeding;Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp not the structure called by this name in other arthropods, for which see Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)
- Metatarsus: see Шаблон:Gli
O
- Шаблон:AnchorOperculum or branchial operculum (plural opercula): One of the plates on the Шаблон:Gli surface of the Шаблон:Gli, just in front of the Шаблон:Gli, covering the Шаблон:Gli, often pale, yellow or orange in colour; two pairs in Mygalomorphae, one pair in other spidersШаблон:Sfnp
- Opisthosoma: see Шаблон:Gli
P
- Palp: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorPalpal bulb (also called bulbus, palpal organ, genital bulb): The copulatory organ of the male spider, carried on the modified last segment of the Шаблон:Gli, used to transfer sperm to the female;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Palpal bulb
- Шаблон:AnchorConductor: A part of the palpal bulb that accompanies and supports the embolusШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorEmbolus: The final part of the palpal bulb containing the end of the sperm duct, usually thin, sharp-tipped and strongly hardened (sclerotized)Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorHaematodocha (plural haematodochae): A membranous, inflatable part of the palpal bulbШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorMedian apophysis: A projection (apophysis) of the palpal bulb, below the conductor
- Шаблон:AnchorSubtegulum: A hardened part of the palpal bulb nearer its base than the tegulum
- Шаблон:AnchorTegulum: The main hardened part of the palpal bulb
- Шаблон:AnchorParacymbium: An outgrowth of the Шаблон:Gli on the male Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Patella: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorPaturon: The basal segment of a Шаблон:Gli to which the Шаблон:Gli connectsШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorPedicel or petiolus: The narrow connection between the Шаблон:Gli and Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorPedipalp (plural pedipalps or pedipalpi; also called just palp): The second appendage of the Шаблон:Gli in front of the first leg; bears the Шаблон:Gli in male spiders;Шаблон:Sfnp see Шаблон:Gli, see also Pedipalp
- Шаблон:AnchorPlumose: Used to describe hairs (Шаблон:Gli) having outgrowths or appendages on two sides, giving a feather-like appearance; the appendages vary in number, size and arrangement[2]
- Шаблон:AnchorPluridentate: Having multiple Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorPostembryo (also called larva): The stage of development between hatching from the egg and first molting
- Шаблон:AnchorProcurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are in front of the central part;Шаблон:Sfnp opposite Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorProlateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg or Шаблон:Gli nearest the mouth, i.e. the side facing forward; opposite Шаблон:Gli (includes diagram)
- Шаблон:AnchorPromarginal: The side of the Шаблон:Gli facing forward; particularly used for describing Шаблон:Gli; opposite Шаблон:Gli
- Prosoma: see Шаблон:Gli
R
- Шаблон:AnchorRastellum (plural rastella): An often rake-like structure at end of the Шаблон:Gli in mygalomorph spiders; used in burrowingШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorRebordered: Having a thickened edge (i.e. border)Шаблон:Sfnp (more rarely seen as reborded, from the French Шаблон:Lang, e.g. in Levy (1984)[3]); particularly used of the Шаблон:Gli
- Receptaculum (plural receptacula): see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorRecurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are behind the central part;Шаблон:Sfnp opposite Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorRetrolateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg or Шаблон:Gli furthest from the mouth, i.e. the side facing backwards; opposite Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorRetrolateral tibial apophysis: A backward-facing projection on the tibia of the male Шаблон:Gli; distinguishing feature of the RTA clade
- Шаблон:AnchorRetromarginal: The side of the Шаблон:Gli facing backward (towards the posterior end of the spider); particularly used for describing Шаблон:Gli; opposite Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorRostrum (also called labrum): A component (the "upper lip") of the mouthparts, concealed by the Шаблон:Gli;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Arthropod mouthparts: Labrum
S
- Шаблон:AnchorScape: An elongated process or appendage of some Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorSclerite: A single hardened (sclerotized) part of the external covering (tegument, exoskeleton)Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorScopula (plural scopulae): A brush of hairs (setae); called a Шаблон:Gli when on the end of the foot (tarsus), where it improves adhesionШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorScutum (plural scuta): A hardened (sclerotized) plate on the Шаблон:Gli of some spiders
- Шаблон:AnchorSecondary eye: An eye belonging to the three pairs – anterior lateral eyes (ALE), posterior median eyes (PME) and posterior lateral eyes (PLE) – that are primarily movement detectors and have the light-detecting units (rhabdomeres) pointing away from the source;Шаблон:Sfnp see Шаблон:Gli, Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorSegments or articles of the legs and Шаблон:Gli:
- Шаблон:AnchorCoxa (plural coxae): First leg segment, between body and trochanter; the coxa of the Шаблон:Gli is heavily modified to form the Шаблон:Gli or endite
- Шаблон:AnchorTrochanter: Second leg segment, between coxa and femur
- Шаблон:AnchorFemur (plural femora): Third leg segment, between trochanter and patella
- Шаблон:AnchorPatella (plural patellae): Fourth leg segment, between femur and tibia
- Шаблон:AnchorTibia (plural tibiae): Fifth leg segment, between patella and metatarsus
- Шаблон:AnchorMetatarsus (plural metatarsi; also called basitarsus): Sixth leg segment, between tibia and tarsus; absent in the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorTarsus (plural tarsi; also called telotarsus): Seventh (last) leg segment, after the metatarsus
- Шаблон:AnchorSerrula: A row of tiny teeth along the edge of the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorSeta (plural setae): A bristle;Шаблон:Sfnp spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) or Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorSigillum (plural sigilla): A circular indentation on the outside of the spider, showing where an internal muscle is attached;Шаблон:Sfnp particularly on the Шаблон:Gli in some Mygalomorphae and on the Шаблон:Gli in some AraneomorphaeШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorSperm duct: A duct in the male Шаблон:Gli used to store spermШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorSpermatheca (plural spermathecae; also called receptulacum, receptulacum seminis): A structure in the Шаблон:Gli of female spiders used to store sperm after insemination and before fertilization;Шаблон:Sfnp see also Spermatheca
- Шаблон:AnchorSpigot: A small pointed or cylindrical structure at the tip of a Шаблон:Gli from which silk emergesШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorSpine: A pointed, rigid structure on body and legs, usually with a basal joint;Шаблон:Sfnp spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) or spinesШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorSpinneret: An appendage borne on the Шаблон:Gli, typically one of six arranged in three pairs: anterior (anterior median, AMS), median (posterior median, PMS) and posterior (posterior lateral, PLS); silk emerges from small Шаблон:Gli on the spinnerets;Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp see also Spinneret
- Шаблон:AnchorSternum: The lower (ventral) portion of the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorStridulating organ: A series of thin ridges on a hardened part of the body; rubbing this with a matching series of short, stiff bristles (setae) elsewhere on the body creates a soundШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorSubadult: A spider in the last stage of development (penultimate instar) before becoming a sexually mature adult
- Subtegulum: see Шаблон:Gli
T
- Шаблон:AnchorTapetum (plural tapeta): A light-reflecting layer in a Шаблон:Gli making the eye appear paleШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorTarsal claw (claw): One of a set of claws at the tip of the Шаблон:Gli; there may be a single pair, often concealed in a Шаблон:Gli, or an additional third central claw, much smaller than the other twoШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:AnchorTarsal organ: a small pit, usually spherical and on the Шаблон:Gli surface of each Шаблон:Gli, believed to respond to humidityШаблон:Sfnp
- Tarsus: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorTeeth: Pointed growths or bumps along the margins of the Шаблон:Gli
- Tegulum: see Шаблон:Gli
- Thoracic furrow: see Шаблон:Gli
- Tibia: see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorTrachea (plural tracheae): A thin hardened internal tube, part of the respiratory system in many araneomorph spiders; opens on the underside of the Шаблон:Gli via a tracheal spiracle;Шаблон:Sfnp see Trachea § Invertebrates
- Шаблон:Anchor Trichobothrium (plural trichobothria): A slender hair-like structure of variable length on the legs and Шаблон:Gli, arising from a special socket; used to detect air movements, including sounds;Шаблон:Sfnp see Шаблон:Gli, Шаблон:Gli
- Trochanter: see Шаблон:Gli
U
- Шаблон:AnchorUnidentate: Having a single tooth
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorШаблон:Anchor
V
- Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorШаблон:AnchorVenter (or ventrum): The lower (ventral) portion or surface of the body or Шаблон:Gli; the adjective ventral may be applied to the lower portion or surface of any part of the body; see Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorVulva: The internal copulatory organs of a female spider, including the Шаблон:Gli, Шаблон:Gli, and Шаблон:GliШаблон:Sfnp
Abbreviations
Some abbreviations commonly found in descriptions of spider anatomy include:
- Шаблон:AnchorALE: anterior lateral eyesШаблон:Sfnp → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorALS: anterior lateral spinnerets → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorAME: anterior median eyesШаблон:Sfnp → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorDTA: dorsal tegular apophysis, Шаблон:Gli on the back of the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorDTiA: dorsal tibial apophysis, Шаблон:Gli on the back of a Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorLTA: lateral tegular apophysis, apophysis on the side of the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorMOQ: median ocular quadrangle, the quadrangle formed by the four median eyes,Шаблон:Sfnp → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorPLE: posterior lateral eyesШаблон:Sfnp → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorPLS: posterior lateral spinnerets → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorPME: posterior median eyesШаблон:Sfnp → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorPMS: posterior median spinnerets → Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorRCF: retrolateral cymbial fold, fold on the Шаблон:Gli surface of the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorRTA: retrolateral tibial apophysis, Шаблон:Gli on the Шаблон:Gli surface of a Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorVTA: ventral tegular apophysis, Шаблон:Gli on the underside of the Шаблон:Gli
- Шаблон:AnchorVTiA: ventral tibial apophysis, Шаблон:Gli on the lower surface of a Шаблон:Gli
See also
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
